Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
BRITISH EAST
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: BRI-BUN
del.icio.us it!
|
See also:BRITISH See also:EAST See also:AFRICA still smaller Lakes Nakuro(5845ft.)and Elmenteita (586oft.),followed in turn by that of Lakes See also:Hannington and See also:Baringo (q.v.). Beyond Baringo the valley is drained See also:north into See also:Lake Sugota, in 2 N., some 35 in. See also:long, while north of this lies the much larger Lake See also:Rudolf (q.v.), the valley becoming here somewhat less defined. On the See also:west of the rift-valley the See also:wall of cliffs is best marked between the See also:equator and 1 ° S., where it is known as the Mau Escarpment, and about 1 ° N., where the Elgeyo Escarpment falls to a See also:longitudinal valley separated from Lake Baringo by the See also:ridge of Kamasia. Opposite Lake See also:Naivasha the Mau Escarpment is over 8000 ft. high. Its See also:crest is covered with a vast See also:forest. To the See also:south the See also:woods become more open, and the See also:plateau falls to an open See also:country drained towards the Dogilani plains. On the west the cultivated districts of Sotik and Lumbwa, broken by wooded heights, fall towards See also:Victoria See also:Nyanza. The Mau plateau reaches a height of 9000 ft. on the equator, north of which is the somewhat See also:lower See also:Nandi country, well watered and partly forested. In the treeless plateau of Uasin Gishu, west of Elgeyo, the See also:land again rises to a height of over 8000 ft., and to the west of this is the See also:great See also:mountain See also:mass of See also:Elgon (q.v.). East of Lake Rudolf and south of Lake See also:Stefanie is a large waterless See also:steppe, mainly volcanic in See also:character, from which rise mountain ranges. The highest See also:peak is See also:Mount Kanjora, 6900 ft. high. South of this arid region, strewn with great See also:lava stones, are the Rendile uplands, affording pasturage for thousands of camels. See also:Running north-west and south-east between Lake Stefanie and the Daua tributary of the See also:Juba is a mountain range with a steep escarpment towards the south. It is known as the Goro Escarpment, and at its eastern end it forms the boundary between the See also:protectorate and See also:Abyssinia. South-east of it the country is largely level See also:bush covered See also:plain, mainly waterless. [See also:Geology.—The See also:geological formations of British East Africa occur in four regions possessing distinct physiographical features. The See also:coast plain, narrow in the south and rising somewhat steeply, consists of See also:recent rocks. The See also:foot plateau which succeeds is composed of sedimentary rocks dating from Trias to See also:Jurassic. The See also:ancient plateau commencing at Taru extends to the See also:borders of Kikuyu and is composed of ancient crystalline rocks on which immense quantities of volcanic rocks—post-Jurassic to Recent—have accumulated to See also:form the volcanic plateau of Central East Africa. The formations recognized are given in the following table: Sedimentary. 1. See also:Alluvium and superficial sands. Recent . . 2. See also:Modern lake deposits, living See also:coral See also:rock. 3. Raised coral rock, See also:conglomerate of Mom- basa See also:Island. See also:Pleistocene 4. Gravels with See also:flint implements. 5. Glacial beds of See also:Kenya. Jurassic 6. Shales and limestones of Changamwe. See also:Karroo. j 7. Flags and sandstones. . . 8. Grits and shales of Masara and Taru. Carboniferous? 9. Shales of the See also:Sabaki See also:river. to. See also:Schists and quartzites of Nandi. Archaean . 11. Gneisses, schists, granites. Recent Active, dormant and See also:extinct volcanoes. See also:Post-Jurassic Kibo and volcanoes of the rift-valley. to Pleistocene Kimawenzi, Kenya and plateau eruptions. Archaean.—These rocks prevail in the districts of Taru, Nandi and throughout Ukamba. A course See also:gneiss is the predominant rock, but is associated with garnetiferous See also:mica-schists and much intrusive See also:granite. See also:Hornblende schists and beds of metamorphic See also:limestone are rare. Cherty quartzites interbedded with mylonites occur on the flanks of the Nandi hills, but their See also:age is not known. Carboniferous?—From shales on the Sabaki river Dr See also:Gregory obtained See also:fish-scales and specimens of Palaeanodonta Fischeri. Karroo.—The grits of Masara, near Rabai See also:mission station and See also:Mombasa, have yielded specimens of Glossopteris browniana See also:var. indica, thus indicating their Karroo age. Jurassic.—Shales and limestones of this age are well seen along the railway near Changamwe. They contain gigantic See also:ammonites. According to Dr See also:Waagen the ammonites show a striking See also:analogy to forms from the Acanthicus See also:zone of East See also:India. Belemnites are plentiful. Pleistocene.—These are feebly represented by some See also:boulder beds on the higher slopes of See also:Kilimanjaro and Kenya. They show that in Pleistocene times the glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Kenya extended much farther down the mountain slopes. Recent.—The ancient and more modern lake deposits have so far yielded no mammalian or other organic remains of See also:interest. Igneous and Volcanic.—A See also:belt of volcanic rocks, over 150,000 sq. m. in See also:area, extends from beyond the See also:southern to beyond the See also:northern territorial limits. They belong to an older and a newer set. The older See also:group commenced with a See also:series of fissure eruptions along the site of the See also:present rift-valley and parallel with it. From these fissures immense and repeated flows of lava spread over the Kapte •nd Laikipia plateaus. At about the same See also:time, or a little later, Kenya and Kimawenzi, Elgon and Chibcharagnani were in eruption. The age of these volcanic outbursts cannot be more definitely stated than that they are post-Jurassic, and probably extended through Cretaceous into See also:early See also:Tertiary times. This great volcanic See also:period was followed by the eruptions of Kibo and some of the larger volcanoes of the rift-valley. The flows from Kibo include See also:nepheline and See also:leucite basanite lavas See also:rich in soda felspars. They See also:bear a See also:close resemblance to the See also:Norwegian " Rhombenporphyrs." The See also:chain of volcanic cones along the northern lower slopes of Kilimanjaro, those of the Kyulu mountains, Donyo Longonot and numerous craters in the rift-valley region, are of a slightly more recent date. A few of the volcanoes in the latter region have only recently become extinct; a few may be only dormant. Donyo See also:Burn still emits small quantities of See also:steam, while Mount Teleki, in the neighbourhood of Lake Rudolf, was in eruption at the close of the 19th See also:century.
See also:Climate, See also:Flora and See also:Fauna.—In its climate and vegetation British East Africa again shows an arrangement of zones parallel to the coast. The coast region is hot but is generally more healthy than the coast lands of other tropical countries, this being due to the See also:constant beeeze from the See also:Indian Ocean and to the dryness of the See also:soil. The rainfall on the coast is about 35 in. a See also:year, the temperature tropical. The succeeding plains and the See also:outer plateaus are more arid. Farther inland the highlands—in which See also:term may be included all districts over 5000 ft. high—are very healthy, See also:fever being almost unknown. The See also:average temperature is about 66° F. in the cool See also:season and 73° F. in the hot season. Over 7000 ft. the climate becomes distinctly colder and frosts are experienced. The average rainfall in the See also:highlands is between 40 and 50 in. The country bordering Victoria Nyanza is typically tropical; the rainfall exceeds 6o in. in the year, and this region is quite unsuitable to Europeans. The hottest period throughout the protectorate is See also:December to See also:April, the coolest, See also:July to See also:September. The " greater rains " fall from See also: The rainfall is not, however, as See also:regular as is usual in countries within the tropics, and severe droughts are occasionally experienced. In the districts bordering Victoria Nyanza the flora resembles that of See also:Uganda (q.v.). The characteristic trees of the coast regions are the See also:mangrove and coco-See also:nut See also:palm. See also:Ebony grows in the scrub-See also:jungle. Vast forests of See also:olives and junipers are found on the Mau escarpment; the See also:cotton, fig and See also:bamboo on the Kikuyu escarpment; and in several regions are dense forests of great trees whose lowest branches are 50 ft. from the ground. Two varieties of the valuable See also:rubber-See also:vine, Landolphia See also:florida and Landolphia Kirkii, are found near the coast and in the forests. The higher mountains preserve distinct See also:species, the surviving remnants of the flora of a cooler period. The fauna is not abundant except in large mammals, which are very numerous on the drier See also:steppes. They include the See also:camel (confined to the arid northern regions), See also:elephant (more and more restricted to unfrequented districts), See also:rhinoceros, See also:buffalo, many kinds of See also:antelope, See also:zebra, See also:giraffe, See also:hippopotamus, See also:lion and other See also:carnivora, and numerous monkeys. In many parts the rhinoceros is particularly abundant and dangerous. Crocodiles are See also:common in the larger See also:rivers and in Victoria Nyanza. See also:Snakes are somewhat rare, the most dangerous being the puff-See also:adder. Centipedes and scorpions, as well as mosquitoes and other See also:insects, are also less common than in most tropical countries. In some districts bees are exceedingly numerous. The birds include the See also:ostrich, See also:stork, See also:bustard and secretary-See also:bird among the larger varieties, the See also:guinea See also:fowl, various kinds of See also:spur fowl, and the lesser bustard, the See also:wild See also:pigeon, See also:weaver and See also:hornbill. By the See also:banks of lakes and rivers are to be seen thousands of See also:cranes, pelicans and flamingoes.
Inhabitants.—The See also: A See also:branch of the Masai which has adopted the settled See also:life of agriculturists is known as the Wakuafi. The Galla See also:section of the Hamites is represented, among others, by Borani living
Igneous and Volcanic.
south of the Goro Escarpment (though the true Boran countries are Liban and Dirri in Abyssinian territory), while Somali occupy the country between the See also:Tana and Juba rivers. Of the Somali tribes the Herti dwell near the coast and are more or less stationary. Further inland is the nomadic tribe of Ogaden Somali. The Gurre, another Somali tribe, occupy the country south of the lower See also:Dana. See also:Primitive See also:hunting tribes are the Wandorobo in Masailand, and scattered tribes of small stature in various parts. The coast-land contains a mixed population of See also:Swahili, Arab and Indian immigrants, and representatives of numerous interior tribes.
Provinces and Towns.—The protectorate has been divided into the provinces of Seyyidie (the south coast See also:province, See also:capital Mombasa); Ukamba, which occupies the centre of the protectorate (capital See also:Nairobi); Kenya, the See also:district of Mt. Kenya (capital Fort See also: The See also:harbour on the south-west See also:side of Mombasa island is known as Kilindini, the See also:terminus of the Uganda railway. On the mainland, nearly oppositeMombasa See also:town, is the See also:settlement of freed slaves named Freretown, after See also:Sir Bartle See also:Frere. Freretown (called by the natives Kisaoni) is the headquarters in East Africa of the See also: Naivasha, 64 m. north-north-west of Nairobi, lies in the rift-valley close to Lake Naivasha, and is 6230 ft. above the See also:sea. It enjoys an excellent climate and is the centre of a See also:European agricultural settlement. Kisumu or Port Florence (a term confined to the harbour) is a flourishing town built on a See also: In the remaining See also:loo m. of its course the level sinks to 3738 It., the See also:altitude of the station at Port Florence. The railway was built by the British See also:government at a cost of £5,331,000, or about £9500 per mile. The first See also:locomotive reached Victoria Nyanza on the 26th of December tgof ; and the L,ermaneat way was practically completed by Macch 1903, w':See also:ea Sir See also:George Whitehouse, the engineer who had been in See also:charge of the construction from the beginning, resigned his post. The railway, by doing away with the See also:carriage of goods by men, gave the final See also:death-See also:blow to the slave trade in that part of East Africa. It also facilitated the continued occupation and development of Uganda, which was, previous to its construction, an almost impossible task, owing to the prohibitive cost of the carriage of goods from the coast—£6o per ton. The two avowed See also:objects of the railway—the destruction of the slave trade and the securing of the British position in Uganda—have been attained; moreover, the railway by opening up land suitable for European settlement has also done much towards making a prosperous See also:colony of the protectorate, which was regarded before the See also:advent of the line as little better than a See also:desert (see below, See also:History). The railway also shows a See also:fair return on the capital See also:expenditure, the surplus after defraying all working expenses being £56,000 in 1905-1906 and £76,000 in 1906-1907. Mombasa is visited by the boats of several steamship companies, the See also:German East Africa line maintaining a fortnightly service from See also:Hamburg. There is also a regular service to and from India. A See also:cable connecting Mombasa with See also:Zanzibar puts the protectorate in direct telegraphic communication with the See also:rest of the See also:world. There is also an inland See also:system of telegraphs connecting the chief towns with one another and with Uganda. See also:Agriculture and other See also:Industries.—In the coast region and by the shores of Victoria Nyanza the products are tropical, and cultivation is mainly in the hands of the natives or of Indian immigrants. There are, however, numerous plantations owned by Europeans. See also:Rice, See also:maize and other grains are raised in large quantities; cotton and See also:tobacco are cultivated. The coco-nut palm plantations yield See also:copra of excellent quality, and the bark of the mangrove trees is exported for tanning purposes. In some inland districts beans of the See also:castor oil plant, which grows in great abundance, are a lucrative See also:article of trade. The See also:sugar-See also:cane, which grows freely in various places, is cultivated by the natives. The collection of rubber likewise employs numbers of See also:people. Among the European settlers in the higher regions much See also:attention is devoted to the See also:production of vegetables, and very large crops of potatoes are raised. Oats, See also:barley, See also:wheat and See also:coffee are also grown. The uplands are peculiarly adapted for the raising of stock, and many of the white settlers possess large flocks and herds. See also:Merino See also:sheep have been introduced from See also:Australia. Ostrich farms have also been established. See also:Clover, See also:lucerne, ryegrass and similar See also:grasses have been introduced to improve and vary the See also:fodder. Other See also:vegetable products of economic value are many varieties of See also:timber trees, and fibre-producing See also:plants, which are abundant in the scrub regions between the coast and the higher land bordering the rift-valley. Over the greater part of the country the soil is See also:light reddish See also:loam; in the eastern plains 'it is a heavy See also:black loam. As a See also:rule it is easily cultivated. While the See also:majority of the African tribes in the territory are not averse from agricultural labour, the number of men available for work on European holdings is small. Moreover, on some of the land most suited for cultivation by white men there is no native population.
In addition to the fibre See also:industry and cotton ginning there are factories for the curing of See also: The See also:retail trade is largely in the hands of See also:Indians. The value of the exports See also:rose from £89,858 in 1900—1901 to £234,664 in 1904-1905, in which year the value of the imports for the first time exceeded £500,000. In 1906-1907 the See also:volume of trade was £1,194,352, imports being valued at £753,647 and exports at £440,705. The See also:United States takes 33% of the exports, Great Britain coming next with 15%. Government.—The system of government resembles that of a British See also:crown colony. At the head of the See also:administration is a See also:governor, who has a See also:deputy styled See also:lieutenant-governor, provincial commissioners presiding over each province. There are also executive and legislative See also:councils, unofficial nominated members serving on the last-named See also:council. In the " ten-mile See also:strip " (see below, History), the See also:sultan of Zanzibar being territorial See also:sovereign, the See also:laws of See also:Islam apply to the native and Arab population. The extra-territorial See also:jurisdiction granted by the sultan to various See also:Powers was in 1907 transferred to Great Britain. Domestic See also:slavery formerly existed; but on the See also:advice of the British government a See also:decree was, issued by the sultan on the 1st of See also:August 1890, enacting that no one See also:born after that date could be a slave, and this was followed in 1907 by a decree abolishing the legal status of slavery. In the rest of the protectorate slavery is not recognized in any form. Legislation is by ordinances made by the governor, with the assent of the legislative council. The judicial system is based on Indian See also:models, though in cases in which Africans are concerned regard is had to
nativeeustoms, Europeans have the right to trial by See also:jury in serious cases. ,There is a See also:police force of about 2000 men, and two battalions of; the See also: The interior of what is now British East Africa was first made known in the See also:middle of the 19th century by the German missionaries See also:Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann, and by See also:Baron Karl von der Decken (1833-1865) and others. Von der Decken and three other Europeans were murdered by Somali at a town called Bardera in See also:October 1865, whilst exploring the Juba river. The countries east of Victoria Nyanza (Masailand, &c.) were, however, first traversed throughout their whole extent by the Scottish traveller See also:Joseph See also:Thomson (q.v.) in 1883-,1884. In 1888 See also:Count S. Teleki (a Hungarian) discovered Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie.
The growth of British interests in the country now forming the protectorate arises from its connexion with the sultanate of Zanzibar. At Zanzibar British See also:influence was very strong in the last See also:quarter of the loth century, and the seyyid or sultan, Bargash, depended greatly on the advice of the British representative, Sir See also: A British claim, ratified by an agreement with Germany in 1886, was made to the districts behind Mombasa; and in May 1887 Bargash granted to an association formed by Mackinnon a concession for the administration of so much of his mainland territory as See also:lay outside the region which the British government had 'recognized as the German See also:sphere of operations. By See also:international agreement the mainland territories of the sultan were defined as extending ro m. inland from the coast. Mackirnnon's association, whose See also:object
A See also:char was to open up the See also:hinterland as well as this ten-mile
feted strip, became the Imperial British East Africa Company company by a founder's agreement of April 1888, and received
formed, a royal See also:charter in September of the same year. To this company the sultan made a further concession dated October 1858. On the faith of these concessions and the charters a sum of £240,000 was subscribed, and the company received formal charge of `their concessions. The path of the company was speedily beset with difficulties, which in the first instance arose out of the aggressions of the German East African Company. This company had also received.} See also: Moreover, the company had agreed by the concession of October 1888 to pay a high revenue to the sultan-Bargash had died in the preceding March and the Germans were pressing his successor to give them a grant of Lamu—in lieu of the customs collected at the . ports they took over. The disturbance caused by the German claims had a detrimental effect on trade and put a considerable strain on the resources of the company. The See also:action of the company in agreeing to onerous See also:financial burdens was dictated partly by regard for imperial interests, which would have been seriously weakened had Lamu gone to the Germans. By the hinterland See also:doctrine, accepted both by Great Britain and Germany in the See also:diplomatic See also:correspondence of July 1887, Uganda would fall within Great Britain's " sphere of influence "; but German public See also:opinion did not so regard the See also:matter. German maps assigned the territory to Germany, while in See also:England public opinion as strongly expected British influence to be paramount. In 1889 Karl See also:Peters, a German See also:official, led what was practically a raiding expedition into that country, after running a blockade of the ports. An expedition under F. J See also:Jackson had been sent by the company in the same year to Victoria Nyanza, but with instructions to avoid Uganda. In consequence of representations from Uganda, and of tidings he received of Peters's doings, Jackson, however, determined to go to that country. Peters retired at Jackson's approach, claiming, nevertheless, to have made certain See also:treaties which constituted " effective occupation." Peters's treaty was dated the 1st of March 1890: Jackson concluded another in April. Meantime negotiations were proceeding in Europe; and by the Anglo-German agreement of the 1st of July 1890 Uganda was assigned to the British sphere. To consolidate their position in Uganda—the See also:French missionaries there were hostile to Great Britain—the company sent thither See also:Captain F. D. See also:Lugard, who reached Mengo, the capital, in December 1890 and established the authority of the company despite French intrigues. In July 1890 representatives of the powers assembled at See also:Brussels had agreed on common efforts for the suppression of the slave trade. The interference of the company in Uganda had been a material step towards that object, which they sought to further and at the same time to open up the country by the construction of a railway from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza. But their resources being inadequate for such an undertaking they sought imperial aid. Although Lord Salisbury, then See also:prime See also:minister, paid the highest See also:tribute to the company's labours, and a preliminary grant for the survey had been practically agreed upon, the See also:scheme was wrecked in See also:parliament. At a later date, however, the railway was built entirely at government cost (supra, § Communications). Owing to the financial strainimposed upon it the company decided to withdraw Captain Lugard and his forces in August 1891; and eventually the British government assumed a protectorate over the country (see UGANDA). Further difficulties now arose which led finally to the extinction of the company. Its pecuniary interests sustained a severe blow owing to the British government—which had taken Zanzibar under its See also:protection in November 1890—declaring (June 1892) the dominions of the sultan within the See also:free trade zone. This See also:act extinguished the treaties regulating all tariffs and duties with foreign powers, and gave free trade all along the coast. The result for the company was that dues were now swept away without See also:compensation, and the company was See also:left saddled with the See also:payment of the See also:rent, and with the cost, in addition, of administration, The, company and the crown. the necessary revenue for which had been derived from the dues thus abolished. Moreover, a scheme of See also:taxation which it See also:drew up failed to gain the approval of the foreign office. In every direction the company's affairs had drifted into an impasse. Plantations had been taken over on the coast and worked at a loss, See also:money had been advanced to native traders and lost, and expectations of trade had been disappointed. At this crisis Sir William Mackinnon, the guiding spirit of the company, died (June 1893). At a See also:meeting of shareholders on the 8th of May 1894 an offer to surrender the charter to the government was approved, though not without strong pretests. Negotiations dragged on for over two years, and ultimately the terms of settlement were that the government should See also:purchase the See also:property, rights and See also:assets of the company in East Africa for £250,000. Although the company had proved unprofitable for the shareholders (when its accounts were See also:wound up they disclosed a total deficit of £193,757) it had accomplished a great See also:deal of good work and had brought under British sway not only the head See also:waters of the upper See also:Nile, but a rich and healthy upland region admirably adapted for European colonization. To the See also:judgment, foresight and patriotism of Sir William Mackinnon British East Africa practically owes its See also:foundation. Sir William and his colleagues of the company were largely animated by humanitarian motives—the See also:desire to suppress slavery and to improve the See also:condition of the natives. With this aim they prohibited the drink See also:traffic, started See also:industrial See also:missions, built roads, and administered impartial See also:justice. In the opinion of a later See also:administrator (Sir C. See also:Eliot), their work and that of their immediate successors was the greatest philanthropic achievement of the latter part of the 19th century. On the 1st of July 1895 the formal See also:transfer to the British crown of the territory administered by the company took See also:place at Mombasa, the foreign office assuming responsibility for its administration. The territory, hitherto known as " Ibea," from the See also:initials of the company, was now styled the East Africa protectorate. The small sultanate of See also:Witu (q.v.) on the mainland opposite Lamu, from 1885 to 1890 a German protectorate, was included in the British protectorate. Coincident with the transfer of the administration to the imperial government a dispute as to the See also:succession to a chieftainship in the Mazrui, the most important Arab See also:family on the coast, led to a revolt which lasted ten months and involved much hard fighting. It ended in April 1896 in the See also:flight of the See also:rebel leaders to German territory, where they were interned. The See also:rebellion marks an important See also:epoch in the history of the protectorate as its suppression definitely substituted European for Arab influence. " Before the rebellion," says Sir C. Eliot, " the coast was a protected Arab See also:state; since its suppression it has been growing into a British colony." From 1896, when the See also:building of the Mombasa-Victoria Nyanza railway was begun, until 1903, when the line was practically completed, the energies of the administra-A white tion were largely absorbed in that great work, and in See also:man's country. establishing effective See also:control over the Masai, Somali, and other tribes. The coast lands apart, the protectorate was regarded as valuable chiefly as being the high road to Uganda. But as the railway reached the high plateaus the See also:discovery was made that there were large areas of land—very sparsely peopled-where the climate was excellent and where the conditions were favourable to European colonization. The completion of the railway, by affording transport facilities, made it practicable to open the country to settlers. The first application for land was made in April 1902 by the East Africa Syndicate—a company in which financiers belonging to the Chartered Company of _South Africa were interested—which sought a grant of 500 sq. m.; and this was followed by other applications for considerable areas, a scheme being also See also:pro-pounded for a large Jewish settlement.
During 1903 the arrival of hundreds of prospective settlers, chiefly from South Africa, led to the decision to entertain no more applications for large areas of land, especially as questions were raised concerning the preservation for the Masai of theirrights of pasturage. In the carrying out of this policy a dispute arose between Lord See also:Lansdowne, foreign secretary, and Sir See also: In 1907, to meet the demands of the increasing number of white inhabitants, who had formeda Colonists' Association2 for the promotion of their interests, a Iegislative council was established, and on this council representatives of the settlers were given seats. The See also:style of the chief official was also altered, governor " being substituted for " commissioner." In the same year a scheme was See also:drawn. up for assisting the See also:immigration of British Indians to the regions adjacent to the coast and to Victoria Nyanza, districts not suitable for settlement by Europeans. In See also:general the relations of the British with the tribes of the interior have been satisfactory. The Somali in Jubaland have given some trouble, but the Masai, notwithstanding their warlike reputation, accepted peaceably the control of the whites. This was due, in great measure, to the fact that at the period in question See also:plague carried off their cattle wholesale and reduced them for years to a state of want and weakness which destroyed their warlike habits. One of the most troublesome tribes proved to See also:lie the Nandi, who occupied the southern part of the plateau west of the Mau escarpment. They repeatedly raided their less warlike neighbours and committed wholesale thefts from the railway and See also:telegraph lines. In September 1905 an expedition was sent against them which reduced the tribe to submission in the following November; and early in 1906 the Nandi were removed into a reserve. The majority of the natives; unaccustomed to regular work, showed themselves averse from taking service under the white farmers. The inadequacy of the labour See also:supply was an early cause of trouble to the settlers, while the labour regulations enforced led, during 1907-1908, to considerable See also:friction between the colonists and the administration. For several years after the establishment of the protectorate the northern region remained very little known and no See also:attempt was made to administer the district. The natives were frequently raided by parties of See also:Gallas and Abyssinians, and in the See also:absence of a defined frontier Abyssinian government posts were pushed south to Lake Rudolf. The Abyssinians also made themselves masters of the Boran country. After long negotiations an agreement as to the boundary line between the lake and i See Correspondence See also:relating to the Retignation of Sir C. Eliot, Africa, No. 8 (1904). 2 The Planters and Farmers' Association, as this organization was originally called, See also:dates from 1903. the river Juba was signed at Adis Ababa on the 6th of December 1907, and in 1908–1909 the frontier was delimited by an Anglo-Abyssinian See also:commission, See also:Major C. W. Gwynn being the chief British representative. See also:Save for its north-eastern extremity Lake Rudolf was assigned to the British, Lake Stefanie falling to Abyssinia, while from about 40 20' N. the Daua to its junction with the Juba became the frontier. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] BRITISH DOMINIONS OVER |
[next] BRITISH EAST AFRICA |