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American soldiers. The military library is one of the finest in existence (80,000 volumes in 1910), and its building contains interesting memorials, by See also:

SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Gaudens, to J. McNeill See also:

WHISTLER, JAMES ABBOTT

Whistler and See also:

Edgar See also:

Allan See also:

POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe, both former cadets in the academy. Cullum Memorial Hall (1899) was the See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

Major-See also:

General See also:

George See also:

Washington Cullum (1809—1892), See also:

SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the academy in 1864—1866. Opposite it is a See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument (1845) to Major F. L. Dade's command of 110 men who were ambushed and killed by the See also:

Seminole See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians in See also:

FLORIDA

Florida in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1835. In the S.E. corner of the See also:

PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade ground (6o acres) is a See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite statue to See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Sylvanus See also:

Thayer (1785—1872), who was superintendent of the academy from 1817 to 1833.

In the N.W. See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle is the See also:

BRONZE

bronze statue (1868) of Major-General See also:

John See also:

Sedgwick, U.S. See also:

VOLUNTEERS

Volunteers, who was killed by a sharpshooter, on the 9th of May 1864, while making a See also:

PERSONAL

personal See also:

RECONNAISSANCE (from Fr. reconnaitre, to recognize, Lat. recognoscere)

reconnaissance at See also:

SPOTTSYLVANIA

Spottsylvania. Between See also:

TROPHY (Gr. Tpo7rauov, from TpE7rw, put to flight; Lat. tropaeum)

Trophy Point and the hotel is the See also:

BATTLE

Battle Monument (1874, 78 ft. high, surmounted by a statue of Victory by See also:

MACMONNIES, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1863- )

MacMonnies), a memorial to the soldiers of the See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

army who died in the See also:

CIVIL

Civil See also:

War. Above the cliff towards the N. and E. of the See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is Fort See also:

Clinton; in its E. front stands a monument erected in 1828 by the See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps of Cadets to See also:

KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ ANDRZEJ BONAWENTURA (1746-1817)

Kosciuszko, who planned the See also:

ORIGINAL

original fortifications here in 1778. About 1 m. N. of the academy is " West Point See also:

CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

Cemetery" (about 14 acres) on the E. angle of an elevated plain overlooking the river, formerly known as " See also:

German Flats," in which See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest the remains of Thayer, See also:

WINFIELD

Winfield See also:

Scott, See also:

Robert See also:

Anderson and other distinguished soldiers. The See also:

CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

Cadet Monument (1817) stands on the E. angle overlooking the river. High above the academy on See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

Independence (490 ft.) still stands old Fort See also:

Putnam, commanding a See also:

FINE

fine view for miles up and down the Hudson. In 1908, as the gift of Mrs See also:

Russell See also:

SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage and See also:

MISS

Miss See also:

Anna B. See also:

Warner, there was added to the military See also:

RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation Constitution See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island (about 28o acres), lying directly opposite West Point, with the remains of two forts built during the War of Independence. West Point, " the See also:

GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar of the Hudson," was first occupied as a military post in See also:

JANUARY

January 1778, when a See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of redoubts was erected at various strategic points along the Hudson. At West Point were built a See also:

HALF

half-dozen earthwork fortifications, of which Fort Putnam on Mt.

Independence, Fort Clinton on the extremity of the point (not to be confused with the Fort Clinton captured by the See also:

BRITISH

British in 1777 farther down the river) and See also:

BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

Battery See also:

Knox, just above the river landing, were the largest. These were the fortifications that See also:

Benedict See also:

Arnold, their See also:

COMMANDER

commander, in 1780 agreed to deliver into British hands. After the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of his See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, Washington made his headquarters for some See also:

time at West Point before removing to See also:

Newburgh. Later Washington recommended West Point as a site for a military school. Such an See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment had been suggested by See also:

Henry Knox in May 1776; and in See also:

OCTOBER

October of that See also:

YEAR

year the See also:

CONTINENTAL

Continental Congress passed a See also:

RESOLUTION

resolution appointing a See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee to draw plans for " a military academy of the army." A Corps of Invalids was established in See also:

JUNE

June 1777, was organized in See also:

PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia in See also:

JULY

July 1777, and was transferred to West Point in 1781; this corps. was " to serve as a military school for See also:

young gentlemen previously t0, her being appointed to marching regiments." Three buildings had been erected here to See also:

house a library, an See also:

ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers' school and a laboratory, and See also:

PRACTICAL

practical experiments in gunnery had been begun here in See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1780. In 1783, at Newburgh, Washington laid before his See also:

OFFICERS

officers the See also:

MATTER

matter of a military academy such as Knox had suggested. A school for artillerists, engineers and cadets of the corps was established here on the See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president's recommendation in 1794, and continued until the buildings were destroyed by See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1796. In July 18o1, Henry Dearborn, See also:

Jefferson's secretary of war, directed that all cadets of the corps of artillerists, a subordinate See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank which had been established in 1794, should See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report at West Point for instruction, and in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September of that year a school was opened with five instructors, four of them army officers. On the 16th of See also:

March 1802, President Jefferson approved an See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act establishing a military academy at West Point, and on the 4th of July it was formally opened with ten cadets See also:

PRESENT

present. Acts of 1802 and 18o8 authorized 40 cadets from the See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo from the See also:

INFANTRY

infantry, 16 from the dragoons and 20 from the riflemen. But few of these were actually appointed, and for several years instruction was disorganized and desultory. In 1811-1812 instruction was practically abandoned, and in March 1812 the " academy " was without a single instructor.

Up to this time 88 cadets had been graduated, but they had been admitted without any sort of examination, and at any See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age between 12 and 34. An act of Congress of the 29th of See also:

APRIL

April 1812 reorganized the academy, and laid down the general principles and See also:

plan on which it has since been conducted. A maximum of 250 cadets was then authorized. Under the able superintendency of Major Sylvanus Thayer this plan was perfected and put into successful operation. Up to 1843 no territorial requirement was necessary for See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, but in that year a See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom that had grown up of providing for one cadet from each Congressional See also:

DISTRICT

district, each Territory and the District of See also:

COLUMBIA

Columbia, was embodied in the See also:

law. By acts of 1900, 1902, 1903 and 1908 the Corps of Cadets as now constituted consists of one cadet from each congressional district (appointed on recommendation by members of Congress), one from each Territory, one from the District of Columbia, one from See also:

PORTO

Porto Rico, two from each See also:

state at large (on recommendation of the senators), and 40 from the United States at large, all to be appointed by the president. Four Filipinos may also receive instruction and become eligible on See also:

GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation for commissions in the Philippine scouts. The maximum number of cadets under the See also:

apportionment of the twelfth See also:

CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census was 533. Candidates for See also:

ADMISSION

admission must be between 17 and 22 years, unmarried, and at least 5 ft. 4 in. high. For entrance there are See also:

PHYSICAL

physical See also:

EXAMINATIONS

examinations, and examinations in See also:

ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra, See also:

PLANE

plane See also:

GEOMETRY

geometry, See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, See also:

composition and literature, See also:

GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography and general See also:

HISTORY

history. In 1902 the entrance requirements were raised and the actual amount of See also:

WORK

work done in the academy was thus decreased.

The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal courses are: See also:

TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics for all classes; civil and military See also:

ENGINEERING

engineering (first class); practical military engineering (See also:

FOURTH

fourth, third, second and first classes) ; See also:

MECHANICS

mechanics and See also:

ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy (third and second classes); See also:

MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics (new cadets, fourth and third classes) ; See also:

chemistry, See also:

MINERALOGY

mineralogy and See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology (third and second classes) ; See also:

DRAWING

drawing (third and second classes) ; See also:

MODERN

modern See also:

LANGUAGES

languages, i.e. See also:

French and See also:

SPANISH

Spanish (fourth, third, second and first classes) ; law (first class) ; See also:

ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance and gunnery (first class) ; military See also:

HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

hygiene (second class) ; and English and history (new cadets and fourth class). The course is four years, and See also:

ACADEMIC

academic instruction continues from the 1st of September to the 5th of June. The summer months are devoted to See also:

field work and encampments. Each cadet while in attendance receives pay at the See also:

RATE

rate ofp$600 a year and one ration per See also:

day, or See also:

COMMUTATION (from Lat. commutare, to change)

commutation thereof at See also:

THIRTY

thirty cents per day, amounting to $709.50. The number of graduates from 1802 to 1909 inclusive was 4852. The superintendents of the academy have been: in 1802–1803 and in 1805–1812, See also:

Jonathan See also:

Williams; in 1812-1814, See also:

Joseph See also:

Gardner See also:

Swift (1783–1865); in 1815-1817, Alden See also:

Partridge (1785-1854); in 1817-1833, Sylvanus Thayer; in 1833-1838 Rene E. De Russy (1796-1864); in 1838-1845 and in 1856-1861, See also:

Richard Delafield (1798-1873) ; in 1845-1852, Henry Brewerton (18o'–'879); in 1852–1855, Robert E. See also:

Lee; in 1855–1856, John. See also:

GROSS

Gross See also:

Barnard (18'5–1882); in January 1861, P. G. T.

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