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APPLIANCES FOR EDUCATIONAL

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 72 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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APPLIANCES FOR EDUCATIONAL See also:

WORK The apparatus for See also:writing point alphabets has already been described. See also:Frank H. See also:Hall, former See also:superintendent of the School for the See also:Blind, See also:Jacksonville, See also:Ill., U.S.A., has invented a Braille See also:typewriter and stereotype maker; the latter embosses See also:metal plates from which any number of copies can be printed. An autornatic Braille-writer has been brought out in See also:Germany, and See also:William B. Wait (See also:principal of the Institution for the Blind in New See also:York See also:City) has invented a See also:machine for writing New York point. These See also:machines are expensive, but A. See also:Wayne of See also:Birmingham has brought A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OaODO'o0 9 0 + — X — O D O L d a opening in the See also:board for See also:pin; B and C, pin. out a cheap and effective Braille-writer. H. Stainsby, secretary of the Birmingham institution, and Wayne have invented a machine for writing Braille shorthand. Many boards have been constructed to enable the blind to work arithmetical problems. The one which is most used was invented by the Rev.

W. See also:

Taylor. The board has See also:star-shaped openings in which a square pin fits in eight different positions. The pin has on one end a See also:plain See also:ridge and on the other a notched ridge; sixteen characters can be formed with the two ends. The board is also used for See also:algebra, another set of type furnishing the algebraic symbols. Books are prepared with raised geometrical diagrams; figures can be formed with See also:bent wires on cushions, or on See also:paper with a toothed See also:wheel attached to one end of a pair of compasses. See also:Geography is studied by means of See also:relief maps, manufactured in See also:wood or paper. The See also:physical maps and globes prepared for seeing See also:children are used also for the blind. Chiefly owing to the unremitting See also:energy and liberality of Dr T. R. Armitage, in connexion with the See also:British and See also:Foreign Blind Association, all school appliances for the blind have been greatly improved and cheapened. EMPLOYMENT Reference has been made to the fact that See also:music in its various branches furnishes the best and most lucrative employment for the blind.

But those who have not the ability, or are too old to be trained for music or some other profession, must depend upon handicrafts for their support. The principal ones taught in the various institutions are the making of baskets, brushes, mats, sacks, See also:

ships' fenders, brooms and mattresses, upholstery, See also:wire-work, See also:chair-caning, wood-chopping, &c. See also:Females are taught to make See also:fancy baskets and brushes, chair-caning, See also:knitting, netting, See also:weaving, sewing—hand and machine—crocheting, &c. It is difficult to find employment for blind girls. It is hoped that typewriting and See also:massage will prove remunerative. The blind, whether educated for the See also:church, trained as teachers, musicians, See also:pianoforte-tuners, or for any other See also:trade or occupation, generally require assistance at the outset. They need help in finding suitable employment, recommendations for establishing a connexion, pecuniary assistance in providing outfits of books, tools, See also:instruments,.&c., help in the selection and See also:purchase of the best materials at the lowest wholesale rates, in the See also:sale of their manufactured goods in the best markets, and if overtaken by reverses, judicious and timely help towards a fresh start. Every institution should keep in See also:touch with its old pupils. The superintendent who carefully studies the successes and failures of his pupils when they go into the See also:world, will more wisely See also:direct the work and energies of his See also:present and future students. Within See also:recent years See also:great improvements have been made in some of the progressive workshops for the blind. At the See also:conference in See also:London in 1902 Mr T. Stoddart gave the following See also:information in regard to the work in See also:Glasgow:—" We are See also:building very extensive additions to our workshops, which will enable us to accommodate 600 blind See also:people.

We mean to employ the most up-to-date methods, and are introducing electric See also:

power to drive the machinery and See also:light the workshops. We have to do with the See also:average blind adult recently deprived of sight after he has attained an See also:age of from 25 to 40 or even 50 years. In Glasgow we have See also:developed an See also:industry eminently suitable for the employment of the blind, namely, the manufacture of new and the remaking of old bedding. There are See also:industries which are purely See also:local, where certain articles of manufacture largely used in one See also:district are useless, or nearly so, in another; but the See also:field in which this industry may be promoted is practically without limit. It is perhaps the employment See also:par excellence for the blind, and among other advantages it has the following to recommend it: employment is provided for the blind of both sexes and of all ages; there is no See also:accumulation nor deterioration of stock; it yields an excellent profit, and its use is universal. We have been pushing this industry for years, our See also:annual turnover in this particular See also:department having exceeded £7000, and as we find it so suited to the capabilities of all grades of blind people, it is our intention to provide facilities for doing a turnover of three times that amount. Instead of the See also:thirty sewing-machines which we have at present See also:running by power, we See also:hope to employ 100 blind See also:women. At See also:cork-See also:fender-making, also an industry of the most suitable See also:kind, we are at present employing about thirty workers. It is also our intention to greatly develop and extend our See also:mat-making department." In the See also:United States many blind persons are engaged in agricultural pursuits, and some are very successful in commercial pursuits. When a See also:man loses his sight in adult See also:life, if he can possibly follow the business in which he has previously been engaged, it is the best course for him. In the present See also:day, work in manufactories is subdivided to such an extent that often some one portion can be done by a blind See also:person; but it needs the See also:interest of some enthusiastic believer in the capabilities of the blind to persuade the seeing manager that blind people can be safely employed in factories. In See also:England, at the See also:time of the royal See also:commission of 1889, upwards of 8000 blind persons, above the age of 21, were in See also:receipt of relief from the guardians, of whom no less than 3278 were See also:resident in workhouses or workhouse infirmaries.

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census returns for 1901 indicate that the number at that time was equally large. It would certainly be more economical to establish workshops where the able-bodied adult blind can be trained in some handicraft and employed. The papers read at the various conferences show that, even under the most favourable circumstances, some are not able to See also:earn enough for their support; nevertheless, employment improves their See also:condition; there is no greater calamity than to live a life of compulsory idleness in See also:total darkness. The cry of the blind is not See also:alms but work. One of the workshops in western See also:America has adopted the See also:motto, " See also:Independence through Industry," and it should be the aim of every civilized See also:country to hasten the time when See also:blindness and See also:pauperism shall no longer be synonymous terms. See also:BIOGRAPHY It may be interesting, in conclusion, to mention some of the names of prominent blind people in See also:history: See also:Timoleon (c. 410–336 B.C.), a See also:Greek See also:general. Aufidius, a See also:Roman senator. See also:Bela II. (d.

1141), See also:

king of See also:Hungary. See also:John, king of Bohemia (1296–1346), killed in the See also:battle of See also:Crecy. John Zizca (c. 1376–1424), Bohemian general. See also:Basil III. (d. 1462), See also:prince of See also:Moscow. Shah Alam (d. 18o6), the last of the Great Moguls. Diodorus, the instructor of See also:Cicero. See also:Didymus of See also:Alexandria (c. 308–395), mathematician, theologian and linguist.

Nicase of See also:

Malines (d. 1492), See also:professor of See also:law in the university of See also:Cologne. The degree of See also:doctor of divinity was conferred on him by the university of See also:Louvain, and the See also:pope granted a See also:dispensation suspending the law of the Church, that he might be ordained as a See also:priest. Ludovico Scapinelli (b. 1585), professor at the See also:universities of See also:Bologna, See also:Modena and See also:Pisa. See also:James Schegkius (d. 1587), professor of See also:philosophy and See also:medicine at See also:Tubingen. Franciscus Salinas, professor of music at the university of See also:Salamanca, in the 16th See also:century. See also:Nicholas See also:Bacon (16th century), doctor of See also:laws in the university of See also:Brussels. See also:Count de See also:Pagan of See also:Avignon (b. 1604), mathematician of See also:note. John See also:Milton (1608–1674), the poet.

Rev. See also:

Richard See also:Lucas (1648–1715), See also:prebendary of See also:Westminster. Nicholas See also:Saunderson (q.v.; 1682–1739). John See also:Stanley (1713–1786), See also:Mus. Bac. Oxon., was See also:born in London in 1713. At seven he began to study music, and made such rapid progress that he was appointed organist of See also:Ali-Hallows, See also:Bread See also:Street, at the age of eleven. He graduated as Mus. Bac. at See also:Oxford when sixteen, and was organist of the See also:Temple church at the age of twenty-one. He composed a number of cantatas, and after the See also:death of See also:Handel he superintended the performance of Handel's oratorios at Covent See also:Garden. He received the degree of doctor of music, and was See also:master of the king's See also:band. Leonard See also:Euler (1707–1783), the celebrated mathematician and astronomer.

John See also:

Metcalf (b. 1717), road-builder and contractor. See also:Sir John See also:Fielding (d. 178o), eminent lawyer and See also:magistrate. See also:Thomas See also:Blacklock (q.v.; 1721-1791), Scottish See also:scholar and poet. See also:Francois See also:Huber (1750–1831), Swiss naturalist, noted for his observations on bees. See also:Edward Rushton (b. 1756). At six years of age he entered the See also:Liverpool See also:free See also:grammar school, and at eleven shipped for his first voyage in a See also:West See also:India merchantman. On a later voyage he was shipwrecked, and owed his life to the self-See also:sacrifice of a See also:negro. Rushton and the See also:black man swam for their lives to a floating cask; the negro reached it first, saw Rushton about to sink, pushed the cask to the failing lad, and struck out for the See also:shore, but never reached it. This incident made Rushton an enthusiastic See also:champion through life of the cause of the negro.

During a voyage to See also:

Dominica See also:malignant ophthalmia See also:broke out among the slave See also:cargo, and Rushton caught the disease by attending them in the hold when all others refused help. This attack deprived him of sight, and cut See also:short a promising nautical career at the age of nineteen. He struggled bravely against difficulties, and besides entering successfully into various See also:literary engagements, maintained himself and See also:family as a bookseller. A See also:volume of his poems containing a memoir was published in 1824. See also:Marie Therese von Paradis (b. 1759), the daughter of an imperial councillor in See also:Vienna. She was a godchild of the empress Marie Therese, and as her parents possessed See also:rank and See also:wealth, no expense was spared in her See also:education. Weissem- bourg, a blind man, was her See also:tutor, and she learned to spell with letters cut out of pasteboard, and read words pricked upon See also:cards with pins. She studied the piano with See also:Richter (of See also:Holland) and Kozeluch. She was a highly esteemed pianist, and See also:Mozart wrote a See also:concerto for her; she also attained considerable skill on the See also:organ, in singing and in See also:composition. She made a See also:concert tour of See also:Europe, visiting the principal courts and everywhere achieving great success. She remained four months in England, under the patronage of the See also:queen.

On her return to Vienna, through See also:

Paris, she met Valentin See also:Hauy. Towards the See also:close of her life she devoted herself to teaching singing and the pianoforte with great success. James See also:Holman (q.v. ; 1786–1857), traveller. William H. See also:Prescott (q.v. ; 1796–1859), the See also:American historian. Several See also:early 19th-century musicians held situations as organ- ists in London; among them See also:Grenville, See also:Scott, See also:Lockhart, See also:Mather, See also:Stiles and Warne. See also:Louis Braille (1809–1852). In 1819 he went to the school fo. the blind in Paris. He became proficient on the organ, and held a See also:post in one of the Paris churches. While a professor at the Institution Nationale See also:des Jeunes Aveugles, he perfected his See also:system of point writing.

See also:

Alexander Rodenbach, Belgian statesman. When a member of the chamber of deputies, in 1836, he introduced and succeeded in establishing by law the right of blind and See also:deaf-See also:mute children to an education. Dr William See also:Moon (1818–1894), the inventor of the type for the blind which bears his name. Rev. W. H. Milburn, D.D. (1823–1903), the American See also:chaplain, known in the United States as The Blind Man Eloquent." He often travelled from thirty to fifty thousand See also:miles a See also:year, speaking and See also:preaching every day. He was three times chaplain of the See also:House of Representatives, and in 1893 was chosen to the chaplaincy of the See also:senate. Dr T. R. Armitage (b.

1824). After spending his youth on the See also:

continent, he became a medical student, first at King's See also:College, and afterwards at Paris and Vienna. His career promised to be a brilliant one, but at the age of thirty-six failing sight caused him to abandon his profession. For the See also:rest of his life he devoted his time and See also:fortune to the interests of the blind. I-Ie reorganized the Indigent Blind Visiting Society, endowed its Samaritan fund, founded the British and Foreign Blind Association, and, in See also:conjunction with the See also:late See also:duke of Westminster and others, founded the Royal Normal College. See also:Elizabeth See also:Gilbert (b. 1826), daughter of the See also:bishop of See also:Chichester. She lost her sight at the age of three. She was educated at See also:home, and took her full See also:share of See also:household duties and cares and pleasures. When she was twenty-seven, she began to consider the condition of the poor blind of London. She saw some one must befriend those who had been taught trades, some one who could See also:supply material, give employment or dispose of the articles manufactured. In 1854 her See also:scheme was started, and work was given to six men in their own homes, but the number soon increased.

In 1856 a See also:

committee was formed, a house converted into a factory, and the Association for Promoting the General Welfare of the Blind was founded. Rev. See also:George See also:Matheson, D.D. (b. 1842), preacher and writer of the Church of See also:Scotland. The degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the university of See also:Edinburgh in 1879, and he was appointed See also:Baird Lecturer in 1881, and St See also:Giles' Lecturer in 1882. See also:Henry See also:Fawcett (1833–1884), professor of See also:political See also:economy at See also:Cambridge, and postmaster-general. W. H. Churchman of See also:Pennsylvania, who was instrumental in establishing the See also:schools for the blind in See also:Tennessee, See also:Indiana and See also:Wisconsin. H. L.

Hall, founder of the workshops and home for the blind in See also:

Philadelphia; by his energetic management he raised the See also:standard of work for the adult blind throughout America. Man's World [translated by Ernest See also:Thomson] (Paris, 1904); Prof. A. Mell, Encyklopadisches Handbuch des Blindenwesens (Vienna, 1899). (F. J.

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