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SUCHET, LOUIS GABRIEL

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Originally appearing in Volume V26, Page 8 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SUCHET, See also:LOUIS See also:GABRIEL , Duc D'ALBUFERA DA See also:VALENCIA (1770–1826), See also:marshal of See also:France, one of the most brilliant of See also:Napoleon's generals, was the son of a See also:silk manufacturer at See also:Lyons, where he was See also:born on the 2nd of See also:March 1770. He originally intended to follow his See also:father's business; but having in 1792 served as volunteer in the See also:cavalry of the See also:national guard at Lyons, he manifested military abilities which secured his rapid promotion. As chef de bataillon he was See also:present at the See also:siege of See also:Toulon in 1793, where he took See also:General O'Hara prisoner. During the See also:Italian See also:campaign of 1796 he was severely wounded at Cerea on the 11th of See also:October. In October 1797 he was appointed to the command of a demi-See also:brigade, and his services, under See also:Joubert in the See also:Tirol in that See also:year, and in See also:Switzerland under See also:Brune in 1797–98, were recognized by his promotion to the See also:rank of general of brigade. He took no See also:part in the See also:Egyptian campaign, but in See also:August was made See also:chief of the See also:staff to Brune, and restored the efficiency and discipline of the See also:army in See also:Italy. In See also:July 1799 he was made general of See also:division and chief of staff to Joubert in Italy, and was in 1800 named by See also:Massena his second in command. His dexterous resistance to the See also:superior forces of the Austrians with the See also:left wing of Massena's army, when the right and centre were shut up in See also:Genoa, not only prevented the invasion of France from this direction but contributed to the success of Napoleon's See also:crossing the See also:Alps, which culminated in the See also:battle of See also:Marengo on the r4th of See also:June. He took a prominent part in the Italian campaign till the See also:armistice of Treviso. In the See also:campaigns of 1805 and 18o6 he greatly increased his reputation at See also:Austerlitz, See also:Saalfeld, See also:Jena, See also:Pultusk and Ostrolenka. He obtained the See also:title of See also:count on the 19th of March 18o8, married Mlle- de See also:Saint See also:Joseph, a niece of Joseph See also:Bonaparte's wife, and soon afterwards was ordered to See also:Spain. Here, after taking part in the siege of See also:Saragossa, he was named See also:commander of the army of See also:Aragon and See also:governor of the See also:province, which, by See also:wise and (unlike that of most of the See also:French generals) disinterested See also:administration no less than by his brilliant valour, he in two years brought into See also:complete submission.

He annihilated the army of See also:

Blake at Maria on the 14th of June 1809, and on the 22nd of See also:April 1810 defeated O'Donnell at See also:Lerida. After being made marshal of France (July 8, 1811) he in 1812 achieved the See also:conquest of Valencia, for which he was rewarded with the title of duc d'Albuf era da Valencia (1812). When the See also:tide set against the French Suchet defended his conquests step by step till compelled to retire into France, after which he took part in See also:Soult's defensive campaign. By Louis XVIII. he was on the 4th of June made a peer of France, but, having during the See also:Hundred Days commanded one of Napoleon's armies on the Alpine frontier, he was deprived of his See also:peerage on the 24th of July 1815. He died near See also:Marseilles on the 3rd of See also:January 1826. Suchet wrote Menwires dealing with the See also:Peninsular See also:War, which were left by the marshal in anunfinished See also:condition, and the two volumes and See also:atlas appeared in 1829–1834 under the editorship of his former chief staff officer, See also:Baron St Cyr-Nogues. See C. H. Barault-Roullon, Le Marechal Suchet (See also:Paris, 1854) ; Choumara, Considerations militaires sur See also:les memoires du Marechal Suchet (Paris, 1840), a controversial See also:work on the last events of the Peninsular War, inspired, it is supposed, by Soult ; and See also:Lieutenant-General Lamarque's obituary See also:notice in the Spectateur militaire (1826). See also bibliography in See also:article PENINSULAR WAR. SU-CHOW. There are in See also:China three cities of this name which deserve mention.

1. Su-chow-Fu, in the province of Kiang-su, formerly one of the largest cities in the See also:

world, and in 1907 credited still with a See also:population of 500,000, on the See also:Grand See also:Canal, 55 M. W.N.W. of See also:Shanghai, with which it is connected by railway. The site is practically a cluster of islands to the See also:east of See also:Lake Tai-hu. The walls are about ro m. in circumference and there are four large suburbs. Its silk manufactures are represented by a greater variety of goods than are produced anywhere else in the See also:empire; and the publication of cheap See also:editions of the See also:Chinese See also:classics is carried to See also:great perfection. There is a Chinese See also:proverb to the effect that to be perfectly happy a See also:man ought to be born in Su-chow, live in See also:Canton and See also:die in See also:Lien-chow. The nine-storeyed See also:pagoda of the See also:northern See also:temple is one of the finest in the See also:country. In 186o Su-chow was captured by the T'aip'ings, and when in 1863 it was recovered by General See also:Gordon the See also:city was almost a heap of ruins. It has since largely recovered its prosperity, and besides 7000 silk looms has See also:cotton See also:mills and an important See also:trade in See also:rice. Of the See also:original splendour of the See also:place some See also:idea may be gathered from the beautiful See also:plan on a slab of See also:marble preserved since 1247 in the temple of See also:Confucius and reproduced in See also:Yule's Marco See also:Polo, vol. i. Su-chow was founded in 484 by Ho-lu-Wang, whose See also:grave is covered by the artificial " See also:Hill of the See also:Tiger " in the vicinity of the See also:town.

The See also:

literary and poetic designation of Su-chow is Ku-su, from the great See also:tower of Ku-su-tai, built by Ho-lu-Wang. Su-chow was opened to See also:foreign trade by the See also:Japanese treaty of 1895. A Chinese and See also:European school was opened in 19oo. 2. Su-chow, formerly Tsiu-tsuan-tsiun, a See also:free city in the province of Kan-suh, in 390 48' N., just within the extreme See also:north-See also:west See also:angle of the Great See also:Wall, near the See also:gate of See also:jade. It is the great centre of the See also:rhubarb trade. Completely destroyed in the great See also:Mahommedan or Dungan insurrection (1865–72), it was recovered by the Chinese in 1873 and has been rebuilt. 3. Su-chow, a commercial town situated in the province of Sze-ch'uen at the junction of the See also:Min See also:River with the Yang-tse-Kiang, in 28° 46' 50" N. Population (1907) about 50,000. SUCKLING, See also:SIR See also:JOHN (1609–1642), See also:English poet, was born at Whitton, in the See also:parish of See also:Twickenham, See also:Middlesex, and baptized there on the loth of See also:February 5609. His father, Sir John Suckling (1569–1627), had been knighted by See also:James I. and was successively See also:master of See also:requests, See also:comptroller of the See also:household and secretary of See also:state.

He sat in the first and second parliaments of See also:

Charles I.'s reign, and was made a privy councillor. During his career he amassed a considerable See also:fortune, of which the poet became master at the See also:age of eighteen. He was sent to Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge, in 1623, and was entered at See also:Gray's See also:Inn in 1627. He was intimate with See also:Thomas See also:Carew, See also:Richard See also:Lovelace, Thomas See also:Nabbes and especially with John See also:Hales and Sir See also:William See also:Davenant, who furnished John See also:Aubrey with See also:information about his friend. In 1628 he left See also:London to travel in France and Italy, returning, however, before the autumn of 163o, when he was knighted. In 1631 he volunteered for the force raised by the See also:marquess of See also:Hamilton to serve under Gustavus See also:Adolphus in See also:Germany. He was back at See also:Whitehall in May 1632; but during his See also:short service he had been present at the battle of See also:Breitenfeld and in many sieges. He was See also:hand-some, See also:rich and generous; his happy See also:gift in See also:verse was only one of many accomplishments, but it commended him especially to Charles I. and his See also:queen. He says of himself (" A Sessions of the Poets ") that he " prized See also:black eyes or a lucky See also:hit at See also:bowls above all the trophies of wit." He was the best card-player and tha best bowler at See also:court. Aubrey says that he invented the See also:game of See also:cribbage, and relates that his sisters came weeping to the See also:bowling See also:green at Piccadilly to dissuade him from See also:play, fearing that he would lose their portions. In 1634 great See also:scandal was caused in his old circle by a beating which he received at the hands of Sir John See also:Digby, a See also:rival suitor for the hand of the daughter of Sir John See also:Willoughby; and it has been suggested that this incident, which is narrated at length in a See also:letter (Nov. 1o, 1634) from See also:George Garrard 1 to See also:Strafford, had something to do with his beginning to seek more serious society.

In 1635 he retired to his country estates in obedience to the See also:

proclamation of the loth of June 1632 enforced by the See also:Star Chamber 2 against absentee landlordism, and employed his leisure in literary pursuits. In 1637 " A Sessions of the Poets " was circulated in MS., and about the same See also:time he wrote a See also:tract on Socinianism entitled An See also:Account of See also:Religion by See also:Reason (pr. 1646). As a dramatist Suckling is noteworthy as having applied to See also:regular See also:drama the accessories already used in the See also:production of masques. His Aglaura (pr. 1638) was produced at his own expense with elaborate scenery. Even the See also:lace on the actors' coats was of real See also:gold and See also:silver. The play, in spite of its felicity of diction, lacks dramatic See also:interest, and the See also:criticism of Richard See also:Flecknoe (Short Discourse of the English See also:Stage),3 that it seemed " full of See also:flowers, but rather See also:stuck in than growing there," is not altogether unjustified. The Goblins (1638, pr. 1646) has some reminiscences of The See also:Tempest; Brennoralt, or the Discontented See also:Colonel (1639, pr. 1646) is a See also:satire on the Scots, who are the Lithuanian rebels of the play; a See also:fourth play, The Sad One, was left unfinished owing to the outbreak of the See also:Civil War. Suckling raised a See also:troop of a hundred See also:horse, at a cost of £12,000, and accompanied Charles on the Scottish expedition of 1639.

He shared in the See also:

earl of See also:Holland's See also:retreat before See also:Duns, and was ridiculed in an amusing ballad (pr. 1656), in Musarum deliciae, " on Sir John Suckling'e most war-like preparations for the Scottish war."4 He was elected as member for Bramber for the opening session (164o) of the See also:Long See also:Parliament; and in that See also:winter he See also:drew up a letter addressed to See also:Henry Jermyn, afterwards earl of St Albans, advising the See also:king to disconcert the opposition leaders by making more See also:con-cessions than they asked for. In May of the following year he was implicated in an See also:attempt to See also:rescue Strafford from the Tower and to bring in French troops to the king's aid. The See also:plot was exposed by the See also:evidence of Colonel George See also:Goring, and Suckling fled beyond the seas. The circumstances of his short See also:exile are obscure. He was certainly in Paris in the summer of 1641. One pamphlet related a See also:story of his elopement with a See also:lady to Spain, where he See also:fell into the hands of the See also:Inquisition. The manner of his See also:death is uncertain, but Aubrey's statement that he put an end to his See also:life by See also:poison in May or June 1642 in fear of poverty is generally accepted. Suckling's reputation as a poet depends on his See also:minor pieces. Utley have wit and See also:fancy, and at times exquisite felicity of expression. " Easy, natural Suckling," Millamant's comment in See also:Congreve's Way of the World (See also:Act Iv., sc. i.) is a just See also:tribute to their spontaneous quality. Among the best known of them are the " See also:Ballade upon a See also:Wedding," on the occasion of the See also:marriage of See also:Roger See also:Boyle, afterwards earl of See also:Orrery, and Lady See also:Margaret See also:Howard, " I prithee, send me back my See also:heart, " Out upon it, I have loved three whole days together," and " Why so See also:pale and wan, fond See also:lover?" from Aglaura.

" A 'iessions of the Poets," describing a See also:

meeting of the con-temporary versifiers under the See also:presidency of See also:Apollo to decide who should See also:wear the See also:laurel See also:wreath, is the prototype of many later satires. A collection of Suckling's poems was first published in 1646 as Fragmenta aurea, the so-called Selections (1836) published by the ' Strafford's Letters and Despatches (1739), 1. 336. 2 For an account of the proceedings see See also:Historical Collections, ed. by See also:Rushworth (168o), 2nd pt., pp. 288-293. ' Reprinted in Eng. Drama and Stage, ed. W. C. See also:Hazlitt; See also:Roxburghe Library (1869), p. 277. ' Attributed by Aubrey to Sir John Mennis (1599-1671).

See also a See also:

song printed in the tract, Vox borealis (Hari. Misc. iii. 235). Rev. See also:Alfred Inigo Suckling, author of the See also:History and Antiquities of See also:Suffolk (1846-1848) with See also:Memoirs based on original authorities and a portrait after See also:Van Dyck, is really a complete edition of his See also:works, of which W. C. Hazlitt's edition (1874; revised ed., 1892) is little more than a reprint with some additions. The Poems and Songs of Sir John Suckling, edited by John Gray and decorated with woodcut border and See also:initials by Charles Ricketts, was artistically printed at the Ballantyne See also:Press in 1896. In r910 Suckling's works in See also:prose and verse were edited by A. Hamilton See also:Thompson. For anecdotes of Suckling's life see John Aubrey's Brief Lives (See also:Clarendon Press ed., ii. 242).

End of Article: SUCHET, LOUIS GABRIEL

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