See also:

• PANAMA

After the Central American republics acquired their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

At Panama the isthmus is narrower than at any other point except San Blas, its width in a straight line being only 35 M. and the height of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

N. B. See also:

• WYSE, SIR THOMAS (1791—1862)

The plan adopted was for a sea-level canal having a depth of 292 ft. and bottom width of 72 ft., involving excavation estimated at 157,00o,000, cub. yds. The cost was estimated by Lesseps in 188o at 658,000,000 francs, and the time required at eight years. The See also:

• TERMINUS

For a canal with locks the remedy is See also:

• SIMPLE

The liquidator finally secured the organization of a new company on the loth of October 1894. The old company and the liquidator had raised by the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

The Panama railroad retained its See also:

• SEPARATE

The special meeting of stockholders was called immediately after the See also:

• REGULAR

The favour with which the Nicaragua scheme. route had been considered since 1876 began to assume a See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

In all, about $4,500,000 had been expended. Congress continued to take an interest in the enterprise, and in 1895 provided for a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

A plan, however, was recommended in which the height of the Bohio dam was increased about 20 ft., the level of Lake Bohio raised by that amount, the lake made the summit-level, and the Alajuela dam omitted. The cost upon this plan was estimated at $143,971,127. According to the plan recommended by the Commission for Nicaragua the line began at Greytown on the Caribbean Sea, where an artificial harbour was to be constructed and follow the valley of the San Juan for too m. to Lake Nicaragua; thence across the lake about 70 M. to the mouth of See also:

• LAS

The time required to build the canal was estimated at ten years, and its cost at $200,540,000. The report of the commission, transmitted to Congress at the end of 1900, ended thus: The Panama Canal, after completion, would be shorter, have fewer locks and less curvature than the Nicaragua Canal. The measure of these advantages is the time required for a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

This report caused the New Panama Canal Company to view the question of selling its property in a new See also:

• LIGHT

Work was begun without delay, but the commission's methods of administration and control soon proved unsatisfactory, and in April 1905 it was reorganized, three of its members being constituted an executive committee which was to be at Panama continuously. Shortly afterwards, at the end of June, Mr Wallace resigned his position as chief engineer and was succeeded by Mr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

°Ra'.' way GN LOCK nd . "11.E ' ti w II y = .r ^`z tIrn ,(See also:

• FIR

P. Shonts as chairman, himself resigned on the 1st of April. The following are the leading particulars of the canal, the course of which is shown on the accompanying See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

From this point through the Culebra cut to Pedro Miguel lock, it will be only 300 ft. wide, but will widen again to 500 ft. through Miraflores lake, 13 m. long, to Miraflores locks, the total length of which including approaches will be nearly a mile, and will thence maintain the same width for the remaining 8 m. to deep water on the Pacific. The minimum bottom width of the canal will thus be 300 ft., the average being 649 ft., while the minimum depth will be 41 ft. In 1909 it was estimated that the construction of the canal would be completed by the 1st of January 1915, and that the total cost to the United States would not exceed $375,000,000 including $50,000,000 paid to the French Canal Company and the Republic of Panama, $7,382,000 for civil administration, and $20,053,000 for sanitation. The last was one of the most necessary expenditures of all, since without it disease would have greatly retarded the work or perhaps prevented it altogether. See W. F. See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

In response to an invitation from the government of Peru to each of the Latin-American countries, representatives from Guatemala, Colombia, See also:

• VENEZUELA

There was a full See also:

• REPRESENTATION

See International American Conference, Reports and Recommendations (Washington, 1890), and especially the See also:

• HISTORICAL