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SAINT MARYS

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 33 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SAINT MARYS , a See also:city of Auglaize See also:county, See also:Ohio, U.S.A., on the Saint Marys See also:river and the See also:Miami & See also:Erie See also:canal, about 85 in. W.N.W. of See also:Columbus. Pop. (1910), 5732. Saint Marys is served by the See also:Lake Erie & Western, the Western Ohio (electric), and the See also:Toledo & Ohio Central See also:railways. About r m. See also:west is a feeding See also:reservoir of the canal covering about 17,600 acres. Saint Marys is in the Ohio oil region. The city occupies the site of a former See also:Shawnee See also:village, in which a trading See also:post was established in 1782 by See also:James Girty,l from whom the See also:place was for some years 1 James Girty (1743–1817) was one of the notorious Girty See also:brothers, the sons of See also:Simon Girty (d. 1751), an Irish immigrant. The brothers were taken prisoners by the See also:French and See also:Indian force which in 1756 captured Fort See also:Granville, in what is now See also:Mifflin county, See also:Pennsylvania. James was adopted by the Shawnees and lived among them for three years, after which he acted as an interpreter and trader; he frequently accompanied the See also:Indians against the See also:English settlers, and exhibited the greatest ferocity. He conducted a profitable trading business with the Indians at St Marys in 1783–1794, when he with-See also:drew to See also:Canada upon the approach of See also:General See also:Wayne, and again from 1795 until just before the See also:War of 1812, when he again withdrew to.

Canada, where he died. His See also:

brother Simon (1741-1818), who lived with the Senecas for several years after his See also:capture, was even more bloodthirsty; he served against the Indians in See also:Lord See also:Dunmore's War, and in 1776, during the War of See also:Independence, entered the called Girty's See also:Town. Fort St Marys was built in 1784 or 1785 by a detachment of General See also:Anthony Wayne's troops, and in 1812 Ft. Barbee was erected at the instance of General W. H. See also:Harrison by See also:Colonel See also:Joshua Barbee. During the War of 1812 the place was for some See also:time the headquarters of General Harrison's See also:army. St Marys was laid out as a town in 1823, and became a city in 1903 under the general municipal See also:code which came into effect in that See also:year. ST See also:MARY'S See also:LOCH, a fresh-See also:water lake of See also:Selkirkshire, See also:Scotland. It lies in the high See also:land towards the western border, and is visited from See also:Selkirk (16 m. E. by N.) or See also:Moffat (15 m. S.W.).

It is 814 ft. above the See also:

sea, is from 8o to 90 ft. deep, 3 M. See also:long, about 1 m. wide at its widest, and has a See also:shore-See also:line of 71 M. A narrow See also:isthmus divides its See also:head from the small Loch of the Lowes (about t m. long), which is believed to have been once See also:part of it, the difference of level being only 15 in. St Mary's is emptied by the See also:Yarrow, and its See also:principal feeder is Megget Water, a noted See also:angling stream. It takes its name from St Mary's See also:Kirk, the ruins of which See also:lie near the See also:northern shore. From the 13th See also:century, when the See also:church is first mentioned, till its destruction in 1557, it was variously known as the See also:Forest Kirk (in which See also:William See also:Wallace was elected See also:Warden of Scotland). St Mary's of Farmainishope, an old name of the adjoining lands of Kirkstead, St Mary of the Lowes, and the Kirk of Yarrow. It had been partly restored, but gradually See also:fell into decay, its place being taken by the church of Yarrow farther down the vale. In the graveyard was buried See also:John Grieve (1781-1836), the See also:Edinburgh hatter, a poet of some capacity, See also:patron of James See also:Hogg, the See also:Ettrick Shepherd. At the head of the lake is the celebrated See also:inn opened by Tibbie See also:Shiel (Mrs See also:Richardson, d. 1878), which was visited by many distinguished men of letters. ST MAUR-See also:DES-FOSSES, a See also:south-eastern suburb of See also:Paris, on the right See also:bank of the See also:Marne, 7 M. from the centre of the city. Pop.

(1906), 28,0,6. St Maur and the residential See also:

district surrounding it See also:cover a See also:peninsula formed by a See also:loop in the Marne, the See also:neck of which is crossed by the canal of St Maur. In the reign of See also:Clovis II. the monastery of See also:Les Fosses was founded; the amplification of the name came when the See also:body of St Maurus was brought there by the monks of St Maur-sur-See also:Loire. About the same time was inaugurated the See also:pilgrimage of Notre-See also:Dame des Miracles, which still takes place annually. In 1465 a treaty of See also:peace, putting an end to the " War of the Public Weal," was concluded between See also:Louis XI. and his revolted barons at St Maur. ST MAUR-SUR-LOIRE, a village of western See also:France in the See also:department of See also:Maine-et-Loire on the Loire about 15 M. below See also:Saumur. Here St Maurus towards the See also:middle of the 6th century founded the first See also:Benedictine monastery in See also:Gaul. About the middle of the 9th century it was reduced to ruins by the See also:Normans; in anticipation of the disaster the See also:relics of the saint were transferred to the See also:abbey of Fosses (afterwards St Maur-des-Fosses: see above). St Maur-sur-Loire was afterwards restored and fortified; the extant remains consist of a part of the church (12th and 17th centuries) and buildings of'the 17th and 18th centuries. ST MAWES, a small seaport in the St Austell See also:parliamentary See also:division of See also:Cornwall, See also:England, beautifully situated on an See also:arm of See also:Falmouth See also:Harbour. Pop. (19o1), 1178.

The inlet admits only small vessels to the little harbour, but there is a considerable fishing See also:

industry. A large circular See also:castle, vis-d-vis with thatti of Pendennis near Falmouth, and dating from the same See also:period (See also:Henry VIII.), See also:guards the entrance. Near the shore of the inlet opposite St Mawes is the small church of St Anthony in Roseland, an excellent example of See also:Early English See also:work, retaining a See also:good See also:Norman See also:doorway. See also:British service as an interpreter, and after the war instigated Indian attacks on the frontier and fought with the Indians against General See also:Arthur St Clair and General Anthony Wayne. Another brother, See also:George Girty (1745-c. 1812), lived among the Delawares for several years, was also a trader and interpreter, and was likewise a renegade. See also:Thomas (1739-182o), though he associated much with the Indians, did not participate in their See also:wars. See W. See also:Butterfield's See also:History of the Girtys (See also:Cincinnati, 1890). The history of St Mawes is See also:simple. The saint of that name is said to have made the See also:creek of the Fal a halting-place in the 5th century. The See also:chapel of St Mawes, pulled down in 1812, was licensed by the See also:bishop in 1381, and both chapel and- village were- situated within the See also:manor of Bogullos, which in the 16th century belonged to the See also:family of Wydeslade.

In the 16th century John See also:

Leland speaks of the castle as lately begun and describes St Mawes as " a See also:quarter of a mile from the castle, a See also:pretty village or fishertown with a See also:pier called St Mawes and there is a chapel of the saint and his See also:chair of See also:stone and hard by his well." The number of houses See also:half a century later did not exceed twenty, and John Wydeslade, as lord of the manor of Bogullos, owned the village. For the part which he took in the See also:rebellion of 1549 Wydeslade was hanged and his lands forfeited, and in 1562 the manor was granted by See also:Queen See also:Elizabeth to See also:Sir Reginald See also:Mohun of See also:Hall. In the same year St Mawes was incorporated and invested with the right of returning two members to the See also:House of See also:Commons, a See also:privilege which it enjoyed until 1832. In 1607 the portion of the manor of Bogullos which embraced St Mawes was sold by Sir Thomas Arundell, who had married a daughter of Sir William Mohun, to Thomas See also:Walker, and by the latter it was resold to Sir George See also:Parry, who represented the See also:borough in See also:parliament from 164o to 1642.. Sir George Parry sold St Mawes to John Tredenham, whose sons, Sir William and Sir See also:Joseph, and Sir Joseph's son, John Tredenham, became successively its parliamentary representatives. On the See also:death of the last named St Mawes passed by See also:sale to John See also:Knight, whose widow married See also:Robert See also:Nugent, afterwards See also:Earl Nugent, and until the Reform See also:Act of 1832 the Nugents controlled the elections at St Mawes. The See also:corporation, founded in 1562, which consisted of a See also:mayor, or portreeve, and other See also:officers elected by about twenty See also:free tenants, was dissolved under the Municipal Corporations Act in 1835. Its See also:silver See also:mace now belongs to the corporation of See also:Wolverhampton, to whom it passed after the See also:great sale of the effects of the See also:duke of See also:Buckingham at See also:Stowe in 1848, the duke having obtained it as the See also:heir of the Earls Nugent. ST See also:MICHAEL'S (Sao See also:Miguel), the largest See also:island in the Portuguese See also:archipelago of the See also:Azores. Pop. (1900), 121,340; See also:area, 297 sq. m. The See also:east end of St Michael's rises from a head- land 1400 ft. high to the inland See also:peak of Vara (3573 ft.), whence a central range (2000 to 2500 ft.) runs westward, terminating on the south See also:coast in the Serra da Agoa do See also:Pau, about half-way across the island.

The range gradually declines in approaching its last point, where it is not more than too ft. high. The middle part of the island is See also:

lower, and more undulating, its western extremity being marked by the conspicuous Serra Gorda (1572 ft.); its shores on both sides are See also:low, broken and rocky. The aspect of the western portion of the island is that of a vast truncated See also:cone, irregularly cut off at an See also:elevation of about 800 ft., and falling on the See also:north, south and west sides• to a perpendicular coast between 300 and Boo ft. high. In the highest parts an undergrowth of shrubs gives the mountains a See also:rich and wooded See also:appearance. Like all volcanic countries, the island has an uneven See also:surface with numerous ravines, and streams of semi-vitrified and scoriaceous See also:lava which resist all atmospheric influences and repel vegetation. Heavy rains falling on the mountains afford a See also:constant See also:supply of water to four lakes at the bottom of See also:extinct craters, to a number of See also:minor reservoirs, and through them, to small rapid streams on all sides. Hot springs abound in many parts, and vapour issues from almost every crevice. But the most remarkable phenomena are the Caldeiras (" Cauldrons "), or Olhos (" Eyes "), i.e. boiling fountains, which rise chiefly from a valley called the Furnas (" Furnaces "), near the western extremity of the island. The water rises in columns about 12 ft. high and dissolves in vapour. The ground in the vicinity is entirely covered with native See also:sulphur, like See also:hoar-See also:frost. At a small distance is the Muddy See also:Crater, 45 ft. in See also:diameter, on a level with the See also:plain. Its contents are in a See also:state of continual and violent ebullition, accompanied with a See also:sound resembling that of a tempestuous ocean.

Yet they never rise above its level, unless occasionally to throw to a small distance a spray of the consistence of melted See also:

lead. The Furnas abounds also in hot springs, some of them of a very high temperature. There is almost always, however, a See also:cold See also:spring near the hot one. These have long been visited by sufferers from palsy, See also:rheumatism, See also:scrofula and similar maladies. See also:Bath-rooms and other buildings have been erected. The plains of St Michael's are fertile, producing See also:wheat, See also:barley and Indian See also:corn; vines, oranges and other See also:fruit trees grow luxuriantly on the sides of the mountains. The See also:plants are made to spring even from the interstices of the volcanic rocks, which are sometimes blasted to receive them. Raised in this manner, these fruits are of See also:superior quality; but the expense of such a mode of cultivation necessarily restricts it. The western part of the island yields See also:hemp. The principal town and seaport is Ponta Delgada (q.v.), with 17,675 inhabitants in 1900. The other See also:chief towns are Arrifes (5644), Lagoa (7950), Povoacao (5093), See also:Ribeira Grande (8496) and See also:Villa Franca do Campo (8162). (See also AZORES.) ST MICHAEL'S See also:MOUNT, a lofty pyramidal island, exhibiting a curious See also:combination of See also:slate and See also:granite, rising 400 yds. from the shore of Mount's See also:Bay, in Cornwall, England.

It is See also:

united with See also:Marazion by a natural See also:causeway See also:cast up by the sea, and passable only at low See also:tide. If its identity with the Mictis of See also:Timaeus and the Ictis of Diodorus Siculus be allowed, St Michael's Mount is one of the most historic spots in the west of England. It was possibly held by a body of religious in the See also:Confessor's time and given by Robert, See also:count of See also:Mortain, to Mount St Michael, of which Norman abbey it continued to be a priory until the See also:dissolution of the See also:alien houses by Henry V., when it was given to the See also:abbess and See also:Convent of Syon. It was a resort of pilgrims, whose devotions were encouraged by an See also:indulgence granted by See also:Pope See also:Gregory in the 11th century. The Mount was captured on behalf of See also:Prince John by Henry See also:Pomeroy in the reign of See also:Richard I. John de See also:Vere, earl of See also:Oxford, seized it and held it during a See also:siege of twenty-three See also:weeks against 6000 of the See also:king's troops in 1473. See also:Perkin See also:Warbeck occupied the Mount in 1497. See also:Humphry Arundell, See also:governor of St Michael's Mount, led the rebellion of 1549. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth it was given to Robert, earl of See also:Salisbury, by whose son it was sold to Sir See also:Francis See also:Basset. Sir Arthur Basset, brother of Sir Francis, held the Mount against the parliament until See also:July 1646. It was sold in 1659 to Colonel John St Aubyn and is now the See also:property of his descendant Lord Levan. The chapel is extra-diocesan and the castle is the See also:residence of Lord St Levan.

Many relics, chiefly See also:

armour and See also:antique See also:furniture, are preserved in the castle. The chapel of St Michael, a beautiful 15th-century See also:building, has an embattled See also:tower, in one See also:angle of which is a small See also:turret, which served for the guidance of See also:ships. Chapel See also:rock, on the See also:beach, marks the site of a See also:shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary, where pilgrims paused to See also:worship before ascending the Mount. A few houses are built on the hillside facing Marazion, and a spring supplies them with water. The harbour, widened in 1823 to allow vessels of 500 tons to enter, has a pier dating from the 15th century, and subsequently enlarged and restored. Pop. (1901), III. ST MIHIEL, a town of north-eastern France, in the department of See also:Meuse, on the right bank of the Meuse and the Canal de 1'Est, 23 M. S. by E. of See also:Verdun by See also:rail. Pop. (1906) of the town, 5943 (not including a large See also:garrison), of the See also:commune, 9661. St Mihiel is famous for its Benedictine abbey of St Michael, founded in 709, to which it owes its name.

The abbey buildings (occupied by the municipal offices) date from the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, and the church from the 17th century. The latter contains a wooden See also:

carving of the Virgin by the sculptor Ligier Richier, See also:born at St Mihiel in 1506. Other interesting buildings are the church of St See also:Etienne, chiefly in the flamboyant See also:Gothic See also:style, which contains a magnificent See also:Holy See also:Sepulchre by Ligier Richier, and several houses dating from the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. On the road to Verdun are seven huge rocks, in one of which a sepulchre (18th century), containing a See also:life-sized figure of See also:Christ, has been hollowed. St Mihiel formerly possessed fortifications and two castles which were destroyed in 1635 by the royal troops in the course of a See also:quarrel between Louis XIII. and See also:Charles IV., duke of See also:Lorraine. The town is the seat of a See also:court of assizes, and has the tribunalof first instance belonging to the See also:arrondissement of See also:Commercy and a communal See also:college. ST See also:MORITZ (in Ladin, See also:San Murezzan), the loftiest (6037 ft.) and the most populous village of the Upper See also:Engadine in the Swiss See also:canton of the See also:Grisons. It is built above the north shore of the lake of the same name (formed by the Inn), and is by rail 56 m. from See also:Coire by the Albula railway, or by road 48i In. from Martinsbruck (the last village in the Engadine), or by road 30 m., over the Maloja Pass, from See also:Chiavenna. In 1900 it had a See also:population of 1603, 475 being See also:German-speaking, 433 Ladin-speaking, and 504 (railway workmen) See also:Italian-speaking, while 837 were Protestants and 743 Catholics. The village is about 1 m. north of the See also:baths, an electric See also:tramway connecting the two. Both are now much frequented by See also:foreign visitors. The baths (chalybeate, sparkling with free carbonic See also:acid) were known and much resorted to in the 16th century, when they were described by See also:Paracelsus; they were visited in 1779 by See also:Archdeacon W.

See also:

Coxe. They are frequented chiefly by non-English visitors in summer, the English See also:season at St Moritz being mainly the See also:winter, for the See also:sake of See also:skating and See also:tobogganing. (W. A. B. C.) ST NAZAIRE, a town of western France, See also:capital of an arrondissement in the department of Loire-Inferieure, 40 M. W.N.W. of See also:Nantes by rail and 29 M. by river. Pop. (1906), 30,345. St Nazaire, situated on the right bank of the Loire at its mouth, is a See also:modern town with straight thoroughfares See also:crossing one another at right angles. It possesses nothing of antiquarian See also:interest except a granite dolmen Io ft. long and 5 ft. wide resting horizontally on two other stones sunk in the See also:soil, above which they rise 62 ft. The only noteworthy building is a modern church in the Gothic style of the 14th century.

The harbour, which constitutes the outport of Nantes and is accessible to ships of the largest See also:

size, is separated from the See also:estuary by a narrow See also:strip of land, and comprises an See also:outer harbour and entrance, two floating docks (the old See also:dock and the Penhouet dock), three graving docks, and the extensive See also:shipbuilding yards of the Loire See also:Company and of the General Transatlantic Company whose steamers connect St Nazaire with See also:Mexico, the See also:Antilles and the Isthmus of See also:Panama. Ships for the See also:navy and the See also:mercantile marine are built, and there are important See also:steel-See also:works, blast-furnaces, forges, and See also:steam saw-See also:mills. The town is the seat of a sub-See also:prefect, and has a tribunal of first instance, a See also:board of See also:trade-See also:arbitration, an See also:exchange, a chamber of See also:commerce, a communal college, and See also:schools of See also:navigation and industry. Next to British and French, See also:Spanish, See also:Norwegian and See also:Swedish vessels most frequent the See also:port. In the See also:decade 1898—1907 the value of imports greatly fluctuated, being highest in 1898 (£2,800,000) and lowest 1904 (£,,688,000), the See also:average for each of the ten years being £2,280,000. The value of the exports in the same period varied between £3,724,000 in 1899 and £1,396,000 in 1906, the average being £2,935,200. Imports include See also:coal and patent See also:fuel, See also:iron ore and See also:pyrites, See also:timber, See also:rice and hemp; exports include iron ore, coal and patent fuel, See also:pit See also:wood, See also:sugar, garments and See also:woven goods, preserved See also:fish, and See also:wine and See also:spirits. According to remains discovered on excavating the docks, St Nazaire seems to occupy the site of the See also:ancient Corbilo, placed by See also:Strabo among the more important maritime towns of Gaul. At the See also:close of the 4th century the site of Corbilo was occupied by See also:Saxons, and, their See also:conversion to See also:Christianity being effected one or two See also:hundred years later by St See also:Felix of Nantes, the place took the name of St Nazaire. It was still only a little " bourg " of some 3000 in-habitants when under the second See also:empire it was chosen as the site of the new harbour for Nantes, because the ascent of the Loire was becoming more and more difficult. In 1868 the sub-prefecture was transferred to St Nazaire from Savenay. ST NECTAIRE (corrupted into Sennecterre and Senneterre), the name of an See also:estate in See also:Auvergne, France, which gave its name to a feudal house holding distinguished See also:rank in the 13th century.

The eldest See also:

branch of this family held the marquisate of La Ferte (q.v.), and produced a heroine of the religious wars of the 16th century, Madeleine de St Nectaire, who married See also:Guy de St Exupery, seigneur de Miremont, in 1548, and fought successfully at the head of the Protestants in her territory against the troops of the See also:League. To the same house belonged the branches of the marquises of See also:Chateauneuf, the seigneurs of Brinon-sur-Sauldre and St Victour, and the seigneurs of Clavelier and Fontenilles, all of which are now extinct. (M. P.*) ST NEOTS (pronounced St Neets), a See also:market town in the See also:southern parliamentary division of Huntingdonshiie, England, on the right (east) bank of the See also:Ouse, 517 M. N. of See also:London by the Great Northern railway. Pop. of See also:urban district, (1901) 3880. A stone See also:bridge crosses the river, built in 1589 from the ruins of a former priory. The See also:parish church of St Mary is a See also:fine Perpendicular building of the later 15th century. The See also:original See also:oak roof is noteworthy. Among other buildings may be mentioned the See also:Victoria museum (1887), the library and See also:literary See also:institute, and the endowed school (1760). See also:Paper-mills, breweries, See also:flour-mills, and See also:engineering works furnish the chief See also:industries of the town. The name of St Neots is derived from the monastery founded in the adjoining parish of Eynesbury in the reign of King See also:Edgar (967-975).

St Neot, a See also:

priest of See also:Glastonbury Abbey in See also:Somerset, became a recluse at a place which he named Neotstoke, near See also:Bodmin in Cornwall, where he died about the end of the 9th century. His shrine at Eynesbury being threatened by the incursion of the Danes early in the 1 rth century, the relics were conveyed to See also:Crowland Abbey, in See also:Lincolnshire, of which he became one of the patron See also:saints. But in 1112 the monastery was refounded from that of Bec in See also:Normandy. An Anglo-Saxon enamelled See also:mosaic in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford is supposed to contain a portrait of St Neot. In 1648 a See also:troop of Royalists under the command of See also:Villiers, duke of Buckingham, was routed in St Neots by the Parliamentarians. ST See also:NICOLAS, a town of See also:Belgium in the See also:province of East See also:Flanders, about 12 M. S.W. of See also:Antwerp. Pop. (1904), 32,767. It is the principal town of Waes, formerly a district of See also:bleak and barren See also:downs, but now the most productive part of Belgium. St Nicolas is the centre and distributing point of this district, being an important junction on the See also:direct line from Antwerp to See also:Ghent; it has also many manufactures of its own. The principal church dedicated to St Nicolas was finished in 1696, but the other public buildings are only of the 19th century.

ST NICOLAS, or ST NICOLAS DU PORT, a town of north-eastern France, in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the See also:

left bank of the Meurthe, 8 m. S.E. of See also:Nancy by rail. Pop. (1906), 4796. The town has a fine Gothic church dating from the end of the 15th and the first half of the 16th century, and possessing a See also:finger-See also:joint of St Nicolas formerly the See also:object of pilgrimages which were themselves the origin of well-known fairs. The latter became less important after 1635, when the Swedes sacked the town. There are important See also:salt-workings in the vicinity; See also:cotton See also:spinning and See also:weaving are carried on. Its port, shared with Varangeville on the opposite See also:side of the river, has an active trade. ST OMER, a town and fortress of northern France, capital of the department of Pas-de-See also:Calais, 42 M. W.N.W. of See also:Lille on the railway to Calais. Pop. (1906), 17,261.

At St Omer begins the canalized portion of the Aa, which reaches the sea at See also:

Grave-lines, and under its walls it connects with the Neuffosse canal, which ends at the Lys. The fortifications were demolished during the last decade of the 19th century and boulevards and new thoroughfares made in their place. There are two harbours outside and one within the city. St Omer has wide streets and spacious squares, but little animation. The old See also:cathedral belongs almost entirely to the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. A heavy square tower finished in 1499 surmounts the west portal. The church contains interesting paintings, a See also:colossal statue of Christ seated between the Virgin and St John (13th century, originally belonging to the cathedral of Therouanne and presented by the See also:emperor Charles V.), the See also:cenotaph of St Omer (13th century) and numerous ex-votos. The richly decorated chapel in the See also:transept contains a wooden figure of the Virgin (12th century), the object of pilgrimages.

End of Article: SAINT MARYS

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