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RICHARD DE CLARE

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Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 79 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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RICHARD DE See also:CLARE , 2nd See also:earl of See also:Pembroke (d. 1176), commonly known as " Strongbow," son of the first earl, succeeded to his See also:father's estates in 1148, but had forfeited or lost them by 1168. In that See also:year Dermot, See also:king of See also:Leinster, driven out of his See also:kingdom by See also:Roderick, king of See also:Connaught, came to solicit help from See also:Henry II. He secured the services of Earl Richard, promising him the See also:hand of his daughter Eva and the See also:succession to Leinster. The earl crossed over in See also:person (1170), took both See also:Waterford and See also:Dublin, and was married to Eva. But Henry II., jealous of this success, ordered all the troops to return by See also:Easter 1171. In May Dermot died; this was the See also:signal of a See also:general rising, and Richard barely managed to keep Roderick of Connaught out of Dublin. Immediately afterwards he hurried to See also:England to solicit help from Henry II., and surrendered to him all his lands and castles. Henry crossed over in See also:October 1172; he stayed in See also:Ireland six months, and put his own men into nearly all the important places, Richard keeping only See also:Kildare. In 1173 he went in person to See also:France to help Henry II., and was See also:present at See also:Verneuil, being reinstated in Leinster as a See also:reward. In 1174 he advanced into Connaught and was severely defeated, but fortunately See also:Raymond le See also:Gros re-established his supremacy in Leinster. See also:Early in 1176 Richard died, just as Raymond had taken See also:Limerick for him.

Strongbow was the statesman, as the Fitzgeralds were the soldiers, of the See also:

conquest. He is vividly described by Giraldus Cambrensis as a tall and See also:fair See also:man, of pleasing See also:appearance, modest in his bearing, delicate in features, of a See also:low See also:voice, but See also:sage in See also:council and the idol of his soldiers. He was buried in the See also:cathedral See also:church of Dublin, where his effigy and that of his wife are still preserved. See Giraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio hibernica; and the See also:Song of Dermot, edited by G. H. Orpen (1892). Strongbow having died without male issue, his daughter See also:ISABEL became countess of Pembroke in her own right, and the See also:title was See also:borne by her See also:husband, See also:SIR See also:WILLIAM See also:MARSHAL, or Le Marechal, seccnd son of See also:John le Marechal, by Sibylle, the See also:sister of See also:Patrick, earl of See also:Salisbury. John le Marechal was a See also:partisan of the empress See also:Matilda, and died about 1164. The date of Sir William Marshal's See also:birth is uncertain, but his parents were married not earlier than 1141, and he was a See also:mere See also:child in 1152, when he attracted the See also:notice of King See also:Stephen. In 1170 he was selected for a position in the See also:household of See also:Prince Henry, the See also:heir-apparent, and remained there until the See also:death of his See also:young See also:patron (1183). He undertook a See also:pilgrimage to the See also:Holy See also:Land, where he served as a crusader with distinction for two years. Although he had abetted the prince in See also:rebellion he was pardoned by Henry H. and admitted to the royal serviceabout 1188.

In 1189 he covered the See also:

flight of Henry II. from Le Mans to See also:Chinon, and, in a skirmish, unhorsed the undutiful Richard Cceur de See also:Lion. None the less Richard, on his See also:accession, promoted Marshal and confirmed the old king's See also:licence for his See also:marriage with the heiress of Strigul and Pembroke. This match gave Marshal the See also:rank of an earl, with See also:great estates in See also:Wales and Ireland, and he was included in the council of regency which the king appointed on his departure for the third crusade (Ilgo). He took the See also:side of Prince John when the latter expelled the See also:justiciar, William See also:Longchamp, from the kingdom, but he soon discovered that the interests of John were different from those of Richard. Hence in 1193 he joined with the See also:loyalists in making See also:war upon the prince. Richard forgave Marshal his first See also:error of See also:judgment, allowed him to succeed his See also:brother, John Marshal, in the hereditary marshalship, and on his death-See also:bed designated him as custodian of See also:Rouen and of the royal treasure during the See also:interregnum. Though he quarrelled more than once with John, Marshal was one of the few See also:English laymen who clung to the royal side through the Barons' War. He was one of John's executors, and was subsequently elected See also:regent of the king and kingdom by the royalist barons in 1216. In spite of his advanced See also:age he prosecuted the war against Prince See also:Louis and the rebels with remarkable See also:energy. In the See also:battle of See also:Lincoln (May 1217) he charged and fought at the See also:head of the young king's See also:army, and he was preparing to besiege Louis in See also:London when the war was terminated by the See also:naval victory of See also:Hubert de See also:Burgh in the straits of See also:Dover. He was criticized for the generosity of the terms he accorded to Louis and the rebels (See also:September 1217); but his See also:desire for an expeditious See also:settlement was dictated by See also:sound statesmanship. Self-See also:restraint and See also:compromise were the See also:key-notes of Marshal's policy.

Both before and after the See also:

peace of 1217 he reissued Magna Carta. He See also:fell See also:ill early in the year 1219, and died on the 14th of May at his See also:manor of Caversham near See also:Reading. He was succeeded in the regency by Hubert de Burgh, in his earldom by his five sons in succession. i See the metrical See also:French See also:life, Histoire de See also:Guillaume le Marechal (ed. P. See also:Meyer, 3 vols., See also:Paris, 1891–1901) ; the Minority of Henry III., by G. J. See also:Turner (Trans. Royal Hist. See also:Soc., new See also:series, vol. xviii. pp. 245—295) ; and W. See also:Stubbs, Constitutional See also:History, chs. and xiv. (See also:Oxford, 1896-1897).

Marshal's eldest son, WILLIAM MARSHAL (d. 1231), 2nd earl of Pembroke of this See also:

line, passed some years in warfare in Wales and in Ireland, where he was justiciar from 1224 to 1226; he also served Henry III. in France. His second wife was the king's sister, Eleanor, afterwards the wife of See also:Simon de See also:Montfort, but he See also:left no See also:children. His brother RICHARD MARSHAL (d. 1234), 3rd earl, came to the front as the See also:leader of the baronial party, and the See also:chief antagonist of the See also:foreign See also:friends of Henry III. Fearing treachery he refused to visit the king at See also:Gloucester in See also:August 1233, and Henry declared him a traitor. He crossed to Ireland, where See also:Peter See also:des Roches had instigated his enemies to attack him, and in See also:April 1234 he was overpowered and wounded, and died a prisoner. His brother See also:GILBERT (d. 1241), who became the 4th earl, was a friend and ally of Richard, earl of See also:Cornwall. When another brother, See also:Anselm, the 6th earl, died in See also:December 1245, the male descendants of the great earl marshal became See also:extinct. The extensive See also:family possessions were now divided among Anselm's five sisters and their descendants, the earldom of Pembroke reverting to the See also:Crown. The next holder of the lands of the earldom of Pembroke was William de See also:Valence (d.

1296), a younger son of See also:

Hugh de See also:Lusignan, See also:count of La See also:Marche, by his marriage with See also:Isabella of See also:Angouleme (d. 1246), widow of the English king John, and was See also:born at Valence, near Lusignan. In 1247 William and his See also:brothers, See also:Guy and See also:Aymer, crossed over to England at the invitation of their See also:half-brother, Henry III. In 1250 Aymer (d. 126o) was elected See also:bishop of See also:Winchester, and in 1247 Henry arranged a marriage between William and See also:Joan de Munchensi (d. 1307) a See also:grand-daughter of William Marshal, 1st earl of Pembroke. The custody of Joan's See also:property, which included the See also:castle and lordship of Pembroke, was entrusted to her husband, who in 1295 was summoned to See also:parliament as earl of Pembroke. In See also:South Wales Valence tried to regain the See also:palatine rights which had been of Wales; and when this prince succeeded to the See also:throne as attached to the earldom of Pembroke. But his energies were See also:Edward V., the earldom of Pembroke merged in the crown. not confined to South Wales. Henry III. heaped lands and See also:ANNE See also:BOLEYN, a few months previous to her marriage with Henry VIII., was created marchioness of Pembroke in 1532. It is doubted by authorities on See also:peerage See also:law whether the title merged in the royal dignity on the marriage of the marchioness to the king, or became extinct on her death in 1536. The title of earl of Pembroke was next revived in favour of SIR WILLIAM See also:HERBERT (c.

150I-1570), whose father, Richard, was an illegitimate son of the 1st earl of Pembroke of the See also:

house of Herbert. He had married Anne See also:Parr, sister of Henry VIII.'s See also:sixth wife, and was created earl in 1551. The title has since been held by his descendants. An executor of Henry VIII.'s will and the recipient of valuable grants of land, Herbert was a prominent and powerful personage during the reign of Edward VI., both the See also:protector See also:Somerset and his See also:rival, John See also:Dudley, afterwards See also:duke of See also:Northumberland, See also:angling for his support. He threw in his See also:lot with Dudley, and after Somerset's fall obtained some of his lands in See also:Wiltshire and a peerage. It has been asserted that he devised the See also:scheme for settling the English crown on See also:Lady Jane See also:Grey; at all events he was one of her advisers during her See also:short reign, but he declared for See also:Mary when he saw that Lady Jane's cause was lost. By Mary and her friends Pembroke's See also:loyalty was at times suspected, but he was employed as See also:governor of See also:Calais, as See also:president of Wales and in other ways. He was also to some extent in the confidence of See also:Philip II. of See also:Spain. The earl retained his See also:place at See also:court under See also:Elizabeth until 1569, when he was suspected of favouring the projected marriage between Mary, See also:queen of Scots, and the duke of See also:Norfolk. Among the monastic lands granted to Herbert was the See also:estate of See also:Wilton, near Salisbury, still the See also:residence of the earls of Pembroke. His See also:elder son Henry (c. 1534-1601), who succeeded as 2nd earl, was president of Wales from 1586 until his death.

He married in 1577 Mary See also:

Sidney, the famous countess of Pembroke (c. 1561-1621), third daughter of Sir Henry Sidney and his wife Mary Dudley. Sir Philip Sidney to whom she was deeply attached through life, was her eldest brother. Sir Philip Sidney spent the summer of x58o with her at Wilton, or at Ivychurch, a favourite See also:retreat of hers in the neighbourhood. Here at her See also:request he began the Countess of Pembroke's See also:Arcadia, which was intended for her See also:pleasure alone, not for publication. The two also worked at a metrical edition of the See also:Psalms. When the great sorrow of her brother's death came upon her she made herself his See also:literary executor, correcting the unauthorized See also:editions of the Arcadia and of his poems, which appeared in 1590 and 1591. She also took under her patronage the poets who had looked to her brother for See also:protection. See also:Spenser dedicated his Ruines of See also:Time to her, and refers to her as Urania in See also:Colin Clout's come See also:home againe; in Spenser's Astrophel she is " Clorinda." In 1599 Queen Elizabeth was her See also:guest at Wilton, and the countess composed for the occasion a See also:pastoral See also:dialogue in praise of See also:Astraea. After her husband's death she lived chiefly in London at See also:Crosby See also:Hall, where she died. The Countess's other See also:works include: A Discourse of Life and Death, translated from the French of Plessis du See also:Mornay (1593), and See also:Antoine (1592), a version of a tragedy of See also:Robert See also:Garnier. honours upon him, and he was soon thoroughly hated as one of the most prominent of the rapacious foreigners.

Moreover, some trouble in Wales led to a See also:

quarrel between him and Simon de Montfort, and this soon See also:grew more violent. He would not comply with the provisions of Oxford, and took See also:refuge in Wolvesey Castle at Winchester, where he was besieged and compelled to surrender and leave the See also:country. In 1259 he and Earl Simon were formally reconciled in Paris, and in 1261 he was again in England and once more enjoying the royal favour. He fought for Henry at the battle of See also:Lewes, and then, after a stay in France, he landed in See also:Pembrokeshire, and took See also:part in 1265 in the See also:siege of Gloucester and the battle of See also:Evesham. After the royalist victory he was restored to his estates and accompanied Prince Edward, afterwards Edward I., to See also:Palestine. He went several times to France on public business; he assisted in the conquest of See also:North Wales; and he was one of Edward's representatives in the famous suit over the succession to the crown of See also:Scotland in 1291 and 1292. He died at See also:Bayonne on the 13th of See also:June 1296, his See also:body being buried in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey. His eldest surviving son, AYMER (c. 1265-1324), succeeded to his father's estates, but was not formally recognized as earl of Pembroke until after the death of his See also:mother Joan about 1307. He was appointed See also:guardian of Scotland in 1306, but with the accession of Edward II. to the throne and the consequent rise of Piers See also:Gaveston to See also:power, his See also:influence sensibly declined; he became prominent among the discontented nobles and was one of those who were appointed to select the See also:lord ordainers in 1311. In 1312 he captured Gaveston at See also:Scarborough, giving the favourite a promise that his life should be spared. Ignoring this under-taking, however, Guy See also:Beauchamp, earl of See also:Warwick, put Gaveston to death, and consequently Pembroke left the allied lords and attached himself to Edward II.

Valence was present at See also:

Bannock-See also:burn; in 1317, when returning to England from See also:Rome, he was taken prisoner and was kept in See also:Germany until a large See also:ransom was paid. In 1318 he again took a conspicuous part in making peace between Edward and his nobles, and in 1322 assisted at the formal condemnation of Earl See also:Thomas of See also:Lancaster, and received some of his lands. His wife, Mary de See also:Chatillon, a descendant of King Henry III., was the founder of Pembroke See also:College, See also:Cambridge. In 1339 LAURENCE, LORD See also:HASTINGS (d. 1348), a great-See also:grandson of William de Valence, having inherited through the See also:female line a portion of the estates of the Valence earls of Pembroke was created, or recognized as, earl of Pembroke. His son John (d. 1376) married See also:Margaret See also:Plantagenet, daughter of King Edward III., and on the death without issue of his grandson in 1389 the earldom of Pembroke reverted again to the Crown, while the See also:barony of Hastings became dormant and so remained till 184o. In 1414 See also:Humphrey Plantagenet, See also:fourth son of King Henry IV., was created.duke of Gloucester and earl of Pembroke for life, these titles being subsequently made hereditary, with a reversion as regards the earldom of Pembroke, in See also:default of heirs to Humphrey, to William de la See also:Pole, earl of See also:Suffolk. Accordingly, on the death of Humphrey, without issue, in 1447 this nobleman became earl of Pembroke. He was beheaded in 1450 and his titles were forfeited. In 1453 the title was given to Sir See also:jasper Tudor, half-brother of King Henry VI. Sir Jasper being a Lancastrian, his title was forfeited during the pre-dominance of the house of See also:York, but was restored on the accession of Henry VII.

On his death without heirs in 1495, his title became extinct. During his See also:

attainder Sir Jasper was taken prisoner by SIR WILLIAM HERBERT (d. 1469), a zealous Yorkist, who had been raised to the peerage as See also:Baron Herbert by Edward IV., and for this service Lord Herbert was created earl of Pembroke in 1468. His son William (d.

End of Article: RICHARD DE CLARE

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