- vocalization (n.)
- 1842, "action of vocalizing;" 1855, "mode or manner of vocalizing;" from French vocalisation (1835) or else formed in English from vocalize + -ation.
- fistic (adj.)
- "relating to or done with the fists," 1806, from fist (n.) + -ic. Long considered improper English ("Not in dignified use" - OED).
- tilth (n.)
- "labor, work" (especially in agriculture), Old English tilþ "labor, husbandry," from tilian "to till" (see till (v.)) + -th (2).
- Fay
- fem. proper name, in some cases from Middle English fei, Old French fei "faith," or else from fay "fairy."
- wey (n.)
- dry goods weight of fixed amount (but varying over time and place), Old English weg "scales, balance, weight" (see weigh).
- wich (n.)
- "salt works, salt pit," Old English wic, apparently a specialized use of the wic that means "dwelling place, town" (see wick (n.2)).
- wieldy (adj.)
- late 14c., "capable of wielding," from wield + -y (2). Meaning "capable of being weilded" is from 1580s. Old English had wielde "powerful, victorious."
- witless (adj.)
- Old English witleas "foolish, mad;" see wit (n.) + -less. Phrase scared witless attested from 1975. Related: Witlessly; witlessness.
- yawner (n.)
- 1680s, agent noun from yawn (v.). Meaning "boring thing" is 1942, American English colloquial (yawn (n.) in this sense is attested from 1889).
- alternate (v.)
- 1590s, from Latin alternatus, past participle of alternare (see alternate (adj.)). Replaced Middle English alternen "to vary, alternate" (early 15c.). Related: Alternated; alternating.
- gospeller (n.)
- Old English godspellere, "one of the four evangelists;" agent noun from gospel. Used from 1530s of Protestants and Puritans, often as a term of reproach.
- foulness (n.)
- Old English fulness "foulness, filthy smell;" see foul (adj.) + -ness. Similar formation in Old Frisian fulnisse, Dutch vuilnis, German fäulniss.
- alehouse (n.)
- also ale-house, Old English eala-huse; see ale + house (n.). An alehouse "is distinguished from a tavern, where they sell wine" [Johnson].
- groaning (n.)
- Old English granung "groaning, lamentation," verbal noun from groan (v.). From 16c. to 19c., and in dialect, also "a woman's lying-in."
- handbell (n.)
- one rung by hand rather than by rope, etc., Old English handbelle; see hand (n.) + bell (n.).
- handgrip (n.)
- also hand-grip, Old English handgripe "a grasp, a seizing with the hand;" see hand (n.) + grip (n.). Meaning "a handle" is from 1887.
- hindermost (adj.)
- late 14c., hyndermest; see hinder (adj.) + -most. Middle English also had hindermore, which, as a noun, could mean "the hinder parts."
- hoarder (n.)
- Old English hordere "treasurer," from hoard (n.). As "one who gathers and keeps a stock of something," c. 1500, from hoard (v.).
- hoard (v.)
- Old English hordian "to hoard," from the root of hoard (n.). Cognate with Old High German gihurten, German gehorden, Gothic huzdjan. Related: Hoarded; hoarding.
- hollow (n.)
- "lowland, valley, basin," 1550s, probably a modern formation from hollow (adj.), which is from Old English holh (n.) "cave, den; internal cavity."
- hundredfold (n.)
- c. 1200, "a hundred times as much," from hundred + -fold. Similar formation in German hundertfalt. Old English had hundfeald.
- hurt (n.)
- c. 1200, "a wound, an injury;" also "sorrow, lovesickness," from hurt (v.). Old French had hurte (n.), but the sense "injury" is only in English.
- atto-
- word-forming element meaning "one quintillionth," 1962, from Danish atten "eighteen" (a quintillion is 10 to the 18th power), related to Old English eahtatene (see eighteen).
- dainty (adj.)
- c. 1300, deinte, "delightful, pleasing," from dainty (n.). Meaning evolved in Middle English to "choice, excellent" (late 14c.) to "delicately pretty." Related: Daintiness.
- hartshorn (n.)
- "ammonium carbonate," Old English heortes hornes, from hart + horn (n.). So called because a main early source of ammonia was the antlers of harts.
- head (adj.)
- "most important, principal, leading," c. 1200, from head (n.). Old English heafod was used in this sense in compounds.
- headman (n.)
- also head-man, "chief man, leader," Old English heafodman; see head (adj.) + man (n.). Cognate with German Hauptmann "captain."
- healing (n.)
- "restoration to health," Old English hæling, verbal noun from heal (v.). Figurative sense of "restoration of wholeness" is from early 13c.; meaning "touch that cures" is from 1670s.
- Apollonian (adj.)
- 1660s, from Apollo (Greek Apollon) + -ian. The Greek adjective was Apollonios. The word also is attested in English as Apollinarian (1753), Apolline (c. 1600).
- heathenish (adj.)
- Old English hæðenisc; see heathen + -ish. Related: Heathenishly; heathenishness. Similar formation in Dutch heidensch, Old High German hiedanisc, German heidenisch.
- heaviness (n.)
- Old English hefigness "state of being heavy, weight; burden, affliction; dullness, torpor;" see heavy (adj.) + -ness. Chaucer has heavity for "sadness."
- enumerate (v.)
- 1640s, from or modeled on Latin enumeratus, past participle of enumerare (see enumeration). Middle English had annumerate (early 15c.). Related: Enumerated; enumerating.
- eats (n.)
- "food," in use by 1889 in U.S., considered colloquial, but the same construction with the same meaning was present in Old English.
- illusionist (n.)
- "conjurer, magic act performer," 1840, from illusion + -ist. Earlier "one suffering from illusions" (1812). Middle English had illusor "deceiver, deluder."
- biker (n.)
- "motorcycle rider" (especially with reference to club affiliation), 1968, American English, from bike (n.) in its slang sense of "motorcycle" (1939).
- executioner (n.)
- "headsman," 1560s; "one who carries into effect," 1590s; agent noun from execution. Old English words for it included flæscbana, flæscwellere.
- therefor (adv.)
- "for this, for that," Middle English variant spelling of therefore (q.v.); in modern use perhaps perceived as there + for.
- falafel (n.)
- by 1951 as a traveler's word, not common or domestic in English until 1970s; from Arabic falafil, said to mean "crunchy."
- frittata (n.)
- 1884, from Italian frittata "a fritter," from fritto "fried," past participle of friggere, from Latin frigere (see fry (v.)). Earlier in English as frittado (1630s).
- fully (adv.)
- Old English fullice "entirely; perfectly; completely;" see full (adj.) + -ly (2). Of similar formation are Dutch vollijk, German ööllig, Danish fuldelig.
- exoskeleton (n.)
- 1841, from exo- + skeleton. Said to have been introduced by English anatomist Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892). Related: Exoskeletal.
- fairness (n.)
- Old English fægernes "beauty;" see fair (adj.) + -ness. Meaning "even-handedness, impartiality" is from mid-15c. Meaning "lightness of complexion" is from 1590s.
- flavoring (n.)
- "thing that gives flavor," 1845, originally in cookery, verbal noun from flavor (v.). Middle English flauryng meant "perfume."
- fore-mentioned (adj.)
- also forementioned, 1580s; see fore- + mention (v.). A verb foremention is attested only from 1650s. Old English had foremearcod in this sense.
- fantasise (v.)
- artificial British English spelling of fantasize, not much attested before 1970s. For suffix, see -ize. Related: Fantasised; fantasising.
- bearer (n.)
- Old English -berere (in water-berere), agent noun from bear (v.). Meaning "one who helps carry a corpse to the grave" is from 1630s.
- beat (adj.)
- "defeated, overcome by effort," c. 1400, from past tense of beat (v.). Meaning "tired, exhausted," is by 1905, American English.
- overspread (v.)
- c. 1200, "to spread throughout," from over- + spread (v.). Related: Overspread (past tense); overspreading. Old English had ofersprædan "to overlay, cover."
- saddle (v.)
- Old English sadolian "to put a riding saddle on;" see saddle (n.). The meaning "to load with a burden" is first recorded 1690s. Related: Saddled; saddling.
- Kenelm
- masc. proper name, Old English Cenhelm, from cene "brave, bold" (see keen (adj.)) + helm "helmet" (see helmet (n.)).