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MEXICO CITY

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 347 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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See also:

MEXICO See also:CITY , See also:capital of the See also:Republic of Mexico and See also:chief See also:town of the Federal See also:District, near the See also:southern margin of the See also:great central See also:plateau of Mexico, in See also:lat. 19° 25' 45" N., See also:long. 99 7' W. It is about 200 M. in a See also:direct See also:line W. by N. of See also:Vera Cruz, its nearest See also:port on the Gulf of Mexico, with which it is connected by two railway lines, one of which is 264 M. long; and about 181 m. in a direct line N.N.E. of Acapulco, its nearest port on the Pacific, with which it is connected partly by See also:rail and partly by a rough See also:mountain trail (the camino real) to the See also:coast. Pop. (1900), 344,721. The city stands on a small See also:plain occupying the See also:south-western See also:part of a large lacustrine depression known as the Valley of Mexico (El See also:Valle de Mexico), about 3 M. from the western See also:shore of See also:Lake Texcoco, whose See also:waters once covered a considerable part of the ground now occupied by the city. The Valley, including the drainage See also:basin of Lake Zumpango, has an See also:area of 2219 sq. m. (1627 sq. m. without that basin). The See also:elevation of the city above See also:sea-level is 7415 ft., only a few feet above the level of Lake Texcoco. The See also:general elevation of the Valley is about 7500 ft., that of Lake Zumpango being 7493 ft., and of Lake Chalco 7480 ft. The rim of the Valley is formed by spurs of the transverse See also:cordillera on the See also:north and south sides—the Sierra de Guadalupe (65o to 750 ft. above the city) on the north, and the Sierra See also:Nevada with its See also:snow-clad peaks of Popocatapetl and Ixtaccihuatl farther away to the south-See also:east—and by a part of the Sierra de Ajusco, known as the Montes de See also:las Cruces, from which the greater part of the city's See also:water See also:supply is derived.

Lake Texcoco (Tezcoco or Tezcuco) is a comparatively shallow See also:

body of brackish water, with an area of about 11 z sq. m., and is fed by a number of small streams from the neighbouring mountains, and by the overflow of the other lakes. Its shores are swampy and desolate and show considerable belts of saline incrustations with the fall in its level. The See also:Aztecs settled there because of the See also:security afforded by its islands and shallow waters—their city, Tenochtitlan, being so completely surrounded by water that a handful of warriors could easily defend its approaches against a greatly See also:superior force. The Chalco and Xochimilco lakes, 8 or 9 M. to the southward, which are separated by a narrow See also:ridge of See also:land, are connected with the See also:lower part of the city by an artificial See also:canal, called " La Viga," 16 m. long and 30 ft. wide, which serves as an outlet for the overflow of those lakes and as a waterway for the natives who bring in See also:flowers and vegetables for See also:sale. Lake Xochimilco, celebrated for its chinampas, or " floating gardens" (see MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF), is supplied very largely by fresh-water springs opening within the lake itself, which the city has partially diverted for its own water supply. Lake Chalco is also greatly reduced in See also:size by railway fillings and See also:irrigation See also:works, to the great See also:distress of the natives who have gained their living by fishing in its waters since long before the See also:Spanish See also:conquest. The See also:climate of the city is temperate, dry and healthful. The temperature ranges from a minimum of 350 F. in See also:winter to a maximum of 790 in summer. The winter range is 35° to 68°, and the summer 50° to 79°. The nights are always cool. The See also:year is divided into a wet and dry See also:season, the former from See also:April to See also:September, the latter from See also:October to See also:March. The rainfall, however, is See also:light, about 20 to 25 in., but, with the assistance of irrigation, it serves to sustain a considerable degree of cultivation in the neighbourhood of the city.

The See also:

health of the city, unfortunately, does not correspond with its favourable See also:climatic conditions. With a wet, undrained subsoil and a large See also:population of See also:Indians and See also:half-breeds living in crowded quarters, the See also:death-See also:rate has been notoriously high, though the completion of the Valley drainage works in 19oo, supplemented by under-ground sewers in the better parts of the city, and by better sanitation, have recently improved matters. The See also:annual death-rate per loon was 54 per l000 for the Federal District in 1901, 50 in 1902, 48 in 1903, 46 in 1904, and 56 in 1905; the increase for the last-mentioned year being due to an epidemic of typhus See also:fever. The city is laid out with almost unbroken regularity and is compactly built—the streets See also:running nearly with the See also:cardinal points of the See also:compass. The new and better See also:residence sections are on the western See also:side; the poorer districts are on the eastern side nearer the swampy shores of Lake Texcoco. As the name of a See also:street changes with almost every See also:block, according to the old Spanish See also:custom, a See also:list of street names is sometimes mistakenly accepted as the number of continuous thoroughfares in the city, so that it has been said that Mexico has 600 to 900 streets and alleys. An See also:attempt was made in 1889 to rename the streets—all running east and See also:west to be called avenidas, all running north and south calles, and all continuous thoroughfares to have but one name—but the See also:people clung so tenaciously to the old names that the See also:government was compelled to restore them in 1907. Outside the See also:Indian districts of the eastern and southern out-skirts, the streets are paved with See also:asphalt and See also:stone, lighted with See also:electricity and See also:gas, and served with an efficient street railway service. The See also:political and commercial centre of the city is the Plaza See also:Mayor, or Plaza de la Constituci6n, on which See also:face the See also:cathedral, See also:national See also:palace, and municipal palace. Grouped about the Plaza de Santo Domingo are the old See also:convent and See also:church of Santo Domingo, the See also:court of the See also:Inquisition now occupied by the School of See also:Medicine, the offices of the See also:Department of Communicaciones, and the old custom-See also:house (aduana). See also:Close by are the old church of the See also:Jesuits and the See also:mechanics' school (artes y oficios) with its large and well-equipped shops. Among other well-known plazas are: See also:Loreto, on which faces the great enclosed See also:market of the city; Guardiola, in the midst of See also:hand-some private residences; See also:San Fernando, with its statue of See also:Vicente See also:Guerrero; and See also:Morelos, with its See also:marble statue of the national See also:hero of that name.

The Paseo de la Reforma, the finest See also:

avenue of the city, is a broad See also:boulevard extending from the Avenida See also:Juarez south-west to Chapultepec, a distance of nearly three See also:miles. At intervals are circular spaces, called "glorietas," with statues (the famous See also:bronze equestrian statue of See also:Charles IV., and monuments to See also:Columbus, Cuauhternoc the last of the Aztec emperors, and Juarez). Other notable avenues are Bucareli and Juarez; and the Avenida de la Viga, which skirts the canal ofthat name. The See also:principal business streets runs westward from the Plaza Mayor toward the See also:Alameda, and is known as the Calle de los Plateros (Silversmiths' Street) for two squares, Calle de San Francisco for three squares, and Avenida Juarez along the south side of the Alameda to its junction with the Paseo. The Alameda, or public See also:garden, a m. west of the Plaza Mayor, covers an area of 4o acres, and occupies the site of the old Indian market and See also:place of See also:execution, where occurred the first auto-See also:dale in Mexico in 1574. The great cathedral stands on or near the site of the Aztec See also:temple (teocalli) destroyed by See also:Cortes in 1521. The See also:foundations were laid in 1573, the walls were completed in 1615, the roof was finished in 1623, its See also:consecration took place in 1645 and its See also:dedication in 1667, the towers were completed in 1791, and the great church was finished about 1811. It is 426 ft. in length by 197 ft. in width, and its towers rise to a height of 204 ft. Its general See also:plan is that of a See also:Greek See also:cross, with two great naves and three aisles, twenty side-chapels and a magnificent high See also:altar supported by marble columns and surrounded by a tumbago See also:balustrade with sixty-two tumbago statues carrying elaborate candelabra made from a See also:rich alloy of See also:gold, See also:silver and See also:copper. The elaborately carved See also:choir is also enclosed by tumbago railings made in See also:Macao, weighing 26 tons. The vaulted roof is supported by twenty Doric columns, 18o ft. in height, and the whole interior is richly carved and gilded. The walls are covered with rare paintings.

See also:

Standing close beside the cathedral is the highly ornamented See also:facade of a smaller church called El Sagrario Metropolitano. The city has about sixty church edifices, including La Profesa, Loreto, See also:Santa Teresa, Santo Domingo and San Hipolito. At the See also:time of the secularization of Church properties there were about 12o religious edifices in the city—churches, convents, monasteries, &c.—many of which were turned over to See also:secular uses. The national palace, also on the Plaza Mayor, has a frontage of 675 ft. on the east of the Plaza, and covers a square of 47, 840 sq. yds., or nearly Io acres. It contains the executive offices of the government and those of five See also:cabinet ministers (interior, See also:foreign affairs, See also:treasury, See also:war and See also:justice), the See also:senate chamber, the general archives, national museum, See also:observatory and meteorological See also:bureau. The palace occupies the site of the residence of Moctezuma, which was destroyed by the Spaniards, and that of Hernando Cortes, which was also destroyed in 1692. It has three entrances on the Plaza, and over its See also:main gateway hangs the " See also:liberty See also:bell " of Mexico, first See also:rung by the humble See also:parish See also:priest See also:Hidalgo, on the See also:night of the 16th of September 181o, to See also:call the people of Dolores to arms, and now rung at midnight on each recurring anniversary by the See also:president himself. The national museum, which occupies the east side of the national palace, is rich in Mexican antiquities, among which are the famous " See also:calendar stone,"' supposed to be of Toltec origin, and the " sacrificial stone " found in the ruins of the great teocalli destroyed by Cortes. Near the cathedral is the See also:monte de piedad, or government pawnshop, endowed in 1775 by Pedro Romero de Terreros (See also:conde de See also:Regla) with £75,000, and at one time carrying on a See also:regular banking business including the issue of See also:bank-notes. Its business is now limited to the issue of small loans on See also:personal See also:property—the aggregate sometimes reaching nearly £50,000 a See also:month. The national library, which has upwards of 225,000 volumes, occupies the old St See also:Augustine Church, dedicated in 1692 and devoted to its See also:present use by Juarez in 1867. It contains an interesting collection of the busts of Mexican celebrities.

The See also:

academy of San See also:Carlos and school of See also:fine arts (founded in 1778) likewise contains See also:good collections of paintings and statuary. Among other institutions are the new See also:post See also:office; begun in 1902 and finished in 1907; the Minerfa, occupied by the See also:schools of See also:mining and See also:engineering; the military school, occupying a part of the See also:castle of Chapultepec; the See also:Iturbide palace, now occupied as a hotel; the Iturbide See also:theatre, occupied by the chamber of deputies, for which a new legislative palace to cost 2,500,000 pesos was under construction in 1909; the new palace of justice; the old See also:mint, dating from 1537; the new See also:penitentiary, completed in 1900; the Panteon, with its monuments to the most celebrated Mexicans; the new general See also:hospital ; the See also:jockey See also:club on Plaza Guardiola, a new university (1910) and new school edifices of See also:modern See also:design. The city is likewise generously provided with hospitals and asylums. The old Spanish edifices were very solidly constructed of stone, and private residences were provided with See also:iron See also:gates and window See also:guards strong enough to withstand an See also:ordinary See also:assault. Private houses were also provided with See also:flat See also:roofs (azoteas) and battlements, which gave them great defensive strength, as well as a cool, secluded See also:retreat for their inmates in the evening. The old Moorish See also:style of See also:building about an open court, or See also:patio, prevails, and the living-rooms of the See also:family are on the second See also:floor. The better residences of the old style were commonly of two storeys—the ground-floor being occupied by shops, offices, stables and servants' quarters. The more modern constructions of the Colonia Juarez and other new residence districts are more attractive and pretentious in See also:appearance, but are less solidly built. _ 1 See also:Bandelier thinks it should be called the " Stone of t e See also:Sun." Mexico was formerly one of the worst drained large cities of the New See also:World, its subsoil being permanently saturated and its artificial drainage being through open ditches into the San Lazaro Canal which nominally discharged into Lake Texcoco. The difference in level between the city and the lake being less than six feet and the lake having no natural outlet, typhus fever became a See also:common epidemic in its lower and poorer sections. The earliest effort to correct this evil was by the Dutch engineer Maartens (Span., Martinez), who planned a deep cutting through Nochistongo See also:Hill, north of the city, to carry away the overflow of Lake Zumpango (7493 ft. elevation) to the See also:river See also:Tula, a tributary of the Panuco. The cutting was 13 M. long and is known as the Tajo de Nochistongo.

It was begun in 1607—a year when the city was completely flooded—but was not completed until 1789, and then it was found that the city was still subject to partial inundations, although an enormous sum of See also:

money and 70,000 lives of Indian labourers had been expended upon it. The worst inundation in the See also:history of the city occurred in 1629, when its streets were covered to a See also:depth of 3 ft. and remained flooded until 1634. In 1856 President Ignacio See also:Comonfort invited tenders for drainage works conditional on the use of See also:waste waters for irrigation purposes, and the plan executed consists of a canal and See also:tunnel 43 M. long, starting from the east side and 4'-,-, ft. below the mean level of the city and running north to Zumpango and thence eastward into a tunnel over 6 m. long, which discharges into a small tributary of the Panuco river near the See also:village of Tequixquiac. The greatest depth of the tunnel is 308 ft. below the See also:surface. The works were inaugurated in 1900. For the water supply the Aztecs used the main See also:causeway through their city as a See also:dam to See also:separate the fresh water from the hills from the brackish water of Texcoco, and obtained drinking water from a See also:spring at the See also:base of the hill of Chapultepec. The Spaniards added three other springs to the supply and constructed two long aqueducts to bring it into the city. Three other See also:sources were added during the 19th See also:century, and in 1899-1900 steps were taken to secure a further supply from the Rio Hondo. Besides these there are I I public and 1375 private artesian See also:wells in the city. All these sources are estimated to yield about 220 to 230 litres per See also:head. Considerable See also:attention has always been given to See also:education in Mexico, but in colonial times it was limited in See also:scope, and to the dominant classes. The old university of Mexico, with its faculties of See also:theology, See also:law and medicine (founded 1551 and inaugurated 1553), ceased to exist in 1865 and was succeeded by schools of engineering, law and medicine, which have been signally successful.

The government also maintains schools of See also:

agriculture, See also:commerce, fine arts, See also:music, See also:pharmacy, technology, and an admirable preparatory or high school, besides a large number of See also:primary and secondary schools for which modern school buildings have been erected. Normal and See also:industrial schools for both sexes are maintained, the latter (artes y oficios) performing a very important service for the poorer classes. In 1908 there were 353 government schools in the city, including 13 professional and technical schools, and nearly 200 private schools. There are also several scientific organizations and See also:societies. The Mexican See also:Geographical Society (Sociedad mexicana de geografia y estadistica), founded in 1833, has rendered invaluable services in the See also:work of exploration and publication; there are also the See also:Geological Society, the Association of See also:Engineers and Architects, and the Society of Natural History. Through lack of water-See also:power and cheap See also:fuel Mexico has never been rated as a manufacturing city. However, the development of electric power, and the possibility of transmitting it for long distances, have worked a noteworthy See also:change in this respect, and a large number of See also:industries have been added in See also:recent years. The largest of these electric-power See also:plants is on the Necaxa and Tenango See also:rivers, in the See also:state of See also:Puebla, 92 M. from the city, which is designed to furnish 40,000 See also:horse-power for industrial and See also:lighting purposes, and a duplicate plant was decided upon in 1904. Another plant is in the suburb of San Lazaro, the current being distributed by over too m. of underground mains in the city and many miles of overhead wires in its outskirts and suburbs. Other plants are at San Ildefonso, 12 M. distant, and on the Churubusco river, 16 m. south. According to a See also:British consular See also:report for 1904 there were 153 manufacturing establishments in the city producing See also:cotton, See also:linen and See also:silk textiles, See also:leather, boots and shoes, See also:alcohol and alcoholic beverages, See also:beer, See also:flour, conserves and candied fruits, cigars and cigarettes, See also:Italian pastes, See also:chocolate, See also:starch, hats, See also:oils, See also:ice, See also:furniture, pianos and other musical See also:instruments, matches, beds, candles, chemicals, iron and See also:steel, See also:printing-type, paint and See also:varnish, See also:glass, looking-glasa, See also:cement and artificial stone, earthenware, bricks and tiles, See also:soap, cardboard, See also:papier mache, cartridges and See also:explosives, See also:white See also:lead, See also:perfumery, carriages and wagons, and corks. To these should be added the foundries and iron-working shops which add so much to the prosperity of modern Mexico.

Perhaps the most important of these manufactories are the cotton See also:

mills, of which there are 13, and the See also:cigar and cigarette factories, of which there are to. In the suburbs, oils, chemicals, cigarettes and bricks are made at Tacuba; cotton textiles at Contreras, San See also:Angel and Tlalpam; See also:paper and boots at Tacubaya, and bricks at Mixcoac and Coyoacan. A little farther away are the woollen mills of San Ildefonso, the paper-mills of San Rafael, and important works for the manufacture of railway See also:rolling stock. The railway connexions include direct communication with one port on the Gulf coast and with two on the Pacific—lines were under construction in 1909 to two other Pacific ports—and indirect communication with two on the Gulf. The Mexican and Inter-oceanic lines connect with Vera Cruz, the Mexican Central with See also:Manzanillo, via See also:Guadalajara and See also:Colima, and the Vera Cruz & Pacific (from See also:Cordoba) with the See also:Tehuantepec line and the port of See also:Salina Cruz. The last-mentioned line also gives indirect connexion with the port of Coatzacoalcos, and the Mexican Central, via San Luis See also:Potosi, with See also:Tampico. A southern See also:extension of the Mexican Central, via Cuernavaca, has reached the Balsas river and will be extended to Acapulco, once the chief Pacific port of Mexico and the See also:depot for the rich Philippine See also:trade. A Mexican extension of the (See also:American) Southern Pacific which has been completed from Nogale>; to See also:Mazatlan is to be extended to Guadalajara, which will give the national capital direct communication with the thriving ports of Mazatlan and See also:Guaymas. In addition to these, the Mexican Central and Mexican National, now consolidated, give communicaton with the See also:northern capitals and the See also:United States, and the Mexican Southern runs southward, via Puebla, to the city of See also:Oaxaca. These See also:railways, with the shorter lines radiating from the city, connect it with nearly all the state capitals and principal ports. The population by the See also:census of 1990 was 344,721—an increase of 14,947 over the returns of 1895. The great See also:majority of the inhabitants is composed of Indians and half-breeds, from whom come the factory workers, labourers, servants, porters and other See also:menial wage-earners.

In former times Mexico was overrun with mendicants (pordioseros), vagrants and criminals (rateros), and the " Portales de las See also:

Flores " on the east of the Plaza Mayor was a favourite " See also:hunting-ground " for them because of its proximity to the cathedral; but modern conditions have largely reduced this evil. The foreign population includes many capitalists and industrial managers who are doing much to develop the See also:country, the American See also:colony being concentrated in a fine modern residential district on the south-western side of the city. History.—The City of Mexico See also:dates, traditionally, from the year 1325 or 1327, when the Aztecs settled on an See also:island in Lake Texcoco. The Aztec name of the city was Tenochtitlan, derived either from Tenoch, one of their priests and leaders, or from tenuch, the Indian name for the " nopal," which is associated with its See also:foundation. The modern name is derived from Mexitli, one of the names of the Aztec See also:god of war See also:Huitzilopochtli, which name was later on applied also to the Aztecs themselves. The island See also:settlement, which was practically a lake-village built on islets—some of them undoubtedly artificial, and perched on stakes—See also:grew rapidly with the in-creasing power and See also:civilization of its inhabitants, who had the remains of an earlier civilization (Tula, Teotihuacan, See also:Cholula, and other older towns) to assist in their development. About the See also:middle of the 15th century their mud-and-See also:rush dwellings were partly replaced by stone structures, grouped around the central enclosure of the great teocalli, and bordering the cause-ways leading to the mainland. The town had reached its highest development when the Spaniards appeared in 1519, when it is said to have had, including suburban towns, a See also:total of 6o,000 dwellings, representing about 300,000 inhabitants. It was at that time about 12 M. in circumference, everywhere intersected by canals, and connected with the mainland by six long and solidly constructed causeways, as shown in the plan given in the edition of Cortes's letters published at See also:Nuremberg in 1524 (reproduced in vol. i. of H. H. See also:Bancroft's History of Mexico, San Francisco, 1883, p. 280).

See also:

Allowance should be made for the See also:habit of exaggeration among the Spanish adventurers of that time, and also for the See also:diplomacy of Cortes in magnifying his exploits to win the favour of his See also:king. The truth is, without doubt, that the dwellings of the lower classes were still built of reeds and mud, and covered the greater part of the city's area, otherwise it is impossible to understand how a See also:mere handful of Spanish soldiers, without tools and explosives, could so easily have levelled it to the ground. After its almost total destruction in See also:November 1521, Cortes employed some 400,000 natives in rebuilding the city on its former site. Since then the lake has decreased greatly in extent, its area being reduced to 112 sq. m. and its shore-line being more than 3 M. distant from the city it once surrounded. During Spanish See also:rule the only break in the ordinary course of events was the revolt of 1692, which resulted in the destruction of the municipal buildings. The city was not much disturbed by the struggle for See also:independence, but it was afterwards the See also:scene of many a revolution until the dictatorial authority of Porfirio See also:Diaz put an end to See also:petty pronunciamentos and See also:partisan intrigues. In the war between Mexico and the United States the most decisive See also:campaign was that of General See also:Winfield See also:Scott directed against the Mexican capital. With the advanced guard of an See also:army of about 1o,000 men he arrived on the loth of See also:August 1847 at Ayolta, on the national road 16 m. south-east of the city; but as the approaches from this direction were very strongly fortified he cut a new road southward along the eastern shore of Lake Chalco and westward along the southern shore of lakes Chalco and Xochimilco to San Augustin, where his army arrived on the 17th and 18th of August. The city was now so m. distant by a direct road to the northward, but as the village of San See also:Antonio, only 3 M. ahead, was strongly fortified, another See also:short detour was made to the westward by cutting a road through a See also:field of broken See also:lava. This See also:movement brought the Americans to the hill of Contreras, which was held by General See also:Valencia with a force of some 7000 and 22 pieces of See also:artillery, while President Santa See also:Anna was in the neighbourhood with reinforcements numbering 12,000 or more. The Mexicans were routed on the See also:morning of the loth of August after suffering heavy losses. San Antonio was easily taken about See also:noon of the same See also:day, and in the afternoon the main See also:division of the Mexican' army was driven from the stone church and intrenchments at Churubusco.

Three days later General Scott agreed to an See also:

armistice, but Mexico rejected the terms of See also:peace, and hostilities were resumed on the 7th of September. During the armistice the American troops were quartered in and about the village of Tacubaya, about 21 M. west by south of the city. Near Tacubaya, on the north by west, were some massive stone buildings known as El Molino del Rey, or the King's See also:Mill. When attacked by the Americans under the immediate command of General W. J. See also:Worth in the See also:early morning of the 8th of September these buildings were defended by more than 1o,000 Mexicans under Generals See also:Leon, See also:Alvarez and See also:Perez, and they were captured only after a most desperate fight, which cost the Americans 787 killed and wounded and the Mexicans at least 2000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. To enter the city by way of the Tacubaya causeway it was still necessary for the Americans to See also:capture Chapultepec. This hill, defended by about 4000 Mexicans under General See also:Nicolas See also:Bravo, was bombarded on the 12th of September, and was carried by assault on the 13th. On the following day the City of Mexico surrendered. It was then occupied by the American army under General Winfield Scott, and held by them until the See also:signing of the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (May 1848). The See also:French intervention of 1861 led to a second occupation by a foreign power—a French military force under General See also:Forey taking See also:possession in See also:June 1863. See also:Maximilian, See also:archduke of See also:Austria, was crowned See also:emperor of Mexico in the cathedral in June 1864, and held possession of the capital until the 21st of June 1867, when it was captured by General Porfirio Diaz.

See also:

Earthquake shocks are of frequent occurrence, but the city rarely suffers any material damage. The great earthquake shocks of the 3oth and 31st of See also:July 1909, however, caused considerable damage in the city, and a few lives were lost. For further description see H. H. Bancroft, History of Mexico (6 vols., San Francisco, 1883) ; See also:Robert S. See also:Barrett, See also:Standard See also:Guide to the City of Mexico and Vicinity (Mexico, 190o) ; See also:Thomas A. Janvier, The Mexican Guide (5th ed., New See also:York,"189o) ; D. See also:Charnay, See also:Ancient Cities of the New World (Eng. ver., New York, 1887) ; and the Plano de la See also:ciudad de Mexico, in the Diccionario enciclopedico his pano-americano (See also:Barcelona, 1893), xii. 74o.

End of Article: MEXICO CITY

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