See also:

• BANTU

From Lakes See also:

• TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

The theory thus set forth of the origin and progress of the Bantu and the approximate date at which their great southern See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

The Muscovy duck, for instance, is See also:

• PRETTY

The root-words cited are not a hundredth part of the total number of root words which are practically common to all the spoken dialects of Bantu Africa. Therefore the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

The resemblances to the Bantu in certain word-roots are of an obvious nature; and prefixes in a very simple form are generally used for singular and plural, but the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

JoMsm,y del. EmeryWalker w. It will be seen by a glance at this map that the areas in which are spoken Bantu languages of typical structure and archaic form are somewhat widely spread. Perhaps on the whole the most archaic dialects at the present day are those of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

This includes all the dialects between the Victoria Nile and Busoga on the east and north, the east coast of Lake See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Kuamba is spoken on the west and north slopes of Ruwenzori. Both Kuamba and Lihuku show a marked relation-See also:

• SHIP

There are colonies of Swahili-speaking people at See also:

• MOMBASA

Languages slightly akin in structure or vocabulary ° to Bantu. Prefix governed languages akin in stricture to Bantu, but nOt in vocabulary (9) The dialects of the Comoro Islands, between the East African coast and Madagascar, are styled Hi-nzua or Anzuani and Shi-ngazija. They are somewhat closely related to Swahili. (io) The archaic Makonde or Mabiha of the lower Ruvuma, and the coast between Lindi and See also:

• IBO

The languages on the east coast of Tanganyika (Ki-rundi, Kigeye, &c.) seem to be more nearly connected with those of group No. I (Uganda-Unyoro), yet perhaps they are more conveniently included here. (13) The Manyema (Baenya) group includes most of the corrupt Bantu dialects between the western watershed of Tanganyika and the main stream of the Luapula-Congo, extending also still farther north, and comprising (seemingly) the languages of the Aruwimi basin, such as Yalulema, Soko, Lokele, Kusu, Tu-rumbu, &c. On the west the Manyema group is bounded by the languages of the Lomami valley, which belong to groups Nos. 15 and 16; on the east the Manyema genus merges into the much purer Bantu dialects of groups Nos. t and 12. An examination of the Lihuku-Kuamba section (No. 2) shows these tongues to be connected with the Manyema group. The Kibira dialects of the north-eastern Congo Forest (Ituri district) may perhaps be placed in this section.' (14) The Rua-Luba-Lunda-Marungu group (in which are included Kanyoka, Lulua and Ki-tabwa)occupies a good deal of the south central basin of the Congo, between the south-west coast-line of Tanganyika on the east and the main streams of the See also:

• KASAI, or CASSAI

(17) The Bangala-Bobangi-Liboko group comprises the commercial languages of the Upper Congo (Ngala, Bangi, Liboko, Poto, Ngombe, Yanzi, &c.) and all the known Congo dialects along and to the north and sometimes south of the main stream, from as far west as the junction of the Sanga to as far east as the Rubi and Lomami See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

See See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

14). On the north, the river Loje to some extent serves as a frontier between the Kongo and Mbundu tongues. On the south the boundary of group No. 28 is approximately the 11th degree of south See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

(31) Southwards of group No. 30 is that of the Barotseland languages, of which the best-known form—almost the only one that is effectively illustrated—is Si-luyi. To Si-luyi may be related the Mabunda of Western Barotseland. The dialects of the Ambwela, A-mbwe, Ma-bukushu and A-kwamashi are probably closely related. (32) Next is a group which might be styled the Subiya-Tonga-Ila, though some authorities think that Tonga and Ila deserve to be ranked as an independent group. There is, however, a close alliance in structure between the languages of each of the two subsections. The Tonga subgroup would include the dialects of the Ba-tetela, the Ba-ila (Mashukulumbwe) and of all Central Zambezia. Ci-subiya is the dominant language of South-West Zambezia, along a portion of the Zambezi river south of Barotseland, and in the lands lying between the Zambezi and the See also:

• CHOBE

(34) With it is closely allied that of the Bemba or Emba dialects. This interesting genus occupies the ground between the south-west and south coasts of Tanganyika, Lake See also:

• MWERU

1o), ranges the well-marked Makua genus. The languages thus described occupy the greater part of Portuguese East Africa away from the watershed of Lake Nyasa. The Makua language is probably divided into the following dialects:—1-medo, I-lomwe, I-tugulu and Anguru. There are other dialects unnamed in the Angoji coast-region, where, however, strong colonies of Swahili-speaking people are settled. The southern part of the Makua domain is occupied by the Ci-cuambo of the Quelimane district. (41) Nyanja, perhaps the most extensive group of cognate languages in the Bantu field, is principally associated with the east and west shores of the southern half of Lake Nyasa. It also covers all the valley of the Shire, except portions of the Shire highlands, down to the junction of that stream with the Zambezi, and further, the lands on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

The Luangwa regions, as already mentioned, are occupied by the distinct but closely-allied Senga language. South of the Central Zambezi there are Ci-nanzwa in the region near the Victoria Falls, Ci-nyai, Shi-kalana, Ci-shuna (Cigonzo), Ci-loze, and possibly Ci-shangwe (or Ci-hlangane) and Skilenge which See also:

• LINK

In vocabulary, and to some degree in phonetics, the Zulu language (divided at most into three dialects) is related in some phonetic features to No. 42, and of course to No. 43; otherwise it stands very much alone in its developments. It may-have distant relations in groups Nos. 29 and 32. Dialects of Zulu (Tebele and Ki-ngoni or Ci-nongi) are spoken at the present day in South-West Rhodesia and in Western Nyasaland and on theplateaus north-east of Lake Nyasa, carried thither by the Zulu raiders of the early 19th century. The foregoing is only an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

The phonology of the Western group (d) is akin to that of the Negro languages of Western and West-Central Africa. A small portion of (b) the South-Central group (Zulu) has picked up clicks, perhaps borrowed from the Hottentots and Bushmen. Other-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

There is a certain degree of See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Other phases of the verb may be occasionally emphasized by the repetition of the governing pronoun at the end. 3. Umu- (Ngu-mu-). 5. Idi (Ndi-di-). 7. Iki- (Nki-ki-). 9. I-n- or I-ni- (?Ngi-ni-). I1. Ulu (Ndu-du-). diminutive in sense.

13. Aka (?Nka-ka-); usually diminutive, sometimes honorific. „ 14. Ubu- (?Mbu-bu-); sometimes used in a plural sense; generally employed to indicate abstract nouns. „ 15. Uku (?Nku-ku-); identical with the preposition " to,” used as an See also:

• INFINITIVE

12 (Tu-). Prefix No. 18 is Ogu-, which has, as a plural prefix, No. 19, See also:

• AGA, or AGHA

Rendered into the modern dialect of Luganda this would be: Bo See also:

• ABA

2 This is prominently met with in East Africa, and also in the various Bechuana dialects of Central South Africa, where it takes the form of n at the end of words. 3 Or perhaps nga-ba-ntu (afterwards nha-ba-, aba-) ; the form ngabantu is actually met with in Zulu-Kaffir: also n"gumuntu.361 became more and more corrupt. Assuming these prefixes to have consisted once of two distinct particles, such as, for example, Nos. 1 and 3, Ngu-mu-, or the 6th plural prefix Nga-ma-, the first syllable seems to have been of the nature of a See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

The 7th prefix, Ki-, in many non-related dialects pursues a parallel course through Cis into Si- (=Shi) and Si- and its concord resembles it. The 8th prefix is still more variable. In its See also:

• OLDEST

The 11th prefix -Lu- seems to be descended from an older form, Ndu-. Its commonest type is Lu-, but it sometimes loses the L and becomes U-, and in the more archaic dialects is usually pronounced Du- or Ru-. It is also Nu- in one or two languages. The 12th prefix (Tu-.), always used in a diminutive sense, disappears in many of these languages. Where met with it is generally Tu- or To-, but sometimes the initial T becomes IR (Ru-, Ro-) or L(Lu-, Lo-) or even Y( Ye-), the concord following the fortunes of the prefix. The 13th prefix (Ka-) is sometimes confused with the 7th (Ki) and merged into it and vice versa. Ka- very often takes the 8th prefix as a plural, more commonly the 12th, sometimes .the 14th. This prefix (Ka-) entirely disappears in the north-western section of the Bantu languages. Bleek thought that it persisted in the attenuated form of E- so characteristic of the Cameroon'and northern Congo languages, but later investigations show this K to be'a reduction of Ki- (Ke-) the 7th prefix. The 14th prefix Bu-is very persistent, but frequently loses its initial See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

The 15th prefix, Ku-, occasionally loses its initial K or softens into Hu or xv or strengthens into Gu. Its concord under these circumstances some-times remains in the form of Ku-. The 16th, Pa-, prefix is one of the most puzzling in its distribution and its phonetic changes. A very large number of the Bantu languages in the north, east and west have a dislike to the consonant P, which they frequently trans-See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

(6) No sexual gender is recognized in the pronouns and concord. Sexual gender may be indicated by a male " prefix " of varying form, often identical with a word meaning " See also:

• FATHER

Ama- (Nga-ma-). „ 8. Ibi- (Mbi-bi-). „ to. Iti-, Izi-, Iti-n-, Izi-n- (?Ngi-ti-). „ 12. Utu (?Ntu-tu-) ; often land from which the Bantu negroes were subsequently driven by Nilotic invaders from the north. They may be See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

Thou, thee, thy . gwe, ku; -ko. I-Ie or she, him, her, his, &c a-, ya-, wa- (nom.) ; also sigu-(which becomes yu-, ye-, wu-, hu-, u-) ; -mu (acc.) ; -ka, -kwe (poss.); there is also another form, ndi (nom. and poss.) in the Western Bantu See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

This may be illustrated by the Zulu tanda, love, which changes to tandile, have loved, did love. This -ileor -See also:

• ILI

tandila or tandela to love for, with, or by some other person. tandiza (or -eza) 1 . to cause to love. tandisa (or -esa) tandana Mi is possibly a softening of iiagi, fii; n`gi becomes in some dialects nji, ndi, ni or mbi ; there is in some of the coast Cameroon languages, and in the north-eastern Congo, a word mbi, mba for "'I," ' me," which seems to be borrowed from the Sudanian Mundu tongues. The possessive pronoun for the first person is devired from two forms, -ami and -angi (-am, -an"gu, -anji, -ambi, &c.). 2 An exception to this rule is the verbal particle li or di, which means " to be." Or-ira, -era.. This form may also appear as Ia, as for instance aka to be on See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Ka-a . not he, she. Ka-tu . not we. Ka-nu . not ye. Ka-ba . . . not they. In like manner sa would become sa-ngi, sa-wu, &c. But very early in the history of Bantu languages ka-ngi, or sa-ngi,became contracted into kai, sat, and finally, ki, si ; ka-ku or ka-wu into ku ; and kaa or saa have always been ka or sa. Sometimes in the modern languages the negative particle (such as ti or si) is used without any vestige of a pronoun being attached to it, and is applied indifferently to all the persons. Occasionally this particle has fallen out of use, and the 'negative is expressed (I) by stress or See also:

• ACCENT

Although tanda is a common verb in Zulu, it has not in Zulu all these variations, and in some other language where it may by See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

The fullest See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

The Rev. W. See also:

• GOVAN

See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

The journal Anthro os (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)