DESTRUCTORS . The name destructors is applied by See also:

• ENGLISH

This has been attributed to the more extravagant habits of the working classes in neglecting to sift the ashes from their fires before disposing of them in the ash-bin. In See also:

• BERMONDSEY

The question how. a town's refuse shall be disposed of must be considered both from a commercial and a sanitary point of view. Various methods have been practised. Sometimes the Refuse household ashes, &c., are mixed with See also:

• PAIL

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

1 Patent No. 3125 (1876). Types of destructors. points in the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

Well-constructed and properly-worked See also:

• PLANTS

3.-Meldrum's Destructor at See also:

• DARWEN

Important Burnley, See also:

• CLECKHEATON

The Fryer furnace ordinarily See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

22,531 (1891). those previously described. The grates are placed side by side without separation except by dead plates, but, in order to localize the forced draught, the ash-pit is divided into parts corresponding with the different grate areas. Each ash .pit is closed air-tight by a cast iron plate, and is provided with an air-tight door for removing the fine ash. Two patent Meldrum steam-jet blowers are provided for each furnace, supplying any required pressure of blast up to 6 in. water See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

The evaporative efficiency of the Rochdale furnaces varies from 1.39 lb to 1.87 lb of water (actual) per 1 lb of refuse burned, and an average steam-pressure of about 114 lb per square See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

From the refuse storage platform the material is fed into a hopper mouth about 18 in. square, and slides down the firebrick hearth, supported by T-irons, to the grate bars, over which it is raked and spread with the assistance of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

The grate area of each cell is 25 sq. ft., and the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

The cells intercommunicate, and the See also:

• MECHANICAL

It is divided into compartments holding a charge of refuse in each, and is provided with a pair of doors in the bottom, opening downwards, which are supported by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Internally it consists of a See also:

• SPIRAL

GN/NNEY SNArr' weekly removal of the flue dust. The apparatus forms a large See also:

• RESERVOIR

15,482 (1885). 2 Patents No. 1955 (1867) and No. 378 (1879). 3 Patent No. 4896 (1891). a Patent No. 20,207 (1892). 6 Patents No. 18,398 (1892) and No. 12,990 (1892). in many cases, hot blast, is supplied from fans through a conduit commanding the whole of the cells.

An inclined roadway, of as easy gradient as circumstances will admit, is provided for the See also:

• CONVEYANCE

(i) Where steam-power and a high fuel efficiency are desired a large percentage of CO2 should be sought in the furnaces with as little excess of air as possible, and the flue gases should be utilized in See also:

• HEATING

The quantity of refuse burned per cell per day of 24 hours varies from about 4 tons up to 20 tons. The ordinary low-temperature destructor, with 25 sq. ft. grate area, burns about 2olb of refuse per square foot of grate area per hour, or between 5 and 6 tons per cell per 24 hours. The Meldrum destructor furnaces at Rochdale burn as much as 66 lb per square foot of grate area per hour, and the Beaman and Deas destructor at Llandudno 71.7 lb per square foot per hour. The amount, however, always depends materially on the care observed in stoking, the nature of the material, the frequency of removal of clinker, and on the question whether the whole of the refuse passed into the furnace is thoroughly cremated. The amount of See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

Although some of the older furnaces were decided offenders in this respect, that is by no means the case with the modern improved type of high-temperature furnace; and often, were it not for the great prominence in the landscape of a tall chimney-shaft, the existence of a refuse destructor in a neighbourhood would not be generally known to the inhabitants. A modern furnace, properly designed and worked, will give rise to no nuisance, and may be safely erected in the midst of a populous neighbourhood. To ensure the perfect See also:

• CREMA

The air supply to modern furnaces is usually delivered hot, the inlet air being first passed through an air-heater the temperature of which is maintained by the waste gases in the main flue. The modern high-temperature destructor, to render the refuse and gases perfectly innocuous and harmless, is worked at a temperature varying from 1250 to 2000 F., and the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

Allowing for a loss of to % in See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

For further See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

434, cxxx. pp. 213 and 347, exxiii. pp. 369 and 498, cxxvni. p. 293 and cxxxv. p. 300. (W. H.