BOMBAY See also:

• PRESIDENCY

These territories, with the exception of Cutch, have an See also:

• HISTORICAL

They stretch southwards for upwards of 500 m., with a breadth of ro to 20 m. The western declivity is abrupt, the land at the base of the hills being but slightly raised above the level of the sea. As is usually the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

It is a rugged and difficult country, intersected by creeks, and abounding in isolated peaks and detached ranges of hills. The plains of the Deccan and Khandesh are watered by large rivers, but as the rainfall is uncertain, they are generally, during the greater See also:

• PART

The See also:

• BANAS

But the most See also:

• PECULIAR

The Konkan is hot and moist, the fall of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

The See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

In 1905 there were 432 factories in the presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. The See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

The other chief lines are the Great Indian Peninsula, Indian Midland, Bombay, Baroda & Central India, Rajputana-See also:

• MALWA

The education department is under a director of public instruction, who is responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. The native states have generally adopted the government system. Baroda and the Kathiawar states employ their own inspectors. In 1905 the total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. There are ten See also:

• ART

The administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

40 the coast cities had been much enriched by trade with the See also:

• ROMAN

In 770 they destroyed the city of Valabhi and, as already mentioned, brought its dynasty to an end. Meanwhile the Chalukyas, after successfully struggling with the Pallavas (whose See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Under them the Konkan and the coast farther south were governed by chiefs of the Silahara family, whose rule is mainly notable for the revival of trade with the Persian Gulf and, doubtless as a result of this, the arrival in 775 on the west coast of a number of Parsee refugees, who found, in a country where three religions were already equally honoured, the See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

In the See also:

• MIDDLE

In 1626 the Dutch and English made an unsuccessful attempt to gain possession of the island of Bombay, and in 1653 proposals were suggested for its See also:

• PURCHASE

The period that followed is notable mainly for the enlargement of the presidency through the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

A few districts in Gujarat almost entirely escaped; but the mortality was very heavy in Satara, Thana, Surat, Poona, Kolaba, and in the native states of Cutch, Baroda, Kolhapur and Palanpur. The only sanitary measure that can be said to have been successful was See also:

• COMPLETE

In 1899 the monsoon again failed in Gujarat, where famine hitherto had been almost unknown; and the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)