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LAEVULINIC ACID ((3-acetopropionic ac...

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 66 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LAEVULINIC See also:

ACID ((3-acetopropionic acid), C5H803 or See also:CH3CO•See also:CH2•CH2•See also:CO2H, a ketonic acid prepared from laevulose, See also:inulin, See also:starch, &c., by boiling them with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acids. It may be synthesized by condensing See also:sodium acetoacetate with monochloracetic ester, the acetosuccinic ester produced being then hydrolysed with dilute hydrochloric acid (M. See also:Conrad, See also:Ann., 1877, 188, p. 222). CH,•CO•CH•Na CH 3•CO•CH•CH2•CO2R —> I -CH3000H2•CH2•CO2OH. CO2R CO2R It may also be prepared by See also:heating the anhydride of y-methyloxyglutaric acid with concentrated sulphuric acid, and by oxidation of methyl heptenone and of geraniol. It crystallizes in plates, which melt at 32'5-33° C. and See also:boil at 148-149° (15 mm.) (A. See also:Michael, four. prak. Chem., 1891 [2], 44, p. 114). It is readily soluble in See also:alcohol, See also:ether and See also:water. The acid, when distilled slowly, is decomposed and yields a and (3-See also:angelica See also:lactones.

When heated with hydriodic acid and See also:

phosphorus, it yields n-valeric acid; and with See also:iodine and See also:caustic soda See also:solution it gives See also:iodoform, even in the See also:cold. With See also:hydroxylamine it yields an oxime, which by the See also:action of concentrated sulphuric acid rearranges itself to N-methylsuccinimide [CH2•CO]2N•See also:CH3. LA FARGE, See also:JOHN (1835—1910), See also:American artist, was See also:born in New See also:York, on the 31st of See also:March 1835, of See also:French parentage. He received instruction in See also:drawing from his grandfather, Binsse de St See also:Victor, a painter of miniatures; studied See also:law and See also:architecture; entered the atelier of See also:Thomas See also:Couture in See also:Paris, where he remained a See also:short See also:time, giving especial See also:attention to the study and copying of old masters at the Louvre; and began by making illustrations to the poets (1859). An intimacy with the artist See also:William M. See also:Hunt had a strong See also:influence on him, the two working together at See also:Newport, Rhode See also:Island. La Farge painted landscape, still See also:life and figure alike in the See also:early sixties. But from 1866 on he was for some time incapacitated for See also:work, and when he regained strength he did some decorative work for Trinity See also:church, See also:Boston, in 1876, and turned his attention to stained See also:glass, becoming See also:president of the Society of Mural Painters. Some of his important commissions include windows for St Thomas's church (1877), St See also:Peter's church, the Paulist church, the See also:Brick church (1882), the churches of the Incarnation (1885) and the See also:Ascension (1887), New York; Trinity church, See also:Buffalo, and the " See also:Battle Window " in Memorial See also:Hall at Harvard; ceilings and windows for the See also:house of See also:Cornelius See also:Vanderbilt, windows for the houses of W. H. Vanderbilt and D. 0.

See also:

Mills, and panels for the house of Whitelaw See also:Reid, New York; panels for the Congressional Library, See also:Washington; See also:Bowdoin See also:College, the Capitol at St See also:Paul, Minn., besides designs for many stained glass windows. He was also a prolific painter in oil and water See also:colour, the latter seen notably in some water-colour sketches, the result of a voyage in the See also:South Seas, shown in 1895. His influence on American See also:art was powerfully exhibited in such men as See also:Augustus St Gaudens,See also:Wilton See also:Lockwood, See also:Francis See also:Lathrop and John See also:Humphreys See also:Johnston. He became president of the Society of American Artists, a member of the See also:National See also:Academy of See also:Design in 1869; an officer of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour of See also:France; and received many medals and decorations. He published Considerations on See also:Painting (New York, 1895), See also:Hokusai: A Talk about Hoksuai (New York, 1897), and An Artist's Letters from See also:Japan (New York, 1897). See See also:Cecilia Waern, John La Farge, Artist and Writer (See also:London, 1896, No. 26 of The See also:Portfolio). LA See also:FARINA, GIUSEPPE (1815-1863), See also:Italian author and politician, was born at See also:Messina. On See also:account of the See also:part he took in the insurrection of 1837 he had to leave See also:Sicily, but returning in 1839 he conducted various See also:newspapers of liberal tendencies, until his efforts were completely interdicted, when he removed to See also:Florence. In 184o he had published Messina ed i suoi monumenti, and after his removal to Florence he brought out La Germania See also:coi suoi monumenti (1842), L' Italia coi suoi monuments (1842), La Svizzera storica ed artistica (1842—1843), La See also:China, 4 vols. (1843—1847), and Storia d' Italia, 7 vols. (1846—1854)• In 1847 he established at Florence a democratic See also:journal, L'See also:Alba, in the interests of Italian freedom and unity, but on the outbreak of the revolution in Sicily in 1848 he returned thither and was elected See also:deputy and member of the See also:committee of See also:war.

In See also:

August of that, See also:year he was appointed See also:minister of public instruction and later of war and marine. After vigorously conducting a See also:campaign against the See also:Bourbon troops, he was forced into See also:exile, and repaired to France in 1849. In 1850 he published his Storia documentata della Rivoluzione Siciliana del 1848—1849, and in 1851—1852 his Storia d' Italia dal 1815 al 1848, in 6 vols. He returned to See also:Italy in 1854 and settled at See also:Turin, and in 1856 he founded the See also:Piccolo Corriere d' Italia, an See also:organ which had See also:great influence in propagating the See also:political sentiments of the Society Nazionale Italiana, of which he ultimately was chosen president. With Daniele See also:Manin (q.v.), one of the founders of that society, he advocated the unity of Italy under Victor See also:Emmanuel even before See also:Cavour, with whom at one time he had daily interviews, and organized the See also:emigration of See also:volunteers from all parts of Italy into the Piedmontese See also:army. He also negotiated an interview between Cavour and See also:Garibaldi, with the result that the latter was appointed See also:commander of the Cacciatori delle Alpi in the war of 1859. Later he supported Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily, where he himself went soon after the occupation of See also:Palermo, but he failed to bring about the immediate See also:annexation of the island to See also:Piedmont as Cavour wished. In 186o he was chosen a member of the first Italian See also:parliament and was subsequently made councillor of See also:state. He died on the 5th of See also:September 1863. See A. Franchi, Epistolario di Giuseppe La Farina (2 vols., 1869) and L. See also:Carpi, Il Risorgimento Italiano, vol. i.

(See also:

Milan, 1884). LA FAYETTE, See also:GILBERT MOTIER DE (138o-1462), See also:marshal of France, was brought up at the See also:court of See also:Louis II., 3rd See also:duke of Bourbon. He served under Marshal See also:Boucicaut, in Italy, and on his return to France after the evacuation of See also:Genoa in 1409 became See also:seneschal of the Bourbonnais. In the See also:English See also:wars he was with John I., 4th duke of Bourbon, at the See also:capture of See also:Soubise in 1413, and of See also:Compiegne in 1415. The duke then made him See also:lieutenant-See also:general in See also:Languedoc and See also:Guienne. He failed to defend See also:Caen and See also:Falaise in the See also:interest of the dauphin (after-wards See also:Charles VII.) against See also:Henry V. in 1417 and 1418, but in the latter year he held See also:Lyons for some time against See also:Jean sans Peur, duke of See also:Burgundy. A See also:series of successes over the English and Burgundians on the See also:Loire was rewarded in 1420 with the See also:government of Dauphiny and the See also:office of marshal of France. La Fayette commanded the Franco-Scottish troops at the battle of Bauge (1422), though he did not, as has been sometimes stated, slay Thomas, duke of See also:Clarence, with his own See also:hand. In 1424 he was taken prisoner by the English at See also:Verneuil, but was released shortly afterwards, and fought with See also:Joan of Arc at See also:Orleans and Patay in 1429. The marshal had become a member of the See also:grand See also:council of Charles VII., and with the exception of a short disgrace about 1430, due to the See also:ill-will of Georges de la Tremouille, he retained the royal favour all his life. He took an active part in the army reform initiated by Charles VII., and the See also:establishment of military posts for the suppression of brigand-See also:age. His last campaign was against the English in See also:Normandy in 144Q.

He died on the 23rd of See also:

February 1462. His See also:line was continued by Gilbert IV. de La Fayette, son of his second See also:marriage with Jeanne de Joyeuse. LA FAYETTE, See also:LOUISE DE (c. 1616-1665), was one of the fourteen See also:children of John, See also:comte de La Fayette, and See also:Marguerite de Bourbon-Busset. Louise became maid of honour to See also:Anne of See also:Austria, and See also:Richelieu sought to attract the attention of Louis XIII. to her in the See also:hope that she might counterbalance the influence exercised over him by See also:Marie de Hautefort. The affair did not turn out as the minister wished. The See also:king did indeed make her the confidante of his affairs and of his resentment against the See also:cardinal, but she, far from repeating his confidences to the minister, set hgrself to encourage the king in his resistance to Richelieu's dominion. She refused, nevertheless, to become Louis's See also:mistress, and after taking leave 'of the king in Anne of Austria's presence retired to the See also:convent of the Filles de Sainte-Marie in 1637. Here she was repeatedly visited by Louis, with whom she maintained a See also:correspondence. Richelieu intercepted the letters, and by omissions and falsifications succeeded in destroying their mutual confidence. The cessation of their intercourse was regretted by the See also:queen, who had been reconciled with her See also:husband through the influence of Louise. At the time of her See also:death in See also:January 1665 Mlle de La Fayette was See also:superior of a convent of her See also:order which she had founded at Chaillot.

See Memoires de Madame de See also:

Motteville; Victor See also:Cousin, Madame de Hautefort (Paris, 1868) ; L'See also:Abbe Sorin, Louise-Angele de La Fayette (Paris, 1893). LA FAYETTE, MARIE See also:JOSEPH PAUL YVES See also:ROCH GILBERT DU MOTIER, See also:MARQUIS DE (1757-1834), was born at the See also:chateau of Chavaniac in See also:Auvergne, France, on the 6th of September 1757. His See also:father' was killed at See also:Minden in 1759, and his See also:mother and his grandfather died in 1770, and thus at the age of thirteen he was See also:left an See also:orphan with a princely See also:fortune. He married at sixteen Marie Adrienne Francoise de See also:Noailles (d. 1807), daughter of the duc d'Ayen and granddaughter of the duc de Noailles, then one of the most influential families in the See also:kingdom. La Fayette See also:chose to follow the career of his father, and entered the See also:Guards. La Fayette was nineteen and a See also:captain of dragoons when the English colonies in See also:America proclaimed their See also:independence. " At the first See also:news of this See also:quarrel," he afterwards wrote in his See also:memoirs, " my See also:heart was enrolled in it." The See also:count de See also:Broglie, whom he consulted, discouraged his zeal for the cause of See also:liberty. Finding his purpose unchangeable, however, he presented the See also:young enthusiast to Johann See also:Kalb, who was also seeking service in America, and through See also:Silas See also:Deane, American See also:agent in Paris, an arrangement was concluded, on the 7th of See also:December 1776, by which La Fayette was to enter the American service as See also:major-general. At this moment the news arrived of See also:grave disasters to the American arms. La Fayette's See also:friends again advised him to abandon his purpose. Even the American envoys, See also:Franklin and See also:Arthur See also:Lee, who had superseded Deane, withheld further encouragement and the king himself forbade his leaving.

At the instance of the See also:

British See also:ambassador at See also:Versailles orders were issued to seize the See also:ship La Fayette was fitting out at See also:Bordeaux, and La Fayette himself was arrested. But the ship was sent ' The See also:family of La Fayette, to the See also:cadet See also:branch of which he be-longed, received its name from an See also:estate in See also:Aix, Auvergne, which belonged in the 13th See also:century to the Motier family. xvI. 3from Bordeaux to a neighbouring See also:port in See also:Spain, La Fayette escaped from custody in disguise, and before a second lettre de cachet could reach him he was afloat with eleven chosen companions. Though two British cruisers had been sent in pursuit of him, he landed safely near See also:Georgetown, S.C., after a tedious voyage of nearly two months, and hastened to See also:Philadelphia, then the seat of government of the colonies. When this lad of nineteen, with the command of only what little English he had been able to pick up on his voyage, presented himself to See also:Congress with Deane's authority to demand a See also:commission of the highest See also:rank after the commander-in-See also:chief, his reception was a little chilly. Deane's contracts were so numerous, and for See also:officers of such high rank, that it was impossible for Congress to ratify them without injustice to Americans who had become entitled by their service to promotion. La Fayette appreciated the situation as soon as it was explained to him, and immediately expressed his See also:desire to serve in the American army upon two conditions—that he should receive no pay, and that he should See also:act as a volunteer. These terms were so different from those made by other foreigners, they had been attended with such substantial sacrifices, and they promised such import-See also:ant indirect advantages, that Congress passed a See also:resolution, on the 31st of See also:July 1977, " that his services be accepted, and that, in See also:consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the See also:United States." Next See also:day La Fayette met Washington, whose lifelong friend he became. Congress intended his See also:appointment as purely honorary, and the question of giving him a command was left entirely to Washington's discretion. His first battle was See also:Brandy-See also:wine (q.v.) on the 11th of September 1777, where he showed courage and activity and received a See also:wound. Shortly afterwards he secured what he most desired, the command of a See also:division—the immediate result of a communication from Washington to Congress of See also:November 1, 1777, in which he said: " The marquis de La Fayette is extremely solicitous of having a command equal to his rank.

I do not know in what See also:

light Congress will view the See also:matter, but it appears to me, from a consideration of his illustrious and, important connexions, the See also:attachment which he has manifested for our cause, and the consequences which his return in disgust might produce, that it will be advisable to gratify his wishes, and the more so as several gentlemen from France who came over under some assurances have gone back disappointed in their expectations. His conduct with respect to them stands in a favourable point of view—having interested himself to remove their uneasiness and urged the impropriety of their making any unfavourable representations upon their arrival at See also:home. Besides, he is sensible, discreet in his See also:manners, has made great proficiency in our See also:language, and from the disposition he discovered at the battle of See also:Brandywine possesses a large See also:share of bravery and military ardour." Of La Fayette's military career in the United States there is not much to be said. Though the commander of a division, he never had many troops in his See also:charge, and whatever military talents he possessed were not of the See also:kind which appeared to conspicuous See also:advantage on the See also:theatre to which his See also:wealth and family influence rather than his soldierly gifts had called him. In the first months of 1778 he commanded troops detailed for the projected expedition against See also:Canada. His See also:retreat from Barren See also:Hill (May 28, 1778) was commended as masterly; and he fought at the battle of See also:Monmouth (See also:June 28) and received from Congress a formal recognition of his services in the Rhode Island expedition (August 1778). The See also:treaties of See also:commerce and defensive See also:alliance, signed by the insurgents and France on the 6th of February 1778, were promptly followed by a See also:declaration of war by See also:England against the latter, and La Fayette asked leave to revisit France and to consult his king as to the further direction of his services. This leave was readily granted; it was not difficult for Washington to replace the major-general, but it was impossible to find another equally competent, influential and devoted See also:champion of the American cause near the court of Louis XVI. In fact, he went on a See also:mission rather than a visit. He embarked on the See also:ruth of January 1779, was received with See also:enthusiasm, and was made a See also:colonel in the French See also:cavalry. On the 4th of March following Franklin wrote to the president of Congress: " The marquis de La Fayette.. . is infinitely esteemed and beloved here, and I am persuaded will II do everything in his See also:power to merit a continuance of the same See also:affection from America." He won the confidence of See also:Vergennes.

La Fayette was absent from America about six months, and his return was the occasion of a complimentary resolution of Congress. From See also:

April until See also:October 1781 he was charged with the See also:defence of See also:Virginia, in which Washington gave him the See also:credit of doing all that was possible with the forces at his disposal; and he showed his zeal by borrowing See also:money on his own account to provide his soldiers with necessaries. The battle of See also:Yorktown, in which La Fayette See also:bore an See also:honourable if not a distinguished part, was the last of the war, and terminated his military career in the United States. He immediately obtained leave to return to France,where it was supposed he might be useful in negotiations for a general See also:peace. He was also occupied in the preparations for a combined French and See also:Spanish expedition against some of the British See also:West See also:India Islands, of which he had been appointed chief of See also:staff, and a formidable See also:fleet assembled at See also:Cadiz, but the See also:armistice signed on the loth of January 1783 between the belligerents put a stop to the expedition., He had been promoted (1781) to the rank of marechal de See also:camp (major-general) in the French army, and he received every token of regard from his See also:sovereign and his countrymen. He visited the United States again in 1784, and remained some five months as the See also:guest of the nation. La Fayette did not appear again prominently in public life until 1787, though he did See also:good service to the French Protestants, and became actively interested in plans to abolish See also:slavery. In 1787 he took his seat in the See also:Assembly of Notables. He demanded, and he alone signed the demand, that the king convoke the states-general, thus becoming a See also:leader in the French Revolution. He showed Liberal tendencies both in that assembly and after its dispersal, and in 1788 was deprived, in consequence, of his active command. In 1789 La Fayette was elected to the states-general, and took a prominent part in its proceedings. He was chosen See also:vice-president of the National Assembly, and on the 11th of July 1789 presented a declaration of rights, modelled on See also:Jefferson's Declaration of Independence in 1776.

On the 15th of July, the second day of the new regime, La Fayette was chosen by See also:

acclamation colonel-general of the new National Guard of Paris. He also proposed the See also:combination of the See also:colours of Paris, red and See also:blue, and the royal See also:white, into the famous tricolour See also:cockade of See also:modern France (July 17). For the succeeding three years, until the end of the constitutional See also:monarchy in 1792, his See also:history is largely the history of France. His life was beset with very great responsibility and perils, for he was ever the minister of humanity and order among a frenzied See also:people who had come to regard order and humanity as phases of See also:treason. He rescued the queen from the hands of the populace on the 5th and 6th of October 1789, saved many humbler victims who had been condemned to death, and he risked his life in many unsuccessful attempts to See also:rescue others. Before this, disgusted with enormities which he was powerless to prevent, he had resigned his commission; but so impossible was it to replace him that he was induced to resume it. In the Constituent Assembly he pleaded for the abolition of arbitrary imprisonment, for religious tolerance, for popular See also:representation, for the establishment of trial by See also:jury, for the See also:gradual emancipation of slaves, for the freedom of the See also:press, for the abolition of titles of See also:nobility, and the suppression of privileged orders. In February 1790 he refused the supreme command of the National Guard of the kingdom. In May he founded the " Society of 1789 " which afterwards became the Feuillants See also:Club. He took a prominent part in the celebration of July 14, 1790, the first anniversary of the destruction of the See also:Bastille. After suppressing an emeute in April 1791 he again resigned his commission, and was again compelled to retain it. He was the friend of liberty as well as of order, and when Louis XVI. fled to Varennes he issued orders to stop him.

Shortly afterwards he was made lieutenant-general in the army. He commanded the troops in the suppression of another emeute, on the occasion of the See also:

proclamation of the constitution (September 18, 1791), after which, feeling that his task was done, he retired into private life.

End of Article: LAEVULINIC ACID ((3-acetopropionic acid), C5H803

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