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HARVARD UNIVERSITY , the See also:oldest of See also:American educational institutions, established at See also:Cambridge, See also:Massachusetts. In 1636 the See also:General See also:Court of the See also:colony voted £400 towards " a schoale or colledge," which in the next See also:year was ordered to be at " New Towne." In memory of the See also:English university where many (probably some seventy) of the leading men of the colony had been educated, the township was named Cambridge in 1638. In the same year See also:John Harvard (16o7–1638), a Puritan See also:minister lately come to See also:America, a See also:bachelor and See also:master of See also:Emmanuel See also:college, Cambridge, dying in See also:Charlestown (See also:Mass.), bequeathed to the See also:wilderness See also:seminary See also:half his See also:estate (£78o) and some three See also:hundred books; and the college, until then unorganized, was named Harvard College (1639) in his See also:honour. Its See also:history is unbroken from 1640, and its first commencement was held in 1642. The spirit of the founders is beautifully expressed in the words of a contemporary See also:letter which are carved on the college See also:gates: " After See also:God had carried us safe to New-See also:England, and wee had builded our houses, provided necessaries for our liveli-See also:hood, See also:rear'd convenient places for Gods See also:worship, and setled the Civill See also:Government; One of the next things we longed for, and looked after was to advance Learning, and perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate See also:Ministry to the Churches, when our See also:present Ministers shall See also:lie in the Dust." The college See also:charter of 1650 dedicated it to " the See also:advancement of all See also:good literature, arts, and sciences," and " the See also:education of the English and See also:Indian youth . . . in knowledge and godlynes." The second See also:building (16J4) on the college grounds was called " the Indian College." In it was set up the College See also:press, which since 1638 had been in the See also:president's See also:house, and here, it is believed, was printed the See also:translation of the See also:Bible (1661–1663) by John See also:Eliot into the See also:language of the natives, with primer, catechisms, grammars, tracts, &c. A See also:fair number of See also:Indians were students, but only one, See also:Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck, took a bachelor's degree(1665). By generous
' The statement of See also:Dionysius of See also:Halicarnassus (ii. 22) that the See also:haruspices were instituted by See also:Romulus is due to his confusing them with the See also:augurs.aid received from abroad for this See also:special See also:object, the college was greatly helped in its See also:infancy.
The charter of 165o has been in the See also:main, and uninterruptedly since 1707, the fundamental source of authority in the See also:administration of the university. It created a co-optating See also:corporation consisting of the president, treasurer and five See also:fellows, who formally initiate administrative See also:measures, See also:control the college funds, and appoint See also:officers of instruction and government; subject, however, to See also:confirmation by the See also:Board of Overseers (established in 1642), which has a revisory See also:power over all acts of the corporation. Circumstances gradually necessitated See also:ordinary government by the See also:resident teachers; and to-See also:day the various faculties, elaborately organized, exercise immediate government and discipline over all the students, and individually or in the general university See also:council consider questions of policy. The Board of Overseers was at first jointly representative of See also:state and See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. The former, as founder and See also:patron, See also:long regarded Harvard as a state institution, controlling or aiding it through the legislature and the overseers; but the controversies and embarrassments incident to legislative See also:action proved prejudicial to the best interests of the college, and its organic connexion with the state was wholly severed in 1866. See also:Financial aid and See also:practical dependence had ceased some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time earlier; indeed, from the very beginning, and with steadily increasing preponderance, Harvard has been sustained and fostered by private munificence rather than by public See also:money. The last See also:direct See also:subsidy from the state determined in 1824, although state aid was afterwards given to the See also:Agassiz museum, later See also:united with the university. The church was naturally See also:sponsor for the See also:early college. The changing See also:composition of its Board of Overseers marked its liberation first" from clerical and later from See also:political control; since 1865 the board has been chosen by the alumni (non-residents of Massachusetts being eligible since 1880), who therefore really control the university. When the state ceased to repress effectually the rife See also:speculation characteristic of the first half of the seventeenth See also:century, in See also:religion as in politics, and in America as in England, the unity of See also:Puritanism gave way to a variety of intense sectarianisms, and this, as also the incoming of See also:Anglican churchmen, made the old faith of the college insecure. President See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Dunster (c. 1612–1659), the first president, was censured by the magistrates and removed from See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office for questioning See also:infant See also:baptism. The conservatives, who clung to pristine and undiluted Calvinism, sought to intrench themselves in Harvard, especially in the Board of Overseers. The history of the college from about 1673 to 1725 was exceedingly troubled. Increase and See also:Cotton See also:Mather, forceful but bigoted, were the bulwarks of reaction and fomenters of discord. One See also:episode in the struggle was the See also:foundation and encouragement of Yale College by the reactionaries of New England as a truer " school of the prophets " (Cotton Mather being particularly zealous in its interests), after they had failed to secure control of the government of Harvard. It represented conservative See also:secession. In 1792 the first layman was chosen to the corporation; in 1805 a Unitarian became See also:professor of See also:theology; in 1843 the board of overseers was opened to clergymen of all denominations; in 1886 attendance on prayers by the students .ceased to be compulsory. Thus Harvard, in response to changing ideas and conditions, See also:grew away from the ideas of its founders.
Harvard, her alumni, and her See also:faculty have been very closely connected with American letters, not only in the colonial See also:period, when the Mathers, See also:Samuel See also:Sewall and See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Prince were important names, or in the revolutionary and early See also:national See also:epoch with the Adamses, See also:Fisher See also:Ames, See also:Joseph Dennie and See also:Robert Treat See also:Paine, but especially in the second third of the 19th century, when the See also:great New England movements of See also:Unitarianism and See also:Transcendentalism were led by Harvard graduates. In 1805 Henry See also:Ware (1764–1845) was elected the first See also:anti-Trinitarian to be Hollis professor of divinity, and this marked Harvard's See also:close connexion with Unitarianism, in the later history of which Ware, his son Henry (1794–1843), and See also:Andrews See also:Norton (1786–1852), all Harvard alumni and professors,
and Joseph Buckminster (1751-1812) and See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Ellery See also:Channing were leaders of the conservative Unitarians, and Joseph See also:Stevens Buckminster (1784-1812), See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Freeman See also:- CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
- CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
- CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
- CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
- CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
- CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
- CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
- CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
- CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
- CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
- CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
- CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)
Clarke, and See also:Theodore See also:Parker were liberal leaders. Of the " Transcendentalists," See also:Emerson, See also:Francis Henry Hedge (18o5-1890), Clarke, Conyers Francis (1795-1863), Parker, See also:Thoreau and See also:Christopher Pearse Cranch (1813-1892) were Harvard graduates. See also:Longfellow's professorship at Harvard identified him with it rather than with See also:Bowdoin; See also:Oliver Wendell See also:Holmes was professor of See also:anatomy and See also:physiology at Harvard in 1847-1882; and See also:Lowell, a Harvard alumnus, was Longfellow's successor in 1855-1886 as See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith Professor of the See also:French and See also:Spanish See also:languages and literatures. See also:Ticknor and See also:Charles Eliot Norton are other important names in American See also:literary See also:criticism. The historians See also:Sparks, See also:Bancroft, See also:Hildreth, See also:Palfrey, See also:Prescott, See also:Motley and See also:Parkman were graduates of Harvard, as were See also:Edward See also:Everett, Charles See also:Sumner and Wendell See also:Phillips.
In organization and See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope of effort Harvard has grown, especially after 1869, under the direction of President Charles W. Eliot, to be in the, highest sense a university; but the " college " proper, whose end is the liberal culture of under-graduates, continues to be in many ways the centre of university See also:life, as it is the embodiment of university traditions. The medical school (in See also:Boston) See also:dates from 1782, the See also:law school from 1817, the divinity school 1 (though instruction in theology was of course given from the foundation of the college) from 1819, and the dental school (in Boston) from 1867. The Bussey Institution at See also:Jamaica See also:Plain was established in 1871 as an undergraduate school of See also:agriculture, and reorganized in 1908 for advanced instruction and See also:research in subjects See also:relating to agriculture and See also:horticulture. The See also:Graduate School of Arts and Sciences dates from 1872, the Graduate School of Applied See also:Science (growing out of the See also:- LAWRENCE
- LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
- LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
- LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
- LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
- LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
- LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
- LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
- LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)
Lawrence Scientific School) from 1906, and the Graduate School of Business Administration (which applies to See also:commerce the professional methods used in See also:post-graduate See also:schools of See also:medicine, law, &c.) from 1908. The Lawrence Scientific School, established in 1847, was practically abolished in 1907-1908, when its courses were divided between the College (which thereafter granted a degree of S.B.) and the Graduate School of Applied Science, which was established in 1906 and gives professional degrees in See also:civil, See also:mechanical and See also:electrical See also:engineering, See also:mining, metallurgy, See also:architecture, landscape architecture, forestry, applied physics, applied See also:chemistry, applied See also:zoology and applied See also:geology. A school of veterinary medicine, established in 1882, was discontinued in 1901. The university institutions comprise the botanic See also:garden (1807) and the (See also:Asa) See also:- GRAY
- GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
- GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
- GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
- GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
- GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
- GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
- GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
- GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
- GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
- GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
- GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
- GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)
Gray See also:herbarium (1864); the See also:Arnold See also:arboretum (1872), at Jamaica Plain, for the study of See also:arboriculture, forestry and dendrology; the university museum of natural history, founded in 18J9 by See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Agassiz as a museum of See also:comparative zoology, enormously See also:developed by his son, See also:Alexander Agassiz, and transferred to the university in 1876, though under an See also:independent faculty; the See also:Peabody museum of American See also:archaeology and See also:ethnology, founded in 1866 by See also:George Peabody; the William See also:Hayes Fogg See also:art museum (1895); the Semitic museum (1889); the Germanic Museum (1902), containing See also:rich gifts from Kaiser Wilhelm II., the Swiss government, and individuals and See also:societies of Germanic lands; the social museum (1906); and the astronomical See also:observatory (1843; location 42° 22' 48" N. See also:lat., 71° 8' W. long.), which since 1891 has maintained a station near See also:Arequipa, See also:Peru. A permanent summer engineering See also:camp is maintained at Squam See also:Lake, New See also:Hampshire. In Petersham, Massachusetts, is the Harvard See also:Forest, about 2000 acres of hilly wooded See also:country with a stand in 1908 of 10,000,000 ft. B.M. of merchantable See also:timber (mostly See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:pine); this forest was given to the university in 1907, and is an important See also:part of the equipment of the See also:division of forestry. The university library is the largest college library in the country, and from its slow and competent selection is of exceptional value. In 1908 it numbered,
1 Affiliated with the university, but autonomous and independent, is the See also:Andover Theological Seminary, which in 1908 removed from Andover to Cambridge.including the various special See also:libraries, 803,800 See also:bound volumes, about 496,600 See also:pamphlets, and 27,450 maps. Some of its collections are of great value from associations or special richness, such as Thomas See also:Carlyle's collection on See also:Cromwell and See also:Frederick the Great; the collection on folk-See also:lore and See also:medieval romances, supposed to be the largest in existence and including the material used by See also:Bishop See also:Percy in preparing his Reliques; and that on the See also:Ottoman See also:empire.
The law library has been described by Professor A. V. See also:Dicey of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford as " the most perfect collection of the legal records of the English See also:people to be found in any part of the English-speaking See also:world." There are See also:department libraries at the Arnold arboretum, the Gray herbarium, the Bussey Institution, the astronomical observatory, the dental school, the medical school, the law school, the divinity school, the Peabody museum, and the museum of comparative zoology. In 1878 the library published the first of a valuable See also:series of See also:Bibliographical Contributions. Other publications of the university (apart from See also:annual reports of various departments) are: the Harvard See also:Oriental Series (started 1891), Harvard Studies in Classical See also:Philology (1890), Harvard Theological See also:Review (1907), the Harvard Law Review (1889), Harvard See also:Historical Studies (1897), Harvard Economic Studies (1906), Harvard Psychological Studies (1903), the Harvard Engineering See also:Journal (1902), the Bulletin (1894) of the Bussey Institution, the Archaeological and Ethnological Papers (1888) of the Peabody museum, and the Bulletin (1863), Contributions and See also:Memoirs (1865) of the museum of comparative zoology. The students' publications include the See also:Crimson (1893), a daily newspaper; the See also:Advocate (1831), a literary bi-weekly; the See also:Lampoon (1876), a comic bi-weekly; and the Harvard Monthly (1885), a literary monthly. The Harvard Bulletin, a weekly, and the Harvard Graduates' See also:Magazine (1892), a quarterly, are published chiefly for the alumni.
In 1908-1909 there were 743 officers of instruction and ad-ministration (including those for See also:Radcliffe) and 5250 students (1059 in 1869), the latter including 2238 in the college, 1641 in the graduate and professional schools, and 1332 in the summer school. Radcliffe College, for See also:women, had 449 additional students. The whole number of degrees conferred up to 1905 was 31,805 (doctors of science and of See also:philosophy by examination, 408; masters of arts and of science by examination, 1759). The conditions of the time when Harvard was a theological seminary for boys, governed like a higher boarding school, have See also:left traces still discernible in the organization and discipline, though no longer in the aims of the college. The See also:average See also:age of students at entrance, only 14 years so See also:late as 1820, had risen by 1890 to 19 years, making possible the transition to the present regime of almost entire See also:liberty of life and studies without detriment, but with See also:positive improvement, to the morals of the student See also:body. A strong development toward the university ideal marked the opening of the 19th century, especially in the widening of courses, the See also:betterment of instruction, and the suggestions of quickening ideas of university freedom, whose realization, along with others, has come since 1870. The elimination of the last vestiges of sectarianism and churchly discipline, a lessening of parietal oversight, a lopping off of various outgrown colonial customs, a See also:complete reconstruction of professional See also:standards and methods, the development of a great graduate school in arts and sciences based on and organically connected with the undergraduate college, a great improvement in the college See also:standard of scholarship, the See also:allowance of almost See also:absolute freedom to students in the shaping of their college course (the " elective " See also:system), and very remarkable material prosperity marked the administration (1869-1909) of President Eliot. In the readjustment in the curricula of American colleges of the elements of professional training and liberal culture Harvard has been bold in experiment and innovation. With Johns See also:Hopkins University she has led the See also:movement that has trans-formed university education, and her See also:influence upon secondary education in America has been incomparably greater than that of any other university. Her entrance requirements to the college and to the schools of medicine, law, See also:dentistry and divinity have been higher than those of any other American university.
A bachelor's degree is requisite for entrance to the professional schools (except that of dentistry), and the master's degree (since 1872) is given to students only for graduate See also:work in See also:residence, and rarely to other persons as an honorary degree. In scholarship and in growth of See also:academic freedom See also:Germany has given the quickening impulse. This influence began with George Ticknor and Edward Everett, who were trained in Germany, and was continued by a number of eminent See also:German scholars, some driven into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile for their liberalism, who became professors in the second half of the 19th century, and above all by the many members of the faculty still later trained in German See also:universities. The ideas of recognizing special students and introducing the elective system were suggested in 1824, attaining See also:establishment even for freshmen by 1885, the movement characterizing particularly the years 1865–1885. The basis of the elective system (as in force in 1910) is freedom in choice of studies within liberal limits; and, as regards See also:admission to college 1 (completely established 1891), the See also:idea that the admission is of minds for'the quality of their training and not for their knowledge of particular subjects, and that any subject may be acceptable for such training if followed with requisite devotion and under proper methods. Except for one course in English in the Freshman year, and one course in French or German for those who do not on entrance present both of these languages, no study is pre-scribed, but the student is compelled to select a certain number of courses in some one department or See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of learning, and to distribute the See also:remainder among other departments, the object being to secure a systematic education, based on the principle of knowing a little of everything and something well.
The material equipment of Harvard is very rich. In 1909 it included invested funds of $22,716,760 ($2,257,990 in 1869) and lands and buildings valued at $12,000,000 at least. In 1908–19oo an income of more than $130,000 was distributed in scholarships, fellowships, prizes and other See also:aids to students. The yearly income available for immediate use from all See also:sources in 1899–1904 averaged $1,074,229, of which $452,760 yearly represented gifts. The See also:total gifts, for funds and for current use, in the same years aggregated $6,152,988. The income in 1907–i9o8 was $1,846,976; $241,924 was given for immediate use, and $449,822 was given for See also:capital. The medical school is well endowed and is housed in buildings (1906) on Longwood See also:Avenue, Boston; the gifts for its buildings and endowments made in 1901–1902 aggregate $5,000,000. Among the university buildings are two dining-halls accommodating some 2500 students, a See also:theatre for public ceremonies, a See also:chapel, a See also:home for religious societies, a See also:club-home (the Harvard See also:Union) for graduates and undergraduates, an infirmary, gymnasium, See also:boat houses and large playgrounds, with a See also:concrete See also:stadium capable of seating 27,000 spectators. Massachusetts See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall (1720) is the oldest building. University Hall (1815), the administration building, dignified, of excellent proportions and See also:simple lines, is a good example of the work of Charles See also:Bulfinch. Memorial Hall (1874), an ambitious building of See also:cathedral See also:suggestion, commemorates the Harvard men who See also:fell in the Civil See also:War, and near it is an ideal statue (1884) of John Harvard by See also:Daniel C. French. The medical and dental schools are in Boston, and the Hussey Institution and Arnold Arboretum are at Jamaica Plain.
End of Article: HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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