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GREENWOOD, FREDERICK (1830-19o9)

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 555 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GREENWOOD, See also:FREDERICK (1830-19o9) , See also:English journalist and See also:man of letters, was See also:born in See also:April 183o. He was one of three See also:brothers—the others being See also:James and See also:Charles—who all gained reputation as journalists. Frederick started See also:life in a See also:printing See also:house, but at an See also:early See also:age began to write in See also:periodicals. In 1853 he contributed a See also:sketch of See also:Napoleon III. to a See also:volume called The Napoleon See also:Dynasty (2nd ed., 1855). He also wrote several novels: The Loves of an See also:Apothecary (1854), The Path of See also:Roses (1859) and (with his See also:brother James) Under a See also:Cloud (186o). To the second number of the Cornhill See also:Magazine he contributed " An See also:Essay without End," and this led to an introduction to See also:Thackeray. In 1862, when Thackeray resigned the editorship of the Cornhill, Greenwood became See also:joint editor with G. H. See also:Lewes. In 1864 he was appointed See also:sole editor, a See also:post which he held until 1868. While at the Cornhill he wrote an See also:article in which he suggested, to some extent, how Thackeray might have intended to conclude his unfinished See also:work See also:Denis See also:Duval, and in its pages appeared See also:Margaret Denzil's See also:History, Greenwood's most ambitious work of fiction, published in volume See also:form in 1864. At that See also:time Greenwood had conceived the See also:idea of an evening newspaper, which, while containing " all the See also:news proper to an evening See also:journal," should, for the most See also:part, be made up " of See also:original articles upon the many things which engage the thoughts, or employ the energies, or amuse the leisure of mankind." Public affairs, literature and See also:art, " and all the influences which strengthen or dissipate society " were to be discussed by men whose See also:independence and authority were equally unquestionable.

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Canning's See also:Anti-Jacobin and the Saturday See also:Review of 1864 were the joint See also:models Greenwood had before him. The idea was taken up by Mr See also:George See also:Smith, and the See also:Pall Mall See also:Gazette (so named after Thackeray's imaginary See also:paper in Pendennis) was launched in See also:February 1865, with Greenwood as editor. Within a few years he had come to exercise a See also:great See also:influence on public affairs. His views somewhat rapidly ripened from what was described as philosophic Liberal-ism into Conservatism. No See also:minister in Great See also:Britain, Mr See also:Gladstone declared, ever had a more able, a more zealous, a more effective supporter for his policy than See also:Lord See also:Beaconsfield See also:observatory. See also:Greenwich See also:Hospital, as it is still called, became in 1873 a Royal See also:Naval See also:College. Upon it or its site centre nearly all the See also:historical associations of the See also:place. The See also:noble buildings, contrasting strangely with the wharves adjacent and opposite to it, make a striking picture, See also:standing on the See also:low See also:river-See also:bank with a background formed by the wooded See also:elevation of Greenwich See also:Park. They occupy the site of an See also:ancient royal See also:palace called Greenwich House, which was a favourite royal See also:residence as early as 1300, but was granted by See also:Henry V. to See also:Thomas See also:Beaufort, See also:duke of See also:Exeter, from whom it passed to See also:Humphrey, duke of See also:Gloucester, who largely improved the See also:property and named it Placentia. It did not revert to the See also:crown till his See also:death in 1447. It was the birthplace of Henry VIII., See also:Queen See also:Mary and Queen See also:Elizabeth, and here See also:Edward VI. died. The See also:building was enlarged by Edward IV., by Henry VIII., who made it one of his See also:chief residences, by James I. and by Charles I., who erected the " Queen's House " for Henrietta Maria.

The See also:

tenure of See also:land from the. crown " as of the See also:manor of See also:East Greenwich " became at this time a recognized See also:formula, and occurs in a See also:succession of See also:American colonial charters from those of See also:Virginia in 16o6, 1609 and 1612 to that of New See also:Jersey in 1674. Along with other royal palaces Greenwich was at the Revolution appropriated by the See also:Protector, but it reverted to the crown on the restoration of Charles II., by whom it was pulled down, and the See also:west wing of the See also:present hospital was erected as part of an extensive See also:design which was not further carried out. In its unfinished See also:state it was assigned by the patent of See also:William and Mary to certain of the great See also:officers of state, as commissioners for its See also:conversion into a hospital for See also:seamen; and it was opened as such in 1705. The building consists of four blocks. Behind a See also:terrace 86o ft. in length, stretching along the river See also:side, are the buildings erected in the time of Charles II. from Inigo See also:Jones's designs, and in that of Queen See also:Anne from designs by See also:Sir See also:Christopher See also:Wren; and behind these buildings are on the west those of See also:King William and on the east those of Queen Mary, both from Wren's designs. In the King William range is the painted See also:hall. Here in 18o6 the remains of See also:Nelson See also:lay in state before their See also:burial in St See also:Paul's See also:Cathedral. Its walls and See also:ceiling were painted by Sir James See also:Thornhill with various emblematic devices, and it is hung with portraits of the most distinguished admirals and paintings of the chief naval battles of See also:England. In the Queen Anne range is the Royal Naval Museum, containing models, See also:relics of Nelson and of See also:Franklin, and other See also:objects. In the centre of the See also:principal quadrangle of the hospital there is a statue of George II. by Rysbrack, sculptured out of a single See also:block of See also:marble taken from the See also:French by See also:Admiral Sir George See also:Rooke. In the upper quadrangle is a bust of Nelson by See also:Chantrey, and there are various other memorials and relics. The See also:oldest part of the building was in some measure rebuilt in 1811, and the present See also:chapel was erected to replace one destroyed by See also:fire in 1779.

The endowments of the hospital were increased at various periods from bequests and forfeited estates. Formerly 2700 retired seamen were boarded within it, and 5000 or 6oco others, called out-pensioners, received stipends at various rates out of its funds; but in 1865 an See also:

act was passed empowering the See also:Admiralty to See also:grant liberal See also:pensions in lieu of See also:food and lodging to such of the inmates as were willing to quit the hospital, and in 1869 another act was passed making their leaving on these conditions compulsory. It was then devoted to the See also:accommodation of the students of the Royal Naval College, the Infirmary being granted to the Seamen's Hospital Society. Behind the College is the Royal Hospital School, where woo boys, sons of See also:petty officers and seamen, are boarded. To the See also:south of the hospital is Greenwich Park (185 acres); lying high, and commanding extensive views over See also:London, the See also:Thames and the See also:plain of See also:Essex. It was enclosed by Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and laid out by Charles II., and contains a See also:fine See also:avenue of See also:Spanish chestnuts planted in his time. In it is situated the Royal Observatory, built in 1675 for the See also:advancement of See also:navigation and nautical See also:astronomy. From it the exact time is conveyed each See also:day at one o'See also:clock by electric See also:signal to had in Greenwood. It was on the See also:suggestion of Greenwood that Beaconsfield See also:purchased in 1875 the See also:Suez See also:Canal shares of the See also:Khedive See also:Ismail; the See also:British See also:government being ignorant, until informed by Greenwood, that the shares were for See also:sale and likely to be bought by See also:France. It was characteristic of Greenwood that he declined to publish the news of the See also:purchase of the shares in the Pall Mall before the See also:official announcement was made. Early in 188o the Pall Mall changed owners, and the new proprietor required it to support Liberal policy. Greenwood at once resigned his editorship, but in May a new paper, the St James's Gazette, was started for him by Mr Henry Hucks See also:Gibbs (afterwards Lord Aldenham), and Greenwood proceeded to carry on in it the tradition which he had established in the Pall Mall.

At the St James's Greenwood remained for over eight years, continuing to exercise a marked influence upon See also:

political affairs, notably as a pungent critic of the Gladstone See also:administration (188o–1885) and an See also:independent supporter of Lord See also:Salisbury. His connexion with the paper ceased in See also:August 1888, owing to disagreements with the new proprietor, Mr E. Steinkopff, who had bought the St James's at Greenwood's own suggestion. In See also:January 1891 Greenwood brought out a weekly review which he named the Anti-Jacobin. It failed, however, to gain public support, the last number appearing in January 1892. In 1893 he published The See also:Lover's See also:Lexicon and in 1894 See also:Imagination in Dreams. He continued to See also:express his views on political and social questions in contributions to See also:newspapers and magazines, See also:writing frequently in the See also:Westminster Gazette, the Pall Mall, See also:Blackwood, the Cornhill, &c. Towards the end of his life his political views reverted in some respects to the Liberalism of his early days. In the words of George See also:Meredith " Greenwood was not only a great journalist, he had a statesman's See also:head. The See also:national interests were always urgent at his See also:heart." He was remarkable for securing for his papers the services of the ablest writers of the day, and for the See also:gift of recognizing merit in new writers, such, for instance, as See also:Richard Jeffries and J. M. See also:Barrie.

His See also:

instinct for capacity in others was as sure as was his journalistic See also:judgment. In 1905, on the occasion of his 75th birthday, a See also:dinner was given in his See also:honour by leading statesmen, journalists, and men of letters (with See also:John See also:Morley—who had succeeded him as editor of the Pall Mall—in the See also:chair). In May 1907 he contributed to Blackwood an article on " The New Journalism," in which he See also:drew a See also:sharp contrast between the old and the new conditions under which the work of a newspaper writer is See also:con-ducted. He died at See also:Sydenham on the 14th of See also:December 1909. See Honouring Frederick Greenwood, being a See also:report of the speeches at the dinner on the 8th of April 1905 (London, privately printed, 1905); " See also:Birth and See also:Infancy of the Pall Mall Gazette," an article contributed by Greenwood to the Pall Mall of the 14th of April 1897; " The Blowing of the See also:Trumpet " in the introduction to the St James's (May 31, 1880); obituary notices in the See also:Athenaeum (Dec. 25, 1909) and The Times (Dec. 17, 1909).

End of Article: GREENWOOD, FREDERICK (1830-19o9)

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