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parliament which profess to regulate or restrict the modes of fishing pursued in the open sea should be repealed and " unrestricted freedom i Excluding the voyages of the fleeting trawlers which supply See also:

LONDON

London by means of See also:

CARRIERS

carriers.regard to fishes. In 1882 the former Board of British White Herring was dissolved and the Fishery Board for Scotland instituted, the latter being empowered to take such See also:

MEASURES

measures for the improvement of the fisheries as the funds under their administration might admit of. Arrangements were made in the following year with Professor .M`Intosh of St See also:

Andrews which enabled the latter to See also:

fit up a small marine laboratory and to begin a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of studies on the eggs and larvae of sea fishes, which have contributed greatly to the development of more exact knowledge concerning the See also:

REPRODUCTION

reproduction of fishes. Under the Sea Fisheries (Scotland) See also:

AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1885 the board closed the See also:

Firth of Forth and St Andrews Bay against trawlers as an experiment for the purpose of ascertaining the result of such See also:

PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition on the supply of fish on the grounds so protected. The See also:

TREASURY

treasury also, by a further See also:

grant of £3000, enabled the board to See also:

PURCHASE

purchase the steam-yacht " See also:

GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

Garland " as a means of carrying out See also:

REGULAR

regular experimental trawlings over the protected grounds. Reports on the results of these experiments have been annually published, and were summarized at the end of ten years' See also:

CLOSURE (Fr. clooture)

closure in the board's report for 1895. Dr See also:

Fulton's See also:

SUMMARY

summary showed that " no very marked See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change took place in the abundance of See also:

food-fishes generally, either in the. closed or open waters of the Firth of Forth or St Andrews Bay," as a consequence of the prohibition of trawling. Nevertheless, among flat fishes, plaice and See also:

lemon soles, which spawn off-shore, were reported to have decreased in numbers in all the areas investigated, whether closed or open, while dabs and See also:

long rough dabs showed a preponderating, if not quite universal, increase. The results of this classical experiment point strongly to the presumptions (r) that trawling operations in the open sea have now exceeded the point at which their effect on the supply of eggs and See also:

fry for the upkeep of the flat fisheries is inappreciable; and (2) that See also:

PROTECTION

protection of in-shore areas alone is insufficient to check the impoverishment caused by over-fishing off-shore. (For See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

EXAMINATIONS

examinations of Dr Fulton's See also:

account see M'Intosh, Resources of the Sea, London, 1889; Garstang, "The Impoverishment of the Sea," Journ. See also:

Mar.

Biol. See also:

Ass. vol. vi., 'goo; and See also:

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer, Report of Ichthyological See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee, Cd. 1312, 1902.) A laboratory and sea-fish hatchery were subsequently established by the board at See also:

Dunbar in 1893, but removed to See also:

Aberdeen in 1900. In 1883 a royal commission, under the chairmanship of, the See also:

LATE

late See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

Dalhousie, was appointed to inquire into complaints against the practice of beam-trawling on the See also:

PART

part of line and drift-net fishermen. A small sum of See also:

MONEY

money 0200) was granted to the commission for the purpose of scientific trawling experiments, which were carried out by Professor M'Intosh. The report of this commission was an important one, and its recommendations resulted in the institution of fishery statistics for England, Scotland and Ireland (1885-1887). In 1884 the Marine Biological Association of the See also:

UNITED

United See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom was founded for the scientific study of marine See also:

ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology and See also:

BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, especially as bearing upon the food, habits and See also:

LIFE

life-conditions of British food-fishes, See also:

CRUSTACEA

crustacea and molluscs. l Professor Huxley was its first See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, and Professor See also:

Ray Year. Boats English Steam Trawlers. Scottish. See also:

German, Voyages.' Dutch and Registered. Employed. Belgian.

Within Beyond Registered. North Sea. North Sea. 1903 1060 29,328 1822 240 181 1904 1049 28,589 2120 233 199 1905 1064 26,670 2671 228 228 of fishing be permitted hereafter "; (4) all fishing boats should be lettered and numbered as a condition of See also:

REGISTRATION

registration and See also:

LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence. In r868 full effect was given to these recommendations by the passing of the Sea Fisheries Act. Regulations for the registration of fishing boats were issued by See also:

order in council in the following year. (New regulations were introduced in 1902.) In 1878 a commission was given to Messrs See also:

Buck-See also:

LAND

land and See also:

Walpole to inquire into the alleged destruction of the spawn and fry of sea fish, especially by the use of the beam-trawl and ground See also:

seine. Their report is an excellent summary of the condition of the sea fisheries at the time, and shows how little was then known with the eggs and spawning habits of our marine food Lankester, who initiated the See also:

MOVEMENT

movement, succeeded him. A large and well-equipped laboratory was erected at See also:

Plymouth, and formally opened for work in 1888. The work of the association has been maintained by annual grants of £400 from the Fish-mongers' See also:

COMPANY

Company and £1000 from H. M. treasury, and by the subscriptions of the members. The association publishes a half-yearly See also:

journal recording the results of its investigations.

In 1886 a fishery department of the Board of See also:

Trade was organized under the See also:

Salmon and See also:

FRESHWATER

Freshwater Fisheries Act of that year. The department publishes annually a return of statistics of sea-fish landed, a report on salmon fisheries (transferred from the home See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office), and a report on sea fisheries, It consists of several inspectors under' an assistant secretary of the board; it has no power to make scientific investigations or bye-See also:

LAWS

laws and regulations affecting the sea-fisheries. In 1894 the administration of the acts See also:

RELATING

relating to the registration of fishing vessels, &c., was transferred to the fisheries department. In 1888 the Sea Fisheries Regulation Act provided for the constitution (by provisional order of the Board of Trade) of See also:

LOCAL

local fisheries committees having, within defined limits, See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers for the regulation of coast fisheries in England and Wales. The powers of See also:

DISTRICT

district committees were extended under Part II. of the Fisheries Act 1891, and again under the Fisheries (See also:

Shell Fish) Regulation Act 1894. Sea-fisheries districts have now been created See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round nearly the whole coast of England and Wales. Under bye-laws of these committees steam-trawling has been prohibited in nearly all the territorial waters of England and Wales, and trawling by smaller boats has been placed under a variety of restrictions. Local scientific investigations have been initiated under several of the committees, especially in See also:

LANCASHIRE

Lancashire by Professor Headman of See also:

Liverpool and his assistants. In 1890 an important survey of the fishing grounds off the west coast of Ireland was undertaken by the Royal Dublin Society, with assistance from the See also:

government, and in the hands of Mr E. W. L. See also:

HOLT, SIR JOHN (1642–1710)

Holt led to the acquisition of much valuable information concerning the spawning habits of fishes and the See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of fish on the See also:

ATLANTIC

Atlantic seaboard.

In 1892, under powers conferred by the Herring Fishery (See also:

SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot-land) Act of 1889, the Fishery Board for Scotland closed the whole of the See also:

MORAY

Moray Firth—including a large See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of extra-territorial waters—against trawling, in order to test experimentally the effect of protecting certain spawning grounds in the See also:

OUTER

outer parts of the firth. The closure has given rise to a See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of protests from the leaders of the trawling industry in Aberdeen and England. It seems that the difficulty of policing so large an See also:

AREA

area, as well as the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any power to enforce the restriction on foreign vessels, have defeated the See also:

ORIGINAL

original intention; and the bye-See also:

law appears to be now retained mainly in deference to the wishes of the local line-fishermen, the decadence of whose industry—from economic causes which have been alluded to above—is manifest from the figures in Table X. below. The controversy has had the effect of causing the transference of a number of English trawlers to foreign flags, especially the See also:

NORWEGIAN

Norwegian. Statistics.--The following tables summarize the official statistics of fish landed on the coasts of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and give some information relative to the numbers of fishing-boats and fishermen in the three countries. Year. Fish landed Net Exports of (excluding Shell-fish). Imports. British Fish. Cwt. 1890 12,774010 £6,361,487 £2,315,572 £1,795,267 1895 14,068,641 7,168,025 2,453,676 2 ,406 ~ 3,282,000,852 I-900 14,671,070 9,242,491 2,937,486 1 ' 1905 20,164,276 10,210,369 2,250,259 ~ 4,164,869 Nate.-Imported fish afterwards re-exported (consisting chiefly of salted or cured fish to the value of over £900,000 in 1905) are not included in the above values of imports and exports. The exports consist mainly of herrings.

Quantity Average See also:

Price per Cwt.). (in Thousands of Cwt.). o o o n n ai n See also:

Ea, 1890 72.1 51.9 15'4 623 95 £ s. £ s. £ s. £ s. £ s. 6 7 3 13 2 8 0 19 110 1895 82.8 77.9 19.0 789 114 6 16 3 17 2 II I I 1 15 1900 75.3 60.7 20.7 752 136 7 II 4 3 2 14 I 4 114 1905 8o•1 89.5 22.4 1074 120 5 18 3 II 2 II 0 19 117 Quantity Average Price (per Cwt.) in Thousands of Cwt.). 7 o . a - o o a 1890 363 1585 .. 96 1151 s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. . 13 10 9 7 14 3 14 0 1895 496 2433 132 114 1013 12 5 9 9 16 2 II 8 13 7 1900 589 2487 233 100 1190 14 8 13 8 15 10 12 10 14 10 19051423 2148 484 165 1425 12 4 12 5 13 4 II 3 9 8 Quantity Average Price (per Cwt.).

in Thousands of Cwt.). on ti ( ci .2 a x " L. a. vi i cvd x V 6, CI; 1890 509 1332 61 99 s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 15 5 7 2 .5 10 3 0 1895 375 1437 65 91 16 3 5 t0 5 3 .3 I 1900 321 2425 Io6 73 15 9 7 8 4 6 4 t1 1905 682 3062 169 75 8 11 7 7 5 0 3 6 on the Coasts of England and Wales. Number. Average Price. See also:

Thou- Per Thousands. See also:

Mills. sands Per See also:

HUNDRED

Hundred. Per. Cwt. of 4 .A si y v w v a v ~ y a a v w , m b •b C.) - p U a 0 X ---- _ £. s. £ s. s. d. s. d. 1890 4808 922 47.6 505 1 4 4 18 6 1 5 0 1895 4501 677 25.3 590 1 4 4 8 6 2 4 II 1900 5177 654 37.8 539 I 2 4 7 7 0 5 8 1905 5106 503 35.4 , 423 1 3 4 15 5 9 5 6 landed in Scotland.

In Thousands of Cwt. Cwt. Number (Thousands) Year. 'E g J u` x U rn o 31 p a x s-5 wa c 13 U , 1890 3980 17 81 20 449 170 754 75 54 181 2882 643.350 1895 4077 19 80 29 459 165 1001 43 59 194 2548 610 239 1900 3520 21 102 26 434 157 761 75 72 143 3128 680 796 1905 5343 31 561 36 677 151 932 184 100 193 11990 760 .218 1 Plaice only. fish returned as landed on the Irish Coasts. In Thousands of Cwt. Number (Thousands). 8 4 4, 5 (- C'i y 7~-N O 1890 502 85 4'5 1.4 39.6 14.8 16.4 1355 25'3 576 228 238 1895 339 171 1.8 1.0 43.6 29.7 30.9 11.9 18.7 563 240 276 1900 278 284 3.1 1.5 33.6 11.9 12.4 11.9 16.3 236 202 286 1905 505 354 3.5 o'8 18.6 9.1 11.3 18.3 7'11348 175 236 Note.-The Irish statistics of shell-fish are very incomplete, owing to the inadequate means at the disposal of the authorities for collecting statistics over large sections of the coast.433 divergencies of See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion on the question whether the See also:

low See also:

SIZE

size-limits proposed would be effectual in keeping the trawlers from working on the grounds where small fish congregated, the committee reported against the See also:

BILL

bill, and urged the immediate equipment of the government departments with means for undertaking the necessary scientific investigations. In 1901 an international See also:

CONFERENCE

conference of representatives of all the countries bordering upon the North and Baltic Seas met at See also:

CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania to revise proposals which had been drafted at Stock-holm in 1899 for a scientific exploration of these waters in the See also:

INTEREST

interest of the fisheries, to be undertaken concurrently by all the participating countries. The British government was represented by Sir See also:

COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin See also:

Scott-Moncrieff, K.C.M G., with Professor D'Arcy W. See also:

Thompson, Mr (afterwards Professor) W. Garstang and Dr H.

R. See also:

Mill as advisers. The proposals were subsequently accepted, with some restrictions, and an interna- and Vessels under z8 Ft. See also:

KEEL

Keel or Navigated by Oars only and Vessels unemployed. ment was appointed by the participating governments. The Fishery Board for Scotland and the Marine Biological Association from England were commissioned in 1902 to carry out the work at sea allotted to Great Britain, and a See also:

SPECIAL

special grant of £5500 per annum was made to each See also:

BODY

body by the Treasury for this purpose. Two steamers, the " Huxley " and the " Goldseeker," were chartered for the investigations and began work in 1902 and 1903 from See also:

LOWESTOFT

Lowestoft and Aberdeen respectively. Reports on the work of the first five years were published in 1909. In 1901 the Board of Trade appointed a committee (the Committee on Ichthyological See also:

RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research) to inquire and report as to the best means by which scientific fishery research could be organized and assisted in relation to the state or local authorities. The committee consisted of Sir See also:

Herbert See also:

Maxwell, M.P. (chairman), Mr W. F. Archer, Mr Donald See also:

Crawford, Rev.

W. S. See also:

Green, Professor W. A. Herdman, Hon. T. H. W. See also:

Pelham, Mr S. E. See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring See also:

Rice and Professor J. A.

See also:

Thomson. Sir Herbert Maxwell resigned his chairmanship before the report was See also:

DRAWN

drawn up (See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1902), and was succeeded by Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff. The committee recommended the See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of more See also:

COMPLETE

complete statistics; the provision and See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of five special steamers (where not already existing) to work in connexion with as many marine laboratories, viz. one for each of the three coasts of England and Wales, and one each for Scotland and Ireland; the provision of three biological assistants at each laboratory; the grant of statutory powers to local sea-fisheries committees to expend money on fishery research; the constitution of a fishery council for England and Wales, and of a conference of representatives of the central authorities in England, Scotland and Ireland. In 1903 the fishery department of the Board of Trade was transferred to the Board of Agriculture, Mr W. E. Archer, chief inspector of fisheries, becoming an assistant secretary of the new Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. In 1907 a departmental treasury committee was appointed to inquire into the scientific and statistical investigations carried on in relation to the fishing industry of the United Kingdom. The committee consisted of Mr H. J. See also:

Tennant, M.P. (chairman), Lord Nunburnholme, Sir Reginald See also:

MacLeod, Mr N. W.

Helms, M.P., Mr A. See also:

Williamson, M.P, Dr P. See also:

Chalmers See also:

Mitchell, F.R.S., Mr J. S. See also:

Gardiner, F.R.S., the Rev. W. S. Green, Mr R. H. Rew and Mr L. S. Hewby.

This committee reviewed the work that had already been done and urged its continuation and See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension under the direction of a central council composed of representatives of the government departments concerned with fishery matters in England, Scotland and Ireland, with a scientific England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. - Made of Sailing. Sailing. Sailing. 1st Cl. 2nd Cl. 1st Cl. 2nd Cl. 1st Cl. 2nd Cl.

Fishing. Steamers. Steamers. Steamers. 1st Cl. 1st Cl. 1st Cl. Trawling . 1173 904 586 244 .. 68 to 142 283 Drift-nets 263 562 539 Lines 56 29 685 209 3403 2910 .. 229 2776 Various . 21 215 2277 •• ..

.. .. .. . Total . 1513 1710 4087 453 3403 2978 10 371 3059 Note.-1st class =steamers of at least 15 tons gross See also:

TONNAGE

tonnage, and other boats of at least 15 tons registered tonnage (in Scotland exceeding 30 ft. keel). 2nd class =less than 15 tons tonnage, or from 18 to 3o ft. keel. and (B) of other Persons occasionally employed in Fishing. Year. England and Scotland. Ireland. United Wales. Kingdom.

A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. r890 32,503 9312 34,319 20,829 10,121 13,981 78,450 46,137 1895 32,229 8995 31,044 12,329 8,692 18,218 73,090 41,230 1900 31589 7994 27,288 1o,z88 8,677 18,982 68,708 37,814 1905 34,318 8132 29,064 10,487 8,744 17,079 73,293 36,131 in Scotland. Year. Line-caught Fish. Trawled Fish.

Cwt. Cwt. 1890 1,577,299 £591,059 291,812 £203,620 1895 1,479,654 548,629 531,695 291,165 1900 757,416 371,173 1,077,082 703,427 1905 735,654 348,610 1,745,431 948,117 In 1893 a select committee of the See also:

House of See also:

COMMONS

Commons took See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence as to the expediency of adopting measures for the preservation of the sea-fisheries in the seas around the British Islands, with especial reference to the alleged wasteful destruction of under-sized fish. They recommended the adoption of a size-limit of 8 in. for soles and plaice, and to in. for turbot and See also:

BRILL

brill, below which the See also:

sale of these fishes should be prohibited, on the ground that these limits would approximate to those already adopted by foreign countries. In 1899 the Agriculture and Technical Instruction (Ireland) Act transferred the powers and duties of the inspectors of Irish fisheries to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The department is provided with a steam cruiser, the "Helga," 375 tons, fully equipped for fishery research, as well as with a floating marine laboratory. Mr Holt, formerly of the Marine Biological Association, was appointed to take See also:

charge of the scientific work. In 'goo another select committee of the House of Commons was appointed to consider and take evidence on the proposals of the Sea Fisheries Bill, which had been framed in accordance with the recommendations of the select committee of 1893, but had failed to pass in several sessions of parliament. Owing to marked chairman and director, and further insisted on the need of international co-operation in the investigations. United States Fisheries.—The administration of the fisheries of the United States of See also:

AMERICA

America is under the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the several coastal states, but the See also:

BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of Fisheries at Washing-ton, which reports to the secretary of See also:

commerce and labour, conducts a vast amount of scientific fishery investigation, issues admirable statistical and biological reports, and conducts on a very large See also:

scale work on the replenishment of the fishing stations by artificial means (see PISCICULTURE). Although in recent years See also:

CANADA

Canada has given an increasing amount of state support to the investigation, control and assistance of her fisheries, an amount actually and relatively far exceeding that given in Great Britain, the fishing industry of the United States still far exceeds that of Canada. A considerable bulk of fish, taken by See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

SHIPS

ships from the Newfoundland coasts and from those of other British provinces, is landed at American ports, but as the following recent table shows, it is much less than that taken from American waters.

Quantities and Values of Fish landed by American Vessels at See also:

Boston and See also:

Gloucester, See also:

Mass., in 1905. Quantities. I Value. (a) From fishing grounds off U.S. 152,241,139 £669,640 coasts . . . (b) From fishing grounds off New- 17,165,083 103,145 foundland . (c) From fishing grounds off other 32,608,343 192,517 British provinces . . . The fisheries of the United States show a substantial increase from year to year. There has been a decline in some important branches owing to indiscreet fishing and to the inevitable effects of See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization on certain kinds of See also:

animal life and in certain restricted areas. Such diminution has been more than compensated for by growth resulting from the invasion of new fishing grounds made possible by increase in the sea-going capacity of the vessels employed, by improvement in the preservation and handling of the catch, and by the greater utilization of products which until comparatively recently were disregarded or considered without economic value.

The annual value of the See also:

WATER

water products taken and sold by the United States fishermen now amounts to over £11,000,000, and this sum does not include the very large quantities taken by the fishermen for home See also:

CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption or captured by sportsmen and amateurs. Between two and three hundred thousand persons make a livelihood by the industry, and the See also:

capital involved exceeds £16,000,000. The See also:

OYSTER

oyster is the most valuable single product, and the output of the United States industry exceeds the combined output of all other countries in the See also:

WORLD

world. The most notable feature of this fishery is that nearly half the total yield now comes from cultivated grounds, so that the business is being placed on a secure basis. See also:

Virginia has now taken the first See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as an oyster-producing state, oyster farming being now highly See also:

DEVELOPED

developed with an annual yield of nearly nine million bushels. The high-sea fisheries for cod, haddock, See also:

hake, See also:

HALIBUT

halibut, mackerel, herring, and so forth are on the whole not increasing in prosperity, the annual value being between one and two million pounds. The See also:

LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster, fishery shows a markedly diminishing yield, the diminution having been progressive since about 189o, and being attributed to over-fishing and violation of the restrictive regulations. At See also:

PRESENT

present a large part of the lobsters consumed in the United States comes from Nova See also:

SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia, but there is evidence of useful results coming from the extensive cultural operations now being carried out. The See also:

WHALE

whale fishery, at one time the leading fishing industry of the country, is now conducted chiefly in the North Pacific and See also:

ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic oceans, but is decaying, being now expensive, uncertain and often unremunerative. The annual value of the take is now under £200,000. The important See also:

GROUP

group of anadromous fishes (those like salmon, See also:

SHAD

shad, alewife, striped See also:

bass and sea perches, which ascend the See also:

rivers from the ocean) has continued to provide an increasingsource of income to fishermen, the combined value of the catch on the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards now amounting to over £3,000,000 annually. The fisheries of the Great Lakes yield about £600,000 annually.

(W. GA.; P. C.

End of Article: ANGLING

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