MACEDONIAN See also:

• EMPIRE

But the smallness of the single city-states and their unwillingness to combine prevented this superiority in quality from telling destructively upon the bulk of the Persian empire. The future belonged to any See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

Extent of Phrygia, (7) See also:

• PAPHLAGONIA

The conquered empire presented Alexander with a See also:

• SYSTEM

Higher financial controllers seem to have been over See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

See also:

• MUS

It is possible that he offered See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

303 seq. (1905). Alexander, who set out as king of the Macedonians and captain- general of the Hellenes, assumed after the death of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

The Greek See also:

• CHARES

The institution, which the Macedonian court before Alexander had borrowed from Persia, of a See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

They were normally See also:

• DRAWN

17, 3) at the time of Alexander's passage into Asia, the mercenaries numbered 5,000, and the troops of the alliance 7,000 foot and 600 See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

G. See also:

• HOGARTH, WILLIAM (1697–1764)

116). The reports Persian dress. The most striking See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

4, I). retain its pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

Gold had fallen still further from the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

After Alexander.—The See also:

• EXTERNAL

Many of the assertions as to his action in this See also:

• LINE

See also:

• CASSANDER (c. 350—297 B.C.)
• CASSANDER (or CASSANT), GEORGE (1513-1566)

His four adversaries answered this See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

Three solid kingdoms had thus emerged from all the fighting since Alexander's death: the kingdom of the Antigonids in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

Native princes probably ruled in Persis before 166, though the See also:

• DISTRICT

Its kings bore the name of Antiochus, and were as proud of their Macedonian, as of their Persian, descent (see the Inscription of Nimrud Dagh, See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

61, 3), and in Macedonia; although the power of life and death came de facto into the hands of the Antigonid king, the old right of the army to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

61). So too the people is spoken of as IT appointing the guardians of a king during his minority (Just. lCxxiv. 3, 6). Nor was the power of the army a fiction. The Hellenistic monarchies rested, as all government in the last resort' must, upon the See also:

• LOYALTY

Sometimes the subordinate or See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

But it was the old cry of the " autonomy of the Hellenes," raised by See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

The west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

From Antioch to the Aegean the land high-road went across Asia Minor by the Cilician See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

(Michel, No. 37; cf. Polyb. xxii. 27, 2). The royal domains, again, and royal monopolies, such as See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

343) to rove it for the Seleucid kingdom are questionable. Beloch refers (t) to the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

19, 5o. of the Antigonid and Seleucid kingdoms may have been, it is clear that they were far from enjoying the affluence of the Ptolemaic. During the first Seleucid reigns indeed the revenues of Asia may have filled its treasuries (see Just. xvii. 2, 13), but Antiochus III. already at his accession found them depleted (Polyb. v. 5o, r), and from his reign financial embarrassment, coupled with extravagant See also:

• EXPENDITURE

Seleucus at any rate, as satrap of Babylonia, controlled the finances of the province (Diod. xix. 55, 3), and so, in the Ptolemaic system, did the governor of See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

The gotten (Plut. Ant. 27), The Oriental features which court Alexander had introduced were not copied. There was no proskynesis (or certainly not in the case of Greeks and Macedonians), and the king did not See also:

• WEAR

The diadem could be worn See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Arat. 17; for the Seleucid, Athen. iv. 155b; v. 211a; for the Ptolemaic, Diog. L. vii. 177; Athen. vi. 246c, Plut. Cleom. 33; Just. See also:

• XXX

At the Seleucid 'court there seems to be an instance of it in 195, when the heir-apparent, Antiochus, married his sister Laodice. The style of " sister " was given in both courts to the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Hegesianax, Athen. iv. 1S5b; See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

For the Seleucid kingdom vuyyeveis,1rpeilroc ciaot and irk iaot are mentioned. These classes do not appear in Egypt before the 2nd century; Strack conjectures,, that they were created in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

391). As to Macedonia, whatever may have been the constitution of the court, it is implied that it offered in its externals a sober plainness in comparison with the vain display and ceremonious frivolities of Antioch and Alexandria (Polyb. xvi, 22, 5; Plut. Cleom. 31; Arat, 15). The position of a Friend did not carry with it necessarily any functions; it was in itself purely honorary. The . ministers and high officials were, on the other hand, regularly invested with one or other of the ranks specified. The chief of these ministers is denoted 6 Erl rwv rpayµarwv, and he corresponds to the See also:

• VIZIER

Pol. p. 339). Under each of these great heads of departments was a See also:

• HOST

Orient. Graec. 99); (3) the maitre-d'hotel apxeSiarpos (Dittenb. Orient. Graec. 169) (4) the lord of the queen's bedchamber, d eiri Tou KOtrwvos rIs f3aatkioags (Dittenb. Orient. Graec. 256). As in the older Oriental courts, the high positions were often filled by eunuchs (e.g. Craterus, in last mentioned inscription). It was customary, as in Persia and in old Macedonia, for the great men of the realm to send their children to court to be brought up with the children of the royal house.

Those who had been so brought up with the king were styled his avvrpot/sot (for the Seleucid, Polyb. v. 82, 8 and xxxi. 21, 2; Bull. corr. hell. i. 285; 2 Mace. ix. 29; for the Ptolemaic auvrpo¢os sral&aKat of the queen, Polyb. xv. 33, II; for the Pontic, Bull. corr. hell. Vii. 355; for the Pergamene. Polyb. xxxii. 27, 10, &c.; for the Herodian, Acts 13). It is perfectly gratuitous to suppose with Deissmann that " the fundamental meaning had given place to the general meaning of intimate friend." With this custom we may perhaps bring into connexion the office of Tpo$us (Polyb. xxxi. 20, 3; Michel, No.

1158). As under Alexander, so under his successors, we find a corps of i3aosXtcoi asides. They appear as a corps, 600 strong, in a triumphal procession at Antioch (Polyb. xxxi. 3, 17; cf. v. 82, 13; Antigonid, See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

The Ptolemaic court, with the museum attached to it, is so prominent in the See also:

• LITERARY

The Cappadocian court admitted the full stream of Hellenistic culture under Ariarathes V. (Diod. xxxi. 19, 8). One of the kings called Nicomedes in Bithynia offered immense sums to acquire the See also:

• APHRODITE

Alexander himself was after his death the object of various local cults, like that which centred in the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

178); or it might be organized and maintained by royal authority. The first proved instance of a cult of the latter See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

1S3). The Antigonid dynasty, simpler and saner in its manners, had no official cult of this sort. The divine honours offered on occasion by the Greek cities were the independent acts of the cities. See Plut. See also:

• ARAL

There does not seem any clear proof that the surnames which the Hellenistic kings in Asia and Egypt bore were necessarily connected with the cult, even if they were used to describe 9.surnames. the various kings in religious ceremonies. Some had doubtless a religious colour, Theos, Epiphanes, Soter; others a dynastic, Philomator, Philometor, Philadelphus. Under what circumstances, and by whose selection, the surname was attached to a king, is obscure. It is noteworthy that while modern books commonly speak of the surnames as assumed, the explanations given by our ancient authorities almost invariably suppose them to be given as marks of homage or gratitude (See also:

• ENGLISH

The most noted corps of veterans, Argyraspides (i.e. the royal Hypaspistae) played a great part in the first wars of the successors, and covered themselves with See also:

• INFAMY (Lat. infamia)

The phalanx of Antiochus III. at Raphia numbered 20,000, and Ptolemy Philopator was able at the same time to form one of 25,000 men (Polyb. v. 4). As these phalangites are distinguished both from the Greek mercenaries and the native Egyptian levies, it looks (although such a fact would be staggering) as if more Macedonians could be raised for military service in' Egypt than in Macedonia itself (but see Beloch, p. 353). The royal foot-guards are still described in Macedonia in 171 as the agema (Polyb. v. 25, 1; 27, 3; Liv. xlii. 51), when they number 2000; at the Ptolemaic court in 217 the agema had numbered 3000 (Polyb. v. 65, 2); and a similar corps of hypaspistae is indicated in the Seleucid army (Polyb. vii. 16,2; xvi. 18, 7). So too the old name of " Companions " was kept up in the Seleucid kingdom for the Macedonian cavalry (see Polyb. v. 53, 4, &c.), and divisions of rank in it are still indicated by the terms agema and royal squadron (SaoiXoo) an, see Bevan, House of Seleucus, ii.

288). The Antigonid and Seleucid courts had much valuable material at hand for their armies in the barbarian races under their sway. The Balkan hill-peoples of Illyrian or Thracian stock, the hill-peoples of Asia Minor and Iran, the See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

These were mainly the bands of Greek condottieri, and even for their home-born troops Greek officers of renown were often engaged. The other class of mercenaries were Gauls, and from the time of the Gallic invasion of Asia Minor in 279 Gauls or See also:

• GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

The description given by See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Its control of the Aegean was, however, contested not without success by the Antigonids, who won the two great sea-fights of Cos (c. 256) and See also:

• ANDROS, or ANDRO
• ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714)

Anton. 27). Natives were employed, as we have mentof seen, in the army, and Iranians are found under the subject Seleucids holding high commands, e.g. Aspasianus the Peoples. Mede (Polyb. v. 79, 7), Aribazus, governor of Cilicia (See also:

• FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Bibl. iii. 2, 136 seq.) Antiochus III. bestowed favours on the Temple at Jerusalem. Even if the documents in Joseph. See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

See also:

• TREATISES