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COUNTS OF CLERMONT

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Originally appearing in Volume V06, Page 499 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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COUNTS OF CLERMONT . Clermont was at one See also:time the seat of a countship, the lords of which were already powerful in the 11th See also:century. Raoul de Clermont, See also:constable of See also:France, died at See also:Acre in 1191,leaving a daughter who brought Clermont to her See also:husband, See also:Louis, See also:count of See also:Blois and See also:Chartres. See also:Theobald, count of Blois and Clermont, died in 1218 without issue, and See also:King See also:Philip See also:Augustus, having received the countship of Clermont from the See also:collateral heirs of this See also:lord, gave it to his son Philip Hurepel,whose daughter Jeanne, and his widow, Mahaut, countess of See also:Dammartin, next held the countship. It was See also:united by See also:Saint Louis to the See also:crown, and afterwards given by him (1269) to his son See also:Robert, from whom sprang the See also:house of See also:Bourbon. In 1524 the countship of Clermont was confiscated from the constable de Bourbon, and later (1540) given to the See also:duke of See also:Orleans, to See also:Catherine de' See also:Medici (1562), to See also:Eric, duke of See also:Brunswick (1569), from whom it passed to his See also:brother-in-See also:law See also:Charles'of See also:Lorraine (1596), and finally toHenry II., See also:prince of See also:Conde (1611). In 1641 it was again confiscated from Louis de Bourbon, count of See also:Soissons, then in 1696 sold to Louis See also:Thomas Amadeus of See also:Savoy,count of Soissons,in 1702 to Francoise de Brancas, princesse d'See also:Harcourt, and in 1719 to Louis-See also:Henry, prince of Conde. From a See also:branch of the old lords of Clermont were descended the lords of See also:Nesle and See also:Chantilly. CLERMONT-See also:FERRAND, a See also:city of central France, See also:capital of the See also:department of See also:Puy=de-See also:Dome, 113 M. W. of See also:Lyons on the See also:Paris-See also:Lyon railway. Pop. (1906) See also:town, 44,113; See also:commune, 58,363.

Clermont-Ferrand is situated on an See also:

eminence on the western border of the fertile See also:plain of Limagne. On the See also:north, See also:west and See also:south it is surrounded by hills, with a background of mountains amongst which the Puy-de-Dome stands out prominently. A small See also:river, the Tiretaine, See also:borders the town on the north. Since 1731 it has been composed of the two towns of Clermont and Montferrand, now connected by a See also:fine See also:avenue of See also:walnut trees and willows, 2 M. in length, bordered on one See also:side by See also:barracks. The watering-See also:place of See also:Royat lies a little more than a mile to the west. Clermont has several handsome squares ornamented with fountains, the See also:chief of which is a graceful structure erected by See also:Bishop Jacques d'See also:Amboise in 1515. The streets of the older and busier See also:quarter of Clermont in the neighbourhood of the See also:cathedral and the Place de Jaude, the See also:principal square, are for the most See also:part narrow, sombre and bordered by old houses built of See also:lava; boulevards See also:divide this part from more See also:modern and spacious quarters, which adjoin it. To the south lies the fine See also:promenade known as the Jardin Lecoq. The principal See also:building is the cathedral, a See also:Gothic edifice begun in the 13th century. It was not completed, however, till the 19th century, when the west portal and towers and two bays of the See also:nave were added, according to the plans of Violletle-Duc. The fine stained See also:glass of the windows See also:dates from the13th to the 15th centuries. A See also:monument of the See also:Crusades with a statue of See also:Pope See also:Urban II. stands in the Cathedral square.

The See also:

church of Notre-See also:Dame du See also:Port is a typical example of the Romanesque See also:style of See also:Auvergne, dating chiefly from the 11th and 12th centuries. The exterior of the See also:choir, with its four radiating chapels, its jutting cornices supported by modillions and columns with carved capitals, and its See also:mosaic decoration of See also:black and See also:white stones, is the most interesting part of the exterior The See also:rest of the church comprises a See also:narthex surmounted by a See also:tower, three naves and a See also:transept, over which rises another tower. There are several churches of See also:minor importance in the town. Among the old houses one, dating from the 16th century, was the birthplace of Blaise See also:Pascal, whose statue stands in a neighbouring square. There is a statue of See also:General Louis Charles Deaix de Veygoux in the Place de Jaude. Montferrand has several interesting houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, and a church of the r3th,14th and 15th centuries. Clermont-Ferrand is the seat of a bishopric and a prefecture and headquarters of the XIII. See also:army See also:corps; it has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade-arbitrators, a chamber of commerce, an See also:exchange and a branch of the See also:Bank of France. The town is the centre of an educational See also:division (academie), and has faculties of See also:science and of literature. It also has lycees and training colleges for both sexes, ecclesiastical seminaries, a preparatory school of See also:medicine and See also:pharmacy, See also:schools of See also:architecture, See also:music, commerce and See also:industry, museums of See also:art and antiquities and natural See also:history and a library. A See also:great variety of See also:industries is carried on, the chief being the manufacture of semolina and other farinaceous foods, See also:confectionery, preserved See also:fruit and jams, chemicals and See also:rubber goods. Li4ueurs, See also:chicory, See also:chocolate, candles, hats, boots and shoes, and woollen and See also:linen goods are also made, and tanning is practised. Clermont is the chief See also:market for the See also:grain and other agricultural produce of Auvergne and Velay.

Its See also:

waters are in See also:local repute. On the bank of the Tiretaine there is a remarkable calcareous See also:spring, the See also:fountain of St Allyre, the copious deposits of which have formed a curious natural See also:bridge over the stream. Clermont is identified with the See also:ancient Augustonemetum, the chief town of the See also:Arverni, and it still preserves some remains of the See also:Roman See also:period. The See also:present name, derived from Clarus See also:Mons and originally applied only to the citadel, was used of the town as See also:early as the 9th century. During the disintegration of the Roman See also:empire Clermont suffered as much perhaps from See also:capture and pillage as any city in the See also:country i its history during the See also:middle ages chiefly records the struggles between its bishops and the counts of Auvergne, and between the citizens and their overlord the bishop. It was the seat of seven ecclesiastical See also:councils, held in the years 535, 549, 587, 1095, 1110, 1124 and 113o; and of these the See also:council of 1095 is for ever memorable as that in which Pope Urban II. proclaimed the first crusade. In the See also:wars against the See also:English in the 14th and 15th centuries and the religious wars of the 16th century the town had its full participation; and in x665 it acquired a terrible notoriety by the trial and See also:execution of many members of the See also:nobility of Auvergne who had tyrannized over the neighbouring districts. The proceedings lasted six months, and the See also:episode is known as See also:les Grands Jours de Clermont. Before the Revolution the town possessed several monastic establishments, of which the most important were the See also:abbey of Saint Allyre, founded, it is said, in the 3rd century by St Austremonius (St Stremoine), the apostle of Auvergne and first bishop of Clermont, and the abbey of St See also:Andre, where the counts of Clermont were interred. CLERMONT-GANNEAU, CHARLES See also:SIMON (1846–French Orientalist, the son of a sculptor of some repute, was See also:born in Paris on the 19th of See also:February 1846. After an See also:education at the Ecole See also:des Langues Orientales, he entered the See also:diplomatic service as dragoman to the consulate at See also:Jerusalem, and afterwards at See also:Constantinople. He laid the See also:foundation of his reputation by his See also:discovery (in 187o) of the " See also:stele " of Mesha (Moabite See also:Stone), which bears the See also:oldest Semitic inscription known.

In 1874 he was employed by the See also:

British See also:government to take See also:charge of an archaeological expedition to See also:Palestine, and was subsequently entrusted by his own government with similar See also:missions to See also:Syria and the Red See also:Sea. He was made See also:chevalier of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour in 1875. After serving as See also:vice-See also:consul at Jaffa from 188o to 1882, he returned to Paris as " secretaireinterprete " for See also:oriental See also:languages, and in 1886 was appointed consul of the first class, He subsequently accepted the See also:post of director of the Rcole des Langues Orientales and See also:professor at the See also:College de France. In 1889 he was elected a member of the Academie des See also:Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, of which he had been a correspondent since 1880. In 1896 he was promoted to be consul-general, and was See also:minister plenipotentiary in 1906. He was the first in See also:England to expose the famous forgeries of See also:Hebrew texts offered to the British Museum by M.W.See also:Shapira(q.v.) in 1883, and in 1903 he took a prominent part in the investigation of the so-called " See also:tiara of Saitapharnes." This tiara had been See also:purchased by the Louvre for 400,000 francs, and exhibited as a genuine See also:antique. Much discussion arose as to the perpetrators of the See also:fraud, some believing that it came from See also:southern See also:Russia. It was agreed, however, that the whole See also:object, except perhaps the See also:band See also:round the tiara, was of modern manufacture. His chief publications, besides a number of contributions to See also:journals, are :Palestine inconnue (1886), Etudes d'archeologie orientale (1880, &c.), Les Fraudes archeologiques (1885), Recueil d'archeologie orienlale (1885, &c.), See also:Album d antiquites orientales (1897, &c.). CLERMONT-L'See also:HERAULT, or CLERMONT DE See also:LODEVE, a town of southern France in the department of Herault, 10 m. S.S.E. by See also:rail of Lodeve. Pop.

(1906) 4731. The town is built on the slope of a See also:

hill which is crowned by an ancient See also:castle and skirted by the Rhonel, a tributary of the Lergue. It has an interesting church of the 13th and 14th centuries. The chief manufacture is that of See also:cloth for military clothing, and woollen goods, an industry which dates from the latter See also:half of the 17th century. Tanning and See also:leather-dressing are also carried on, and there is trade in See also:wine, See also:wool and grain. Among the public institutions are a tribunal of commerce, a chamber of arts and manufactures, a board of trade-See also:arbitration and a communal college. The town was several times taken and retaken in the religious wars of the 16th century. CLERMONT-See also:TONNERRE, the name of a See also:French See also:family, members of which played some part in the history of France, especially in See also:Dauphine, from about i See also:loo to the Revolution. Sibaud, lord of Clermont in Viennois, who first appears in 1080, was the founder of the family. His descendant, another Sibaud, commanded some troops which aided Pope See also:Calixtus II. in his struggle with the See also:anti-pope See also:Gregory VIII.; and in return for this service it is said that the pope allowed him to add certain emblems—two keys and a tiara—to the arms of his family. A See also:direct descendant, Ainard (d. 1349), called vicomte de Clermont, was granted the dignity of See also:captain-general and first See also:baron of Dauphine by his suzerain See also:Humbert, dauphin of Viennois, in 1340; and in 1547 Clermont was made a See also:county for See also:Antoine (d.

1578), who was See also:

governor of Dauphine and the French king's See also:lieutenant in Savoy. In 1572 Antoine's son See also:Henri was created a duke, but as this was only a " See also:brevet " See also:title it did not descend to his ton. Henri was killed before La Rochelle in 1573. In 1596 Henri's son, Charles Henri, count of Clermont (d. 1640), added Tonnerre to his heritage; but in 1648 this county was sold by his son and successor, See also:Francois (d. 1679). A member of a younger branch of Charles Henri's descendants was Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre (1688-1781). This soldier served his country during a See also:long period, fighting in Bohemia and See also:Alsace, and then distinguishing himself greatly at the battles of See also:Fontenoy and Lawfeldt. In 1775 he was created duke of Clermont-Tonnerre, and made a peer of France; as the See also:senior See also:marshal (cr. 1747) of France he assisted as constable at the See also:coronation of Louis XVI. in 1974. His son and successor, Charles Henri Jules, governor of Dauphine, was guillotined in See also:July 1794, a See also:fate which his See also:grandson, Gaspard Charles, had suffered at Lyons in the previous See also:year. A later duke, Aline See also:Marie Gaspard (1779--1865), served for some years as a soldier, afterwards becoming minister of marine and then minister of See also:war under Charles X.,and retiring into private See also:life after the revolution of 1830.

Rime's grandson, See also:

Roger, duke of Clermont-Tonnerre, was born in 1842. Among other distinguished• members of this family was Catherine (c. 1545-1603), only daughter of See also:Claude de Clermont-Tonnerre. This See also:lady, dame d'honneur to Henry II.'s See also:queen, Catherine de' Medici, and afterwards wife of See also:Albert de Gondi, duc de See also:Retz, won a great reputation by her intellectual attainments, being referred to as the " tenth muse " and the " See also:fourth See also:grace." One of her grandsons was the famous See also:cardinal de Retz. Other noteworthy members of collateral branches of the family were: Francois (1629-1701), bishop of See also:Noyon from 1661 until his See also:death, a member of the French See also:Academy, notorious for his inordinate vanity; Stanislas M. A., See also:comte de Clermont-Tonnerre (q.v.); and See also:Anne Antoine Jules (1749-1830), cardinal and bishop of Chalons, who was a member of the states-general in 1789, afterwards retiring into See also:Germany, and after the return of the Bourbons to France became See also:archbishop of See also:Toulouse. CLERMONT-TONNERRE, STANISLAS MARIE See also:ADELAIDE, COMTE DE (1757-1792), French politican, was born at See also:Pont-a-Mousson on the loth of See also:October 1757. At the beginning of the Revolution he was a See also:colonel, with some reputation as a See also:free-See also:mason and a Liberal. He was elected to the states-general of 1789 by the noblesse of Paris, and was the spokesman of the minority of Liberal nobles who joined the Third See also:Estate on the 25th of See also:June. He desired to See also:model the new constitution of France on that of England. He was elected See also:president of the Constituent See also:Assembly on the 17th of See also:August 1789; but on the rejection by the Assembly of the See also:scheme elaborated by the first constitutional See also:committee, he attached himself to the party of moderate royalists, known as monarchiens, led by P. V.

See also:

Malouet. His speech in favour of reserving to the crown the right of See also:absolute See also:veto under the new constitution See also:drew down upon him the wrath of the advanced politicians of the Palais Royal; but in spite of threats and abuse he continued to See also:advocate a moderate liberal policy, especially in the See also:matter of removing the See also:political disabilities of See also:Jews and Protestants and of extending the See also:system of trial by See also:jury. In See also:January 1790 he collaborated with Malouet in See also:founding the See also:Club des Impartiaux and the See also:Journal des Impartiaux, the names of which were changed in See also:November to the Societe des Amis de la ConstitutionMonarchique and Journal de la Societe, &c., in See also:order to emphasize their opposition to the See also:Jacobins (Societe des Amis de la Constitution). This club was denounced by See also:Barnave in the Assembly (January 21st, 1791), and on the 28th of See also:March it was attacked by a See also:mob, whereupon it was closed by order of the Assembly. Clermont-Tonnerre was murdered by the populace during the rising of the 9th and loth of August 1792. He was an excellent orator, having acquired practice in speaking, before the Revolution, in the masonic lodges. He is a See also:good representative of the type of the grands seigneurs holding advanced and liberal ideas, who helped to bring about the See also:movement of 1789, and then tried in vain to See also:arrest its course. See Recueil des opinions de Stanislas de Clermont-Tonnerre (q vols., Paris, 1791), the See also:text of his speeches as published by himself; A. See also:Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Constituante (2nd ed., Paris, 1905).

End of Article: COUNTS OF CLERMONT

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