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century some of the priory buildings were still entire and considerable remains of others existed, but nearly all traces have now disappeared except portions of the priory See also:

wall and the archways, known as the Pends. The wall is about three-quarters of a mile long, and bears turrets at intervals. The 3rd See also:

MARQUIS

marquis of See also:

Bute undertook the restoration of the priory, but the See also:

WORK

work was interrupted by his death in 1900. The cathedral was founded by Bishop See also:

Arnold (1159-1,62), to See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply more ample See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation than was afforded by the See also:

church of St See also:

REGULUS, MARCUS ATILIUS

Regulus. Of this church in the Romanesque See also:

style, probably dating from the loth century, there remain the square See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, Io8 ft. in height, and the See also:

CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, of very diminutive proportions. On a See also:

plan of the town, about 1530, a See also:

CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel appears, and on See also:

SEALS

seals affixed to the city and See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college charters there are representations of other buildings attached. The cathedral was constructed in the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a Latin See also:

CROSS

cross, the See also:

TOTAL

total length inside the walls being 355 ft., the length of the See also:

NAVE

nave 20o ft., of the choir and lateral aisles 62 ft. and of the See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady See also:

CHAPEL

chapel at the eastern extremity 5o ft. The width at the transepts was 166 ft. and of the nave and choir 62 ft. The See also:

BUILDING

building was finished in the See also:

time of Bishop Lamberton (1297-1328), and was dedicated on the 5th of See also:

JULY

July 1318, the ceremony being witnessed by Robert See also:

Bruce. When entire it had, besides a central tower, six turrets, of which two at the See also:

east and one of the two at the west extremity, rising to a height of too ft., remain. The building was partly destroyed by See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1378, and the restoration and further embellishment were completed in 1440.

It was stripped of its altars and images in 1559. It is believed that about the end of the ,6th century the central tower gave way, carrying with it the north wall. Afterwards large portions of the ruins were taken away for building purposes, and nothing was done to preserve them until 1826. Since then it has been tended with scrupulous care, an interesting feature being the cutting out of the ground-plan in the See also:

TURF

turf. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal portions extant, partly See also:

Norman and partly See also:

Early See also:

ENGLISH

English, are the east and west gables, the greater part of the south wall of the nave and the west wall of the south See also:

TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept. The picturesque ruins of the See also:

castle are situated on a rocky promontory much worn away by the sea. It is supposed to have been erected by Bishop See also:

Roger about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, and was strongly fortified. It was frequently taken by the English, and after it had been captured by the Scottish See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, See also:

Andrew See also:

Murray, in 1336-1337, was destroyed lest it should fall into their hands. Towards the See also:

close of the century it was rebuilt by Bishop Trail in the form of a massive fortification with a See also:

MOAT

moat on the south and west sides. See also:

James I. spent some of his early years within it under the care of Bishop See also:

Wardlaw, and it was the birthplace of James III. (1445). From a window in the castle See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

BEATON (or BETIIUNE), DAVID, (c. 1494-1546)

Beaton witnessed the burning of George Wishart in front of the See also:

GATE

gate (1546), and in the same year he was murdered within it by a party of Reformers.

The castle was taken from the conspirators by the French, among the prisoners captured being See also:

John See also:

Knox. Some years afterwards it was repaired by See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Hamilton, but in less massive and less substantial form. By 1656, however, it had fallen into such disrepair that the town See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council ordered the materials to be used for repairing the pier. The principal remains are a portion of the south wall enclosing a square tower, the " See also:

BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle See also:

DUNGEON

dungeon "—so named from its shape: it was a See also:

CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell hewn out of the solid rock—below the north-west tower, the See also:

KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen tower and a curious subterranean passage. The grounds have been laid out as a public See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden. The town church, formerly the church of the See also:

HOLY

Holy Trinity, was originally founded in 1112 by Bishop See also:

TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot. The early building was a beautiful Norman structure, but at the close of the 18th century the whole, with the exception of little else than the square tower and See also:

SPIRE

spire, was re-erected in a See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and ungainly style. In this church John Knox first preached in public (May or See also:

JUNE

June 1547), and in it, on June 4th 1559, he delivered the famous See also:

SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon from St See also:

Matthew xxi. 12, 13, which led to the stripping of the cathedral and the destruction of the monastic buildings. The church contains an elaborate See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument in See also:

white See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble to James See also:

Sharp, archbishop of St Andrews (assassinated 1679). In South See also:

Street stands the lovely ruin of the north transept of the chapel of the Blackfriars' monastery founded by Bishop Wishart in 1274; but all traces of the Observantine monastery founded about 145o by Bishop See also:

Kennedy have disappeared, except the well. The great university of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by See also:

Lawrence of Lindores, See also:

abbot of See also:

Scone, See also:

Richard See also:

CORNWALL

Cornwall, See also:

ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of See also:

LOTHIAN

Lothian, See also:

William See also:

Stephen, afterwards archbishop of See also:

DUNBLANE

Dunblane, and a few others.

A See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter was issued in 1411 by Bishop Henry Wardlaw (d. 1440), who attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors, and six bulls were obtained from See also:

Benedict XIII. in 1413 confirming the charter and constituting the society a university. The lectures were delivered in various parts of the town until 1430, when Wardlaw allowed the lecturers the use of a building called the Paedagogium, or St John's. St Salvator's College was founded and richly endowed by Bishop Kennedy in 1456; seven years later it was granted the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to confer degrees in See also:

THEOLOGY

theology and See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and by the end of the century was regarded as a constituent part of the university. In 1512 St Leonard's College was founded by See also:

Prior John See also:

HEPBURN, SIR JOHN (c. 1598-1636)

Hepburn and Archbishop See also:

Alexander See also:

Stewart on the site of the buildings which at one time were used as a hospital for pilgrims. In the same year Archbishop Stewart nominally changed the See also:

ORIGINAL

original Paedagogium into a college and annexed to it the See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church of St See also:

Michael of Tarvet; but its actual erection into a college did not take See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place until 1537, when it was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin See also:

Mary of the See also:

ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption. The outline of the ancient structure is preserved, but its See also:

general See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character has been much altered by various restorations. It forms two sides of a quadrangle, the library and principal's residence being on the north and the lecture rooms and the old dining-hall on the west. The University library, which now includes the older college See also:

LIBRARIES

libraries, was founded about the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 17th century, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889-1890. The See also:

LOWER

lower hall in the older part of the building was used at times as a provincial See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place for the Scottish See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament. When the constitution of the colleges was remodelled in 1579 St Mary's was set apart for theology; and in 1747 the colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard were formed into the See also:

UNITED

United College. The buildings of St Leonard's are now occupied as a school for girls.

The college chapel is in ruins. The United College occupies the site of St Salvator's College, but the old buildings have been removed, with the exception of the college chapel,now used as the university chapel and the parish church of St Leonard's, a See also:

FINE

fine See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic structure, containing an elaborate See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Bishop Kennedy and Knox's See also:

PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit; the entrance gateway, with a square See also:

CLOCK

clock tower (152 ft.); and the janitor's house with some class-rooms above. The modern building, in the Elizabethan style, was erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, was in 1890 affiliated to the university of St Andrews. This arrangement was set aside by the House of Lords in 1895, but a reaffiliation took place in 1897. In 1887-1888 a See also:

COMMON

common dining-hall for the students was established; in 1892 See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was made 'within the university for the instruction of See also:

WOMEN

women; and for the See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board and residence of women students a permanent building was opened in 1896. To the south of the library medical buildings, erected by the munificence of the 3rd See also:

marquess of Bute, were opened in 1899 It was during the principalship of Dr James See also:

Donaldson, who succeeded John See also:

TULLOCH, JOHN (1823–1886)

Tulloch (1823-1886), that most of the modern improvements were introduced. See also:

MADRAS

Madras College, founded and endowed by Dr Andrew See also:

Bell (1755-1832), a native of the city, is a famous higher-class school. The town, which is governed by a council, See also:

PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost and bailies, gives its name to the See also:

DISTRICT

district See also:

GROUP

group of burghs for returning one member to parliament, the other constituents being the two Anstruthers, Crail, See also:

CUPAR

Cupar, Kilrenny and Pittenweem. Four See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles N.W. is Leuchars (pop. 711), the church of which, dating from IIoo, contains some beautiful Norman work in the chancel and See also:

apse, the nave being modern. It was in this church that Alexander See also:

Henderson (1583-1646) heard the sermon that led him to give up See also:

EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

Episcopacy.

At Guard See also:

BRIDGE

Bridge (pop. 715), so named from the six-arched bridge erected by Bishop Wardlaw at the mouth of the Eden, are a large See also:

paper-See also:

mill and brickworks. Mt See also:

Melville, to the S.W. of the city, was the residence of the novelist G. J. See also:

WHYTE, ALEXANDER (1837- )

Whyte-Melville (1821-1878), and Kinaldie, to the S., was the birthplace of See also:

Sir Robert Ayton the poet (1570-1638). On the See also:

SHORE

shore, to the S.E., stands the huge detached rock which, from its shape, bears the name of the Spindle rock. See also:

HISTORY

History.—St Andrews was probably the site of a Pictish stronghold, and tradition declares that See also:

KENNETH

Kenneth, the See also:

PATRON

patron saint of Kennoway, established a Culdee monastery here in the 6th century. The See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the little church dedicated to the Virgin were discovered on the Kirkheugh in 1860. Another Culdee church of St Mary on the Rock is supposed to have stood on the Lady's See also:

Craig, now covered by the sea. At that See also:

period the name of the place was Kilrymont (Gaelic, " The church of the See also:

King's See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount ") or Muckross. Another See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend tells how St Regulus or See also:

RULE

Rule, the bishop of See also:

PATRAS (Gr. Patrai)

Patras in See also:

ACHAEA

Achaea, was guided hither bearing the See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of Saint Andrew. The Pictish king See also:

ANGUS, EARLS OF

Angus gave him a See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

LAND

land called the See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

Boat See also:

Chase, no doubt the See also:

BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

Boar hills of the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

day, and the name of the spot was changed to St Andrews, the saint soon afterwards (747) becoming the patron-saint of Scotland (but see ANDREW, ST).

St Andrews is said to have been made a bishopric in the 9th century, and when the Pictish and Scottish churches were united in 908, the primacy was transferred to it from See also:

DUNKELD

Dunkeld, its bishops being thereafter known as bishops of See also:

ALBAN, SAINT

Alban. It became an archbishopric during the primacy of Patrick See also:

Graham (1466-1478). The town was created a royal burgh in 1124. In the 16th century St Andrews was one of the most important ports north of the Forth and is said to have numbered 14,000 inhabitants, but it See also:

fell into decay after the See also:

CIVIL

Civil See also:

War. See also:

DEFOE, DANIEL (c. 1.659—1731)

Defoe says that when he saw it one-See also:

SIXTH

sixth of its houses were ruinous and the sea had so encroached on the harbour that it was never likely to be restored; but the slight improvement in See also:

trade and public spirit which Bishop See also:

POCOCKE, EDWARD (1604-1691)

Pococke seemed to detect in 1760 continued throughout the 19th century. C. J. See also:

Lyon, History of St Andrews (1843) ; A. M `Lachlan, St Andrews: its See also:

HISTORICAL

Historical Associations and Public Buildings (See also:

EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1885) ; D. See also:

Hay See also:

Fleming, The Martyrs and Confessors of St Andrews (Cupar, 1887) ; See also:

Christian See also:

CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of St Andrews, 1559-1600 (Edinburgh, Scottish History Society, I889-189o); See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to St Andrews; Andrew See also:

Lang, St Andrews (See also:

LONDON

London, 189; D. R. Kerr, St Andrews in 1645-1646 (London, 1895) ; James See also:

Maitland See also:

Anderson, The University of St Andrews: an Historical See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch (1878) ; See also:

ANNUAL

Annual Register of St Andrews University.

End of Article: SAINT ANDRE, JACQUES

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