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PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

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Originally appearing in Volume V22, Page 348 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PRINCETON UNIVERSITY , an See also:American institution of higher learning in Princeton, New See also:Jersey, until 1896 called officially the See also:college of New Jersey. Its campus consists of 539 acres comprised in three tracts of ground adjoining each other. The See also:main campus, one of the most beautiful in the See also:country, is on the See also:south See also:side of See also:Nassau See also:Street, the old country road between See also:Philadelphia and New See also:York, and is principally contained in a See also:block of about 225 acres, which on its See also:west side has an almost continuous See also:row of See also:English collegiate See also:Gothic buildings: See also:Blair See also:Hall, See also:Stafford Little Hall and the gymnasium. Nassau Hall, which was built in 1756, nearly destroyed by See also:fire in 1802, rebuilt in 1804, and damaged by fire in 1855, is a squarely built edifice in the Georgian See also:style. Originally See also:housing the whole college, it is familiarly known as See also:North College, in a quadrangle arrangement of which West College, built in 1836, is the only other See also:remainder; the south side having been occupied since 1838 by Clio Hall and Whig Hall, the homes of the two See also:literary See also:societies, founded respectively in 1765 and 1769, and since 1893 housed in See also:white See also:marble buildings of classical type; and See also:East College, having given See also:place to the main See also:building of the University Library (1897), in See also:Oxford Gothic of Longmeadow See also:stone, the See also:gift of Mrs See also:Percy See also:Rivington Pyne. Besides West College, the dormitories are See also:Reunion Hall (187o), commemorating the reconciliation of the Old and New See also:schools of the Presbyterian See also:Church; University Hall (1876), formerly an hotel and now housing on its See also:lower floors the university dining halls for all freshmen and sophomores; See also:Witherspoon Hall (1877), in Victorian Gothic of See also:grey stone trimmed with See also:brown; See also:Edwards Hall (188o), a brown stone Gothic building; See also:Albert B. Dod Hall (1890), a See also:granite See also:limestone-trimmed See also:Italian building; See also:David Brown Hall (1891), granite and Pompeian See also:brick, in Florentine See also:Renaissance; the Pyne Buildings (1896) in See also:half-timbered See also:Chester style; Blair Hall (1897), built in English Collegiate Gothic of white See also:Germantown stone, on the south-western margin of the campus; the Stafford Little Hall (1899 and 1901), in the same style as Blair Hall, and joining it on the south; Seventy-nine Hall (1904), the gift of the class of 1879, another Tudor Gothic building of red brick trimmed with See also:Indiana limestone; and See also:Patton Hall (1906); See also:Campbell Hall (1909), the gift of the class of 1877; and a new See also:group of buildings, chiefly dormitories, occupying the entire north-west corner of the main campus, fronting on Nassau and University Place, three sections of which (two being the gift of Mrs See also:Russell See also:Sage) were completed in 191o. These buildings are in the same architectural style and it' the same materials as Blair and Little Halls. There is See also:accommodation for about 9o% of the undergraduates of theuniversity in the campus dormitories, including the new buildings. The recitation halls are: See also:Dickinson (187o; remodelled in 1876) and McCosh Hall (1907), for the See also:academic See also:department; and the school of See also:science building (1873), it gift of See also:John C. See also:Green, on the north-east corner of the main block of the campus. The Halsted See also:Observatory (1869) and the Observatory of Instruction (1878) are well known for the See also:work done in them by the astronomer See also:Charles See also:Augustus See also:Young (1834—1908); among the laboratories are the biological (1887), the chemical (1891), the See also:civil See also:engineering (1904), the See also:Palmer See also:physical (1908), and, for natural science, See also:Guyot Hall (1909), which also houses the natural science museum, including valuable fossils.

There is a museum of historic See also:

art (1887) which includes the finds of the Princeton archaeological expedition to See also:Syria, and in Nassau Hall there is a psychological laboratory. There are two auditoriums, the See also:Marquand See also:chapel (1881), the gift of See also:Henry G. Marquand, and See also:Alexander Hall (1892), used for commencement exercises. Also on the campus are the See also:dean's See also:house (1756), until 1878 the See also:president's See also:residence; Prospect (1849), bought by the college in 1878, which is the president's residence; the university offices (1803); and See also:Dodge Hall (1900) and See also:Murray Hall (1879), which are the See also:home of the college Y.M.C.A., the Philadelphian Society, founded in 1825. The university library is housed in a large building already described, built (1896) on to the See also:Chancellor Green library building (1872), given by John C. Green in memory of his See also:brother Henry Woodhull Green, chancellor of the See also:state of New Jersey, and now the See also:reading See also:room and reference library. In 1910 the library had a collection of 257,800 volumes and about 58,000 unbound See also:pamphlets. There are two athletic See also:fields: one, the university, two blocks east of the main campus, and the other, the Brokaw See also:field, in the south-west corner of the main campus; immediately north of the latter are the Brokaw Memorial gateway and building (1892), with a See also:swimming See also:pool, and the university gymnasium (1903). South-east of the Campus is See also:Lake See also:Carnegie, an artificial widening of Millstone See also:River, the gift of See also:Andrew Carnegie; it is used for boating. A notable feature of the university is its upper-class See also:club-houses. The upper-class clubs have in the social See also:life of Princeton somewhat the place of the See also:Greek See also:letter societies elsewhere. ' There are no See also:fraternities at Princeton: each entering student pledges himself to " have no connexion whatever with any See also:secret society, nor be See also:present at the meetings of any secret society " so See also:long as he is a member of the university, " it being understood that this promise has no reference to the American Whig and Cliosophic Societies." These two societies, the See also:object of which is particularly to cultivate skill in debate and public speaking, are affiliated with the English department of the See also:faculty.

A peculiarity of the university is its See also:

system of student See also:government, which is most markedly See also:developed in the Princeton " See also:honour system " in See also:examinations and written recitations, under which every student signs a See also:pledge on his See also:paper that he has " neither given nor received assistance," and there is no faculty or monitorial See also:watch over students in examinations; the system is administered by a student See also:committee, to which any dishonesty in examinations is to be reported, and which then investigates the See also:charge, and if it finds it true reports the offender to the faculty for dismissal. The university in 1910 included an academic department, leading to the degree of A.B., or Litt. B.; the John C. Green school of science (1873), offering courses leading to the degree of B.S. and C.E.; a school of See also:electrical engineering; and a See also:graduate department (1877), with courses leading to See also:master's and See also:doctor's degrees. Entrance requirements are largely in accordance with the recommendations of the See also:National See also:Education Association and the college entrance examination See also:board; students entering the academic department must offer Greek if they are candidates for the degree of A.B.; students (not offering Greek for entrance) who concentrate in See also:mathematics or science in junior and See also:senior See also:year are candidates for the B.S. degree, and those who concentrate in other departments during those years, for the Litt. B. degree. The entrance requirements for the B.S. and Litt. B. degree are the same, and they differ from those for the A.B. degree (and agree with those for the C.E. degree) in including more mathematics, i.e. solid See also:geometry and See also:plane See also:trigonometry. The school of electrical engineering is graduate and professional in its See also:scope. The graduate school (1871) is only slightly developed, and this development has been almost entirely since 1900; a See also:bequest of more than $300,000 in 1906 provided for the John R. See also:Thomson Graduate College; and the See also:estate of See also:Isaac See also:Chauncey Wyman (d. 1910), of the class of 1848, valued at about $3,000,000, was See also:left to the university for the See also:establishment of the graduate school.

A notable feature of the See also:

scheme of instruction is the preceptorial (or tutorial) system, introduced in 1905; it somewhat resembles See also:Jowett's method at Balliol College, Oxford; the preceptors, usually young men (many of them domiciled in the dormitories), have " conferences " each with a certain number of students on prescribed reading, especially in the departments of See also:philosophy, See also:history and politics, art and See also:archaeology, and the See also:languages. The preceptorial system has been a See also:great success, and seems to have given the university a greater intellectual vitality. In 1909–1910 the university faculty numbered 169, of whom 51 were preceptors. In the same year there were 1400 students of whom 134 were in the graduate school, 13 in the school of electrical engineering, 521 in the A.B. course, 440 in the Litt.B. and B.S. courses, 203 in the C.E. course, and 89 not in See also:regular courses. The corporate See also:title of the university is " The Trustees of Princeton University," and the university is overned by the trustees, of whom the See also:governor of the state of New Jersey is ex officio president. The president of the university is president of the board in the See also:absence of the governor. The Board consists of twenty-five " life trustees," a self-perpetuating See also:body, two ex officio trustees, and (since 1900) five alumni trustees, elected by the graduates of the university for a five-year See also:term, one each year. The tuition See also:fee is $16o a year in all undergraduate courses. There are many scholarships and prizes, a fund for the remission of tuition to students of insufficient means, and funds for the assistance of students for the See also:ministry. In See also:July 1909 the See also:assets of the university were $4,749,482, of which $4,168,900 was invested for endowment; of the endowment $3,410,907 was See also:special, $330,445 See also:general, $6o,000 See also:historical, $122,643 was for scholarships and $244,905 was for professorships; and in this fiscal year the gifts for current expenses and special purposes amounted to $199,294 and the gifts for endowment to $1,508,283. The university owes its origin to a See also:movement set on See also:foot by the See also:Synod of Philadelphia in 1739 to establish in the See also:Middle Colonies a college to See also:rank with Harvard and Yale in New See also:England and See also:William and See also:Mary in See also:Virginia. Owing to dissension in the Church, no progress was made until 1746, when the See also:plan was again broached by the synod of New York, recently formed by the See also:secession of the See also:presbytery of New York and the presbytery of New See also:Brunswick, See also:radical (New School) presbyteries of the Synod of Philadelphia.

The synod of New York was led by Ebenezer Pemberton (1704–1779), a graduate of Harvard (1721), and See also:

Jonathan Dickinson (1688–1747), a graduate of Yale (17o6). Together they had attempted to make See also:peace between the conservatism of the presbytery of Philadelphia and the radicalism of the presbytery of New Brunswick. Most of the leaders of the presbytery of New Brunswick had been educated at the See also:Log College, a school with restricted curriculum, situated about 20 M. N.N.E. of Philadelphia, but recently closed. The students of the Log College were almost without exception preparing for the Presbyterian ministry, and on the closing of the Log College, the opportunity was taken by the synod of New York to found a larger and better institution of higher learning, broader in scope and training, and to See also:transfer to the new project the Log College interests. On See also:October 22nd 1746, John See also:Hamilton, acting governor of New Jersey, granted a See also:charter for erecting a college in New Jersey. The college of New Jersey was opened in May 1747 at See also:Elizabeth, New Jersey, with the Rev. Jonathan Dickinson as president. Little was accomplished until 1748, when, on the 14th of See also:September, a second charter was granted to the " trustees of the College of New Jersey," thirteen in number. The college under the ad-ministration of Jonathan Dickinson, held its exercises from the last of May 1747 to the 7th of October 1747, when Dickinson died. Upon the See also:succession of See also:Aaron See also:Burr to the See also:presidency, the school removed to See also:Newark, where the first commencement was held in 1748 and where Burr began the work of organizing the college and its curriculum; but the situation was unsuitable, and in 1752 the trustees voted to remove the college to Princeton, where See also:land was given for the Campus by Nathaniel Fitz See also:Randolph. While funds were being collected in Great See also:Britain, work was begun in Princeton in 1754 on the first college building, which, at Governor See also:Belcher's See also:request, was named Nassau Hall, in honour of See also:King William.

A year after the completion of this single college building and the removal of the students to Princeton, Burr died and was succeeded by his See also:

father-in-See also:law, Jonathan Edwards, who died after five See also:weeks in See also:office (1758). He was succeeded (1759–1761) by See also:Samuel See also:Davies, and Davies (in 1761–1766) by Samuel Finley (1715–1766). John See also:Wither-See also:spoon (q.v.) was president from 1768 until his See also:death in 1794, and more than any of his predecessors influenced the college. The presidents immediately succeeding Witherspoon were: his son-in-law, Samuel See also:Stanhope See also:Smith (1750-1819), who resigned in 1812; Ashbel Green (1762–1848), who resigned in 1822; See also:James Carnahan (1775-1859), who held office for See also:thirty-one years (1823–1854), and in whose presidency there was, in 1846–1852, a department of law in the college; and John Maclean (1800–1886), who was president from 1854 to 1868. Up to the outbreak of the Civil See also:War, the college was largely attended by Southerners, and the Civil War thus dealt it a doubly heavy See also:blow, from which it began to recover under the long presidency (1868–1888) of James McCosh, who, like his successor, See also:Francis Landey Patton (q.v.), president from 1888 to 1902, greatly advanced the material welfare of the college. Fourteen new buildings were erected during Dr McCosh's See also:administration, and the John C. Green School of Science was established in 1873 by the gift of John Cleve Green; and during Dr Patton's administration the enrolment of students more than doubled, as did the number of members of the faculty. In October 1896, on the 15oth anniversary of its See also:founding, the See also:official name of the College of New Jersey, long popularly displaced by Princeton, was dropped, and the See also:corporation became " The Trustees of Princeton University," although the institution did not become, in the usual American use of the term, a university, having no professional schools whatever, and only a small See also:post graduate department. On Dr Patton's resignation in 1902 he was succeeded by Woodrow See also:Wilson (q.v.), the first layman to become president, who introduced the preceptorial system already described.

End of Article: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

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