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YALE UNIVERSITY

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 901 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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YALE UNIVERSITY , the third See also:

oldest university in the See also:United States, at New Haven, See also:Connecticut. The founders of the New Haven See also:colony, like those of See also:Massachusetts See also:Bay, cherished the See also:establishment of a See also:college as an essential See also:part of their ideal of a See also:Christian See also:state,, of which See also:education and See also:religion should be the basis and the See also:chief fruits. New Haven since 1644 had contributed annually to the support of Harvard College, but the distance of the See also:Cambridge school from See also:southern New See also:England seemed in these days considerable; and a See also:separate educational establishment was also called for by a divergent development in politics and See also:theology. Yale was founded by ministers selected by the churches of the colony, as See also:President See also:Thomas Clap said, to the end that they might " educate ministers in our own way." Though " College See also:land " was set apart in 1647,1 Yale College had its actual beginning in 1700 when a few clergymen met in the New Haven with the purpose " to stand as trustees or undertakers to found, erect and govern the College " for which at various times donations of books and See also:money had been made. The formal establishment was in 1701. The Connecticut legislature in See also:October granted a See also:charter which seems to have been partly drafted by See also:Judge See also:Samuel See also:Sewall of See also:Boston; the See also:Mather See also:family also were among those in Boston who welcomed and laboured for the establishment of a See also:seminary of a stricter theology than Harvard, and the ten 2 clergymen who were the founders and first trustees of the College were graduates of Harvard. The legislature, fearful of provoking in England See also:attention either to the new school or to the See also:powers used in chartering it, assumed merely to license a " collegiate school," and made its powers of conferring degrees as unobtrusive as possible. In 1702 the teaching of Yale began. In the See also:early years the upper students studied where the See also:rector lived, and considerable See also:groups of the See also:lower students were See also:drawn off by their tutors to different towns. In 1716 the trustees See also:purchased a See also:lot in New Haven, and in the next See also:year the College was established there by the legislature. Commencement was held at New Haven in the same year, but the last of the several student bodies did not disband until 1719. The school did not gain a name until the completion of the first See also:building in 1718.

This had been made possible by a See also:

gift from Elihu Yale (1649-1721), a native of Boston and son of one of the See also:original settlers of New Haven; he had amassed See also:great See also:wealth in See also:India, where he was, See also:governor of the See also:East India See also:Company's See also:settlement at See also:Madras. The trustees accordingly named it Yale College in his See also:honour. The charter of 1701 stated that the end of the school was the instruction of youth " in the arts and sciences," that they might be fitted " for public employment, both in See also:church and See also:civil state." To the See also:clergy, however, who controlled the College, theology was the basis, See also:security and test of " arts and sciences." In 1722 the rector, See also:Timothy See also:Cutler, was dismissed because of a leaning toward See also:Episcopacy. Various See also:special tests were employed to preserve the doctrinal purity of Calvinism among the instructors; that of the students was carefully looked after. In 1753 a stringent test was fixed by the See also:Corporation to ensure the orthodoxy of the teachers. This was abolished in 1778. From 18o8 to 1818 the President and tutors were obliged to signify assent to a See also:general formulation of orthodox belief. When See also:George See also:Whitefield, in 1740, initiated by his See also:preaching the " Great Awakening," a See also:local See also:schism resulted in Connecticut between " Old See also:Lights " and " New Lights." When the College set up an See also:independent church the Old Lights made the contention that the College did not owe its See also:foundation to the original trustees, but to the first charter granted by the legislature, which might therefore See also:control the College. This claim President Clap triumphantly controverted (1763), but Yale See also:fell in See also:con-sequence under popular distrust, and her growth was delayed by the shutting off of See also:financial aid from the legislature. By the first charter (1701) the trustees of the College were required to be ministers (for a See also:long See also:time, practically, 1 In 1668 the See also:Hopkins See also:Grammar School, next after the Boston Latin School the oldest educational institution of this grade in the United States, was established in New Haven. 2 This number was increased to eleven, the full number allowed by the charter, within a See also:month after it was granted. Congregationalists) residing in the colony.

By a supplementary See also:

act of 1723 the rector was made ex-officio a trustee. By a second charter (1745) ample powers were conferred upon the president (rector) and See also:fellows, constituting together a governing See also:board or Corporation. This charter is still in force. In 1792 the governor and See also:lieutenant-governor of the state, and six state senators, were made ex-officio members of the Corporation. In 1872 the six senators were replaced by six graduates, chosen by the alumni See also:body. The clerical See also:element still constitutes one See also:half of the Corporation. In the first half of the 19th See also:century, under the See also:lead of Nathaniel W. See also:Taylor (q.v.), the Divinity School of Yale became nationally prominent for " Taylorism " or " New Haven Theology." Daily attendance at prayers is still required of all college students. The first college professorship established was that of divinity (17J5), which, in a sense, was the beginning of extra-college or university See also:work. The theological See also:department was not organized as a distinct school until 1822. In 1770 a second professorship was established, of See also:mathematics and natural See also:philosophy. Timothy See also:Dwight (president, 1795-1817) planned the establishment of professional See also:schools; his See also:term saw the foundation of the Medical School (1813) besides the Divinity School.

In 1803 a See also:

chair was created for See also:Benjamin See also:Silliman, Sr. (1779-1864) in See also:chemistry and natural See also:history; See also:English grammar and See also:geography did not disappear from the curriculum until 1826, nor See also:arithmetic until 1830; See also:political See also:economy was introduced in 1825, and See also:modern See also:languages (See also:French) in the same year. Not until 1847 did modern history receive separate recognition. The Library had been given the status of an independent department in 1843. Compulsory See also:commons were abolished in 1842, thus removing one feature of a private boarding school. See also:Corporal See also:punishment (" cuffing " of the offender's ears by the President) had disappeared before the See also:War of See also:Independence; and so also had the See also:custom of See also:printing the students' names according to their social See also:rank, and using a " degradation " in See also:precedence as punishment; while Dwight abolished the See also:ancient custom of See also:fagging, and the undemocratic See also:system of fines that enabled a See also:rich student to live as he pleased at the expense only of his See also:pocket. The School of See also:Law was established in 1843. Instruction to graduates in non-professional courses seems to have been begun in 1826. The See also:appointment of See also:Edward E. See also:Salisbury to the chair of Arabic and See also:Sanskrit (1841) was the first See also:provision at Yale for the instruction of graduates by professors independent of the College. About the same time See also:graduate instruction in chemistry became important. (In 1846 also a chair of agricultural chemistry was established—the first in the See also:country.) In 1846 an extra-College department of Philosophy and Arts was created, conferring degrees since 1852; and from this were separated in 1854 the sciences, which were entrusted to a separate Scientific School, the original See also:promoter of agricultural experiment stations in the United States.

Since that time this school and the College have See also:

developed much as complementary and co-See also:ordinate schools of undergraduates, Yale affording in this respect a very marked contrast with Harvard. Graduate instruction was concentrated in 1871 into a distinct Graduate School. This with the three traditional professional schools—the See also:Art School, established in 1866 (instruction since 1869), and the first university art school of the country, the See also:Music School, established in 1894 (instruction since 1890), and the See also:Forest School, established in 'goo—make up the University, around the College. For the See also:founding of the See also:Peabody Museum of @Natural History, George Peabody, of See also:London, contributed $150,000 in 1866. The See also:Observatory, devoted exclusively to See also:research, was established in 1871. In 1887 the name Yale " University " was adopted. The organic unity of the whole was then recognized by throwing open to students of any department the advantages of all. In 1886, for the first time, a president was chosen who was not of the College See also:faculty, but from the University faculty. Great as were the changes in the See also:metamorphosis of old Yale, none had more See also:influence upon its real and inner See also:life than the See also:gradual See also:extension of the freedom accorded the students inthe selection of their studies. In 1854 there was no See also:election permissible until See also:late in the Junior year. In 1876, 1884 and 1893 such freedom was greatly extended. In 1892 the work of the Graduate School was formally opened to See also:women (some professors having admitted them for years past by special consent).

Yale was the first college in New England to take this step. The buildings number sixty-four in all. Connecticut See also:

Hall (1750–52), long known as See also:South See also:Middle College, a See also:plain See also:brick building, is the only See also:remainder of the colonial See also:style (restored, 1905). Around it are fourteen buildings forming a quadrangle on the College campus on the W. See also:side of the New Haven See also:Green, between See also:Elm and See also:Chapel Streets. The oldest are the Old Library (1842) and Alumni Hall (1853). Others are the Art School (1864), Farnam Hall (1869), Durfee Hall (1870), Lawrance Hall (1886), See also:Batten Chapel (1876), See also:Osborn Hall (1889), See also:Vanderbilt Hall (1894), Chittenden Hall (1888) and Linsly Hall (1908). Dwight Hall, erected in 1886 for the Yale University Christian Association, Welch See also:Flail (1892) and See also:Phelps Hall See also:complete the quadrangle. Across from the W. side of the quadrangle is the Peabody Museum (1876). On the N. side of Elm See also:Street is a See also:row of buildings, including the Gymnasium (1892), the Divinity School (1870) and the Law School (1897). University See also:Avenue leads N. from the College campus to the University See also:court or campus, on which are the Bicentennial Buildings (1901–2). E. and N.E. of the University court are the buildings of the See also:Sheffield Scientific School. Farther N.E. are the Observatory, See also:Hammond Metallurgical Laboratory, Forestry Building and Infirmary, and to the S.W. of the College campus are the Medical School and University Clinic.

The University is organized in four departments—Philosophy and the Arts, Theology, See also:

Medicine, and Law—each with a distinct faculty. The first embraces the Academical Department (College), the Sheffield Scientific School,—named in honour of See also:Joseph See also:Earle Sheffield (1793–1882), a generous benefactor,—the School of the See also:Fine Arts, the Department of Music, the Graduate School and the Forest School, founded in 1900 by a gift of $150,000 from J. W. Pinchot and his wife. Other institutions organized independently of any one department are: the Library, the Peabody Museum of Natural History, the Astronomical Observatory and the Botanical See also:Garden, established in 1900 on the See also:estate of See also:Professor O. C. See also:Marsh. The special treasures of the Library include the classical library of See also:Ernst See also:Curtius; the collection of See also:Oriental books and See also:manuscripts made by Edward E. Salisbury (1814–1901); the See also:Chinese library of Samuel See also:Wells See also:Williams (1812–1884); a See also:Japanese collection of above 3000 volumes; the Scandinavian library of See also:Count Riant; the collection of Arabic manuscripts made by Count Landberg; the political See also:science collection of See also:Robert von See also:Mohl; a copy of See also:Newton's Principia presented to the College by the author; manuscripts of See also:Jonathan See also:Edwards; and large parts of a gift of nearly a thousand volumes given to Yale in 1733 by See also:Bishop George See also:Berkeley, who also gave to the College his See also:American See also:farm, as a basis of a scholarship, the first established in See also:America. The Library is especially strong in the departments of American history, See also:medieval history and English dramatic literature. Its See also:total number of volumes in 1910 was nearly 600,000, exclusive of many thousand See also:pamphlets. The Peabody Museum contains an unrivalled collection of See also:Silurian See also:trilobites; a fine collection of pseudo-morphs; a beautiful collection of Chinese See also:artistic work in See also:stone made by Samuel Wells Williams; a notable mineralogical collection; a fine collection of meteorites made by Professor See also:Hubert See also:Anson Newton (1830–1896); and the magnificent palaeontological collection of Professor O.

C. Marsh. The School of the Fine Arts possesses the Jarves See also:

gallery of See also:Italian art, a remarkable collection of Italian " primitives " dating from the 11th to the 17th century; the Alden collection of Belgian See also:wood-carvings, of the 17th century; and a large collection of modern paintings among which are fifty-four pictures by See also:John See also:Trumbull. The organization of the Trumbull collection in 1831 was the first step taken in the United States toward the introduction of the fine arts into a university. The equipment of the Observatory consists principally of a six-See also:inch See also:heliometer by See also:Repsold, an eight-inch See also:equatorial by Grubb, and two sets of equatorially mounted cameras for photo-graphing meteors. In the College and the Medical School four years are required to complete the course of instruction ; in the Divinity School and the Law School, three years; in the Forest School, two years; and in the Scientific School there are both three-year and five-year courses, five years being required for all See also:engineering degrees. Ad-See also:mission to the College is gained only by passing an examination in Latin, See also:Greek or substitutes for Greek, French or See also:German, English, mathematics and ancient history. See also:Admission to the Scientific School is also only by examination. Substantially the See also:equivalent of a college degree is required for admission to the Divinity School, but the Medical School and the Law School require only two years of college work, and a student may obtain a degree from Yale College and a degree in divinity, medicine or law in six years. The Forest School, with an extensive equipment at New Haven and a Forest Experiment Station comprising about 200 acres of forest and on land at See also:Milford, See also:Pike See also:county, See also:Pennsylvania—the estate of J. W. Pinchot—is open only to such graduates of colleges and scientific schools as have had a suitable scientific training, especially in advanced See also:botany.

It confers the degree of See also:

Master of Forestry. In the College the individual courses are arranged in twenty-six groups within three divisions, and each student must complete before See also:graduation both a See also:major and a See also:minor in some one of the three divisions and one minor in each of the other two divisions. In the Freshman and See also:Sophomore years the student's freedom of election is further restricted. In the Scientific School there is a somewhat different system of groups. The College confers only the degree of See also:Bachelor of Arts, but the Scientific School confers the degrees of Bachelor of Philosophy, Master of Science (requiring at least one year of See also:resident graduate study), and the engineering degrees. In the Divinity School the student has the choice of three courses—the See also:historical, the philosophical and the See also:practical—or, by the use of electives, he may combine the three; the study of See also:Hebrew is required only in the historical course. In the Law School there is one course for candidates for the degree of Bachelor of See also:Laws and another for candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law, the latter requiring the study of See also:Roman law and allowing the substitution of certain studies in political science for some of the law subjects. The Graduate School confers the degrees of Master of Arts and See also:Doctor of Philosophy; the School of Music,the degree of Bachelor of Music; and the School of Fine Arts, which is open to both sexes, the degree of Bachelor of the Fine Arts. In 1910 the body of See also:officers and instructors in all departments numbered 496, and the students 3312. In addition to the See also:regular work of the departments there are several lecture courses open to all students of the University. Among them are: the See also:Dodge Lectures on the Responsibilities of Citizenship (1900); the See also:Bromley Lectures on Journalism, Literature and Public Affairs (1900); the Lyman See also:Beecher Lectures on Preaching (1871); the Silliman Memorial Lectures (1884) on subjects connected with " the natural and moral See also:world "; the See also:Stanley See also:Woodward Lectures (1907) by distinguished foreigners; the Harvard Lectures (1905) by members of the faculty of Harvard University; the Sheffield Lectures on scientific subjects; and the Medical Alumni Lectures. The See also:principal publications with which the University is more or less closely associated are: The Yale See also:Review, a Quarterly See also:Journal for the Scientific Discussion of Economic, Political and Social Questions, edited by Professors in Political Science and History; the Yale Law Journal, edited by a board of students; the Yale Medical Journal, edited by members of the Medical Faculty with the assistance of a board of students; the Yale Alumni Weekly; and the Yale See also:News, a daily See also:paper managed by the students.

The Yale Bicentennial Publications contain reprints of Research Papers from the See also:

Kent Chemical Laboratory, Studies in Physiological Chemistry and Contributions to See also:Mineralogy and Petrography. Numerous other publications of the Yale University See also:Press are issued only with the approval of the University. In addition to several million dollars invested in lands and buildings the University possessed at the end of 1909 productive funds amounting to $10,561,830 (in 1886, $2,111,000). The income from all See also:sources for the year 1908-9, exclusive of benefactions ($1,469,515), was $1,240,208. Up to 1908 more than three-fourths of all the University buildings had been erected as private gifts; the See also:rest were built with College funds, or from legislative grants. Yale shares with its See also:fellow colleges founded in colonial days the advantages of old traditions and social See also:prestige. In particular it shared these with Harvard so long as New England retained its See also:literary and intellectual dominance over the rest of the country. But the spirit of the two institutions has always been very different. Harvard has on the whole been See also:radical and progressive; Yale conservative. Yale could not draw, like Harvard, on the leaders of the New England schools of letters and philosophy to fill her professorial chairs. Her " See also:comparative poverty, the strength of college feelings and traditions (President See also:Hadley) united with the lesser stimulus of her intellectual environment to delay her development. Harvard's transformation into a modern university was more spontaneous and rapid; Yale remained much longer under the dominance of collegiate traditions.

But, according to Dr See also:

Charles F. Thwing (The American College in American Life, New See also:York, 1897), of the men filling " the highest political and judicial offices," and coming from American colleges founded before 177o, Yale had helped (up to 1897) to See also:train the largest number. On the See also:roll of her alumni are such names as See also:Philip See also:Livingston, See also:Eli See also:Whitney, John C. See also:Calhoun, See also:James Kent, Samuel F. B. See also:Morse, Chief-See also:Justice See also:Morrison R. See also:Waite and President See also:Taft. The Presidents have been as follows: in 1701–1707, Abraham901 See also:Pierson (1645–1707) ; See also:pro See also:tern. 1707–1719, Samuel See also:Andrew (1656–1737); in 1719-1722, Timothy Cutler (1684–1765); in 1722–1726, See also:office filled by the College trustees in rotation; in 1726–1739, See also:Elisha Williams (1694–1755) ; in 1739–1766, Thomas Clap (1703–1767); pro tern. 1766–1777, See also:Naphtali Daggett (1727–1780); in 1777–1795, See also:Ezra See also:Stiles (1727–1795); in 1795–1817, Timothy Dwight (1752–1817); in 1817–1846, See also:Jeremiah See also:Day (1773–1867); in 1846–1871, See also:Theodore Dwight See also:Woolsey (18or–1889) ; in 1871–1886, See also:Noah See also:Porter (1811–1892); in 1886–1899, Timothy Dwight (b. 1828); and See also:Arthur See also:Twining Hadley (b. 1856).

See See also:

Universities and their Sons (Boston, 5 vols., 1898–1900) ; Charles E. See also:Norton, Arthur T. Hadley et al., Four American Universities (New York, 1895); Timothy Dwight, Memories of Yale Life and Men, 1845–1899 (New York, 1903) ; See also:Franklin See also:Bowditch See also:Dexter, See also:Sketch of the History of Yale University (New York, 1887), and See also:Biographical Sketches of Yale College with See also:Annals of the College History, 1701–1792 (New York, 4 vols., 1885–1907) ; B. C. See also:Steiner, The History of Education in Connecticut, Circular of See also:Information No. 2 of the United States See also:Bureau of Education (See also:Washington, 1893) ; L. S. Welch and See also:Walter See also:Camp, Yale, Her Campus, Class See also:Room and Athletics (Boston, 1899) ; Charles Franklin Thwing, A History of Higher Education in America (New York, 1906).

End of Article: YALE UNIVERSITY

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