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RHODE ISLAND
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RHODE See also:ISLAND , a See also:North See also:Atlantic See also:state of the See also:American See also:Union, belonging to the New See also:England See also:group, and lying between 41° 18' and 42° 3' N. See also:lat. and 71° 8' and 71° 53' W. See also:long.' It is bounded, N. and E., by the state of See also:Massachusetts; S., by the Atlantic Ocean; and W., by the state of See also:Connecticut, from which it is separated in See also:part by the Pawcatuck See also:river. Rhode Island is the smallest state in the Union, having an extreme length, N. and S., of 48 m., an extreme width, E. and W., of 37 m., and a See also:total See also:area of 1248 sq. m., of which 181 sq. m. are See also:water-See also:surface.
See also:Topography.—The region of which' Rhode Island is a part was at one See also:time worn down to a gently See also:rolling See also:plain near See also:sea-level, but has since been uplifted and somewhat dissected by stream See also:action. As a result the topography is characterized by See also:low, rounded hills, but is nowhere mountainous. Since the uplift and stream See also:dissection a slight depression has allowed the sea to invade the See also:lower portions of the river valleys, forming the bays known as See also:Narragansett See also:Bay, See also:Providence "river," Sakonnet river," &c. Glaciation has disturbed the river
1 See also:Block Island, over which the See also:jurisdiction of the state eyitends, lies to m. off the See also:coast, and is not included within these limits.
factories. The Providence river is really an See also:arm of Narragansett Bay, into which flow the See also:waters of the Pawtuxet and the See also:Black-See also: See also:Fauna and See also:Flora.—The fauna of the state does not differ from that of See also:southern Connecticut and eastern Massachusetts. The marine fauna is of economic importance. The woodland area of the state has been estimated (See also:census of 1900) at 400 sq. in., or about 37% of the See also:land area, but the trees are generally too small for See also:timber. The most See also:common varieties of trees are the See also:oak, See also:walnut and See also:chestnut. There are a few stretches of See also:pine See also:forest, and in the S. the swamps are sometimes overgrown with See also:cedar. See also:Climate.—Rhode Island has a more moderate climate than that of the See also:northern sections of New England. There are no See also:great extremes of either See also:heat or See also:cold, and a number of the towns and cities, especially See also:Newport and Narragansett See also:Pier, have become noted summer resorts. Narragansett Pier has a mean See also:annual temperature of 49°, a mean summer temperature (for See also:June, See also:July and See also:August) of 68°, and a mean See also:winter temperature (for See also:December, See also:January and See also:February) of 29°. The mean annual temperature at Providence is 50°; the mean for the summer, 720; and for the winter, 30°; while the highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded are respectively 102° and -9°. The mean annual rainfall is about 50 in., ranging from 47.4 in. at Narragansett Pier to 53.2 in. at See also:Kingston. Soils.—The See also:boulder See also:clay or " hard See also:pan " of which most of the surface lands are composed, forms a very indifferent support for vegetation, and consequently the state is not well adapted for the ggrowing of crops. See also:Agriculture.—1 he acreage of improved See also:farm land in Rhode Island decreased from 356,487 in 1850 to 137654 in 1900, but the value of farm See also:property (including land with improvements, implements, machinery and live stock) increased in the, same See also:period from $19,100,640 to $26,989,189. The number of farms remained about the same—5385 in 1850 and 5498 in 1900; but the See also:average area decreased from 102.9 acres to 82.9 acres. The value of farm products increased from $3,670,135 in 1879 to $6,333,864 in 1899. The average value of farms increased from 3547 in 185o to $4909 in 1900. The number of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in 188o was io,986, and in 1900, 10,957. The total acreage of cereals (See also:barley, See also:buck-See also:wheat, See also:Indian See also:corn, oats, See also:rye and wheat) de-creased from 19,575 acres in 1874 to 10,552 acres in 1899, and the total product of these crops decreased from 8oi,iti bu. in 1849 tO 350,110 bu. in 1899, The total number of neat See also:cattle on farms decreased from 36,262 in 185o to 30,696 in 1900, but the number of See also:dairy cows increased from 18,698 to 23,66o. See also:Fisheries.—Whaling was an established See also:industry in Rhode Island as See also:early as 1723, and in 1731 the colonial See also:assembly provided more rugged upland which slopes gradually southward. Over the a See also:bounty of five shillings a See also:barrel for See also:whale oil, and a See also:penny a See also:pound whole state there is a layer of See also:drift deposited by the glaciers which for See also:whalebone. About 1750 sperm candles were first manufactured. once covered this region. This glacial material is in the See also:form of In 1846 about 50 whaling vessels sailed from Rhode Island ports; a till or boulder clay, but in the lowlands, and especially along but by the See also:close of the See also:century the industry had become practically Narragansett Bay, it is generally overlaid by stratified drift de- posited by glacial streams. Within Narragansett Bay are the numerous islands characteristic of an area which has suffered comparatively See also:recent depression, the largest being Rhode Island (or Aquidneck), Conanicut Island and Prudence Island. Of these the most important is Rhode Island, 15 in. long and 3 M. wide, which has given the state its name. Lying about to in. off the coast and S. of the central part of the state is Block Island, a sandy See also:tract 6 m. long and from i to 4 in. wide, with a rolling surface. The rivers of the state are See also:short and of no great See also:volume, but they flow swiftly and are useful in supplying See also:power for manu-
systems, causing the formation of numerous lakes and of the waterfalls which determined the situation of many of the manufacturing cities of the state.
In the N.W. is Durfee See also: The See also:mining of See also:iron ore was begun about 1767 in the vicinity of the See also:present See also:Cranston, and much of the See also:metal was used in the making of See also:cannon during the See also:War of See also:Independence, but the See also:supply was soon exhausted. Near See also:Tiverton and Cranston See also:graphite has been quarried.
Manufactures.—Rhode Island is essentially a manufacturing state; of the 191,923 persons in the state engaged in gainful occupations in 1900, 101,162 (or 52.7%) were employed in manufacturing and See also:mechanical pursuits. By the See also:middle of the 17th century See also:boat-See also:building had become an established industry, and large vessels were built at Newport. In 1777 the state offered a large See also:premium for every pound of See also:steel, similar to See also:German steel, made within its boundaries; and in 1789 a rolling and slitting See also: The first power-loom for cotton manufacture was set up in North Providence in 1817. Textile manufacturing by improved methods was hardly well established in Rhode Island before 1825. The manufacture of See also:jewelry, which was established in Providence in 1784, was greatly promoted ten years later by See also:Nehemiah See also:Dodge's invention of the See also:process of " See also:gold-filling," still further improved in 1846 by See also: Rhode Island ranked first in 1900 ($13,229,313) and in 1905 ($14:431756) among the states of the United States in the value of jewelry, which was See also:fourth in the value of the state's manufactures; second in worsted goods (1900, $33,341,329; 1905, $44,477,596), which were first in value in the state's manufactures; and third in See also:dyeing and See also:finishing textiles (1900, $8,484,878; 1905, $9,981,457), which ranked fifth among the state's manufactures; in the value of cotton goods (second in See also:rank in the state) it See also:fell from the fourth rank in 1900 ($24,056,175) to fifth rank in 1905 ($30,628,843), when the value of Rhode Island's product was less than that of See also:Georgia. Other important manufactures were: combined textiles (not including See also:flax, See also:hemp and jute products) in 1900, $77,998,396; in 1905, $103,096,311; foundry and machine See also:shop products in 1900, $13,269,086; in 1905, $16,338,512; woollen goods in 1900, $5,330,550; in 1905, $8,163,167; See also:rubber boots and shoes in 1900, $8,034,417; See also:electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies in 1900, $5,113,292; in 1905, $5,435,474; silversmithing and silverware in 1900, $4,249,190; in 1905, $5,323,264; gold and See also:silver, reducing and refining (not from ore) in 1900, $3,484,454; in 1905, $4,260,698; cotton small wares in 1900, $2,379,500; in 1905, $3,944,607; See also:hosiery and knit goods in 1900, $2,713,850; in 1905, $3,344,655; See also:silk and silk goods in 1900, $1311,333; in 1905, $2,555,986. In .4905, 1146 establishments reported power, as against 136o in 1900—a decrease of 15.7 %, but the total horsepower increased from 155,545 to 190,777, or 22.7 %. Transportation.—See also:Steam railway mileage in Rhode Island in-creased from 68 m. in 185o to 209 m. in 1900, and to 211 m. on the 1st of January 1909 (the New See also:York, New Haven & See also:Hartford being the only railway system of any importance in the state). In 1910 a See also:charter was granted to the See also:Grand See also:Trunk system. In 1902 the mileage of See also:street and electric railways (most of them interurban) operated in the state was 336.33 m. The state has a natural water outlet in the Providence river and Narragansett Bay, but there is lack of adequate dockage in Providence See also:harbour, and insufficient See also:depth of water for ocean See also:traffic. The ports of entry are Providence (by far the largest, with imports valued at $I,893,5'51, and exports valued at $12,517 in 1909), Newport and See also:Bristol. See also:Population.—The total population of Rhode Island in 188o was 276,531; in 1890, 345,506; in 1900, 428,556; and in 1910, 542,6102 The increase from 188o to 1890 was 24.9%, from 1890 to 1900 24%, and from 1900 to 1910, 26'6%. Of the total population in 1900, 285,278 were native whites, 134,519 were See also:foreign-See also:born, 9092 were negroes, 366 were See also:Chinese, 35 were See also:Indians and 13 were See also:Japanese. Of the foreign-born, 35,501 were Irish, 31,533 were See also:French-Canadians and 22,832 were English. Of the total population, 275,143 were of foreign parentage, i.e. either one or both parents were foreign-bornand 81,232 were of Irish parentage, both on the See also:father's and See also:mother's See also:side, and, in the same sense, 49,427 were of French-See also:Canadian and 32,007 of English parentage. Rhode Island in 1900 had the highest percentage of See also:urban. population of any state in the Union, 91.6% of the total population living in cities of 4000 or more inhabitants. From 1890 to 1900 the urban population increased from 310,335 to 392,509 or 26.5%; while the rural population (i.e. population outside of incorporated places), increased from 35,171 to 36,047-1•1% of the total increase in population. The cities of the state, with population in 19oo,3 are Providence, 175,597; Pawtucket, 39,231; See also:Woonsocket, 28,204; Newport, 22,034; and Central Falls, 18,167. In 1906 there were in the state 264,712 communicants of various religious denominations, and of these 199,951 were See also:Roman Catholics. Second in strength were the,. See also:Baptists, who founded the See also:colony; in 1906 they numbered 19,878, of whom 14,304 were of the Northern See also:Convention. There were 15,443 See also:Protestant Episcopalians, 9858 Congregationalists, 7892 Methodists. The See also:Friends, whose See also:influence was so strong in the early See also:history of Providence, numbered in 1906 only 648 in the whole state. See also:Administration.—The state is governed under the constitution of 1842, with amendments adopted in 1854, 1864, 1886, 1888, 1889, 1892, 1893, 1900, 1903, 1909. All native or naturalized citizens of the United States residing in Rhode 2 The populations in other census years were: (1790) 68,825; (1800) 69,122; (181o) 76,931; (1820) 83,059; (1830) 97,199; (184o) 208,830; (185o) 147,545; (186o) 174,620; (187o) 217,353. 3 In 1910 the populations of the cities were: Providence, 224,326; Pawtucket, 51,622; Woonsocket, 38,125; Newport, 27,149; and Central Falls, 22,754. Island are citizens of the state. Under an See also:act of 1724 the See also:suffrage was restricted to adult See also:males who possessed a See also:freehold of the value of $134 (see History). So far as state and See also:national elections are concerned, the See also:privilege was extended to native non-freeholders by the constitution of 1842, to naturalized foreigners who had served in the See also:Civil War by an See also:amendment of the 7th of See also:April 1886, and to all adult male citizens by the amendment of the 4th of April 1888. A curious survival of the old system exists in the See also:provision that only those who pay taxes on $134 See also:worth of property may See also:vote for members of See also:city See also:councils or on propositions to See also:levy taxes or to expend public See also:money. The working men are thus almost entirely excluded from participating in the See also:government of the large factory towns.
Amendments to the constitution must be passed by both houses of the General Assembly at two consecutive sessions, and must then be ratified by three-fifths of the See also:electors of the state present and voting thereon in See also:town and See also: A See also:majority vote was formerly required, but since the See also:adoption of the tenth amendment (Nov. 28, 1893) a See also:plurality vote has elected. At the See also:head of the judicial system is the supreme See also:court (1i47), with final revisory and appellate jurisdiction. Below this are the See also:superior court (1905), the twelve See also:district courts, the town councils, See also:probate courts in the larger towns, and justices of the See also:peace. The five See also:judges of the supreme court, the six judges of the superior court and the district judges are elected by the General Assembly; the supreme and the superior court justices hold See also:office until dismissed by the General Assembly or found guilty of See also:official See also:misdemeanour, and the district judges have three-year terms. The town (or township) is the unit of See also:local government, the county being recognized only for judicial purposes and to a certain extent in the appointment by central administrative boards. There are five counties and thirty-eight towns. The municipal governments of Newport and Providence present interesting features, for which see the See also:separate articles on these cities. Education.—The public school system of Rhode Island was established in 1800, abolished in 1803, and re-established in 1828. At the head of it is a commissioner of education, appointed by the governor and the Senate, and a board of education, composed of the governor and the lieutenant-governor ex officio and six other members elected by the General Assembly. Under an act of the 12th of April 1883, as amended on the 4th of April 1902, education is compulsory for See also:children between the ages of seven and fifteen, but the maximum limit is reduced to thirteen for children who are employed at lawful labour. The total enrolment in the public schools in 1905 was 71,425 and the total See also:expenditure for public school purposes was $1,987,751. A considerable proportion of the Irish and the French Canadians send their children to the Roman See also:Catholic parochial schools. The See also:chief institutions for higher educa-
I Under the constitution of 1842 it was provided that there should be two sessions of the General Assembly annually: one at Newport in May, and the other in See also:October to be held at South See also:Kingstown once in two years, and the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and East Greenwich, an See also:adjournment from the October session being held annually at Providence. In 1854 this was amended: one session was provided for to be held in Newport in May, an adjournment being held annually at Providence. And in 1900 by another amendment Providence became the only See also:meeting-See also:place of the General Assembly.251
tion are See also: See also:Finance.—The chief See also:sources of See also:revenue in the See also:order named are the general property tax, the tax on savings See also:banks, the tax on See also:insurance companies, and liquor licences. There is no See also:corporation tax. The total receipts from all sources for the year 1909 were $2,317,512, the expenditures $2,345,359. The public See also:debt, which originated in 1752, amounted to £70,000 See also:sterling in 1764, to £4000 in 1775 and to $698,000 in 1783. Part of the Revolutionary debt was paid in depreciated See also:paper, part was assumed by the United States government, part was paid at various rates of depreciation between 1803 and 1820, and the See also:remainder, $43,971, was repudiated in 1847. Other obligations had accumulated in the meantime, however, so that the debt in 1848 amounted to $187,000. This was gradually reduced until the Civil War, when it was increased to $3,889,000 by 1865. A sinking fund See also:commission was established in 1875, and the entire sum was extinguished by the 1st of August 1894. The issue of bonds fpr the construction of the new capitol building and other purposes has led, however, to a new debt, which at the beginning of 1910 amounted to $4,800,000. There was at the same time a sinking fund of $654,999. Before the adoption of the Federal constitution Rhode Island was badly afflicted with the paper money See also:heresy. £5000 were printed in 1710, and from that time until 1751 there were nine separate issues. These were gradually retired, however, through the efforts of the See also:mercantile classes, aided by the See also:parliamentary statutes of 1751 and 1763, and by about 1763 the finances were again placed on a See also:sound money basis. The influx of See also:Continental currency gave some trouble during the War of Independence, but there were no further local issues until 1786, when £1oo,000 were issued. The first banks organized in the state were the Providence See also:Bank in 1791, the Bank of Rhode Island at Newport in 1795, and the See also:Washington Bank at See also:Westerly in 1800. See also:Forty-four charters had been issued in 1826 and sixty in 1837. Partly through restrictive local legislation and partly as a result of the operation of the See also:Suffolk system of redemption in See also:Boston, these institutions were always conservative. During practically the entire period before the Civil War their See also:note issues constituted a smaller proportion of the capital stock than those of any other state. By an act of 1858 which is still in force, annual reports must be presented to the state auditor. Qn the See also:establishment of the national banking • system, 1863-65, nearly all of the banks took out national charters. Since 1865 the most notable features have been the rise and de-See also:cadence of the national banks and the rise of the See also:trust companies. During the See also:decade from 1890 to 1900 the deposits in the national banks increased only 5%, from $16,700,000 to $17,500,000; those of the trust companies increased 330%, from $12,000,000 to more than $40,000,000. During the period from 1890 to 1901 twenty national banks retired from business, and the total capital stock was reduced from about twenty millions to about thirteen millions of dollars. History.—Rhode Island was founded by refugees from Massachusetts, who went there in See also:search of religious and See also:political freedom. The first settlements were made at Providence by See also:Roger See also:Williams (q.v.) in June 1636, and at See also:Portsmouth on the island of Aquidneck by the See also:Antinomians, See also: Cargoes of See also:rum, manufactured from West Indian See also:sugar and See also:molasses, were exported to See also:Africa and exchanged for slaves to be sold in the southern colonies and the West Indies. The passage of the Sugar Act of April 5, 1764, and the steps taken by the See also:British government to enforce the See also:Navigation Acts seriously affected this trade. The See also:people of Rhode Island played a prominent part in the struggle for independence. On the 9th of June 1772 the " Gaspee," a British See also:vessel which had been sent over to enforce the acts of trade and navigation, ran aground in Narragansett Bay and was burned to the water's edge by a party of men from Providence. See also:Nathanael See also:Greene, a native of Rhode Island, was made See also:commander of the Rhode Island See also:militia in May 1775, and a See also:major-general in the Continental See also:army in August 1776, and in the latter capacity he served with ability until the close of the war. In the year 1776, General See also:Howe sent a detachment of his army under General See also: The British pursued, and the next See also:day there was a severe engagement in which the Americans were driven from See also:Turkey and Quaker Hills. On the 30th the Americans, learning of the approach of Lord Howe's fleet with 5000 troops under Clinton, decided to abandon the island. The British evacuated Newport the 25th of October r7%9, and the French fleet was stationed here from July 178o to 1781. The influence of Roger Williams's ideas and the See also:peculiar conditions under which the first settlements were established have tended to differentiate the history of Rhode Island fromthat of the other New England states. In 164o the General Court of Massachusetts declared that the representatives of Aquidneck were " not to be capitulated withal either for them-selves or the people of the isle where they inhabit," and in 1644 and again in 1648 the application of the Narragansett settlers for See also:admission to the New England Confederacy was refused except on See also:condition that. they should pass under the jurisdiction of either Massachusetts or See also:Plymouth. Rhode Island was one of the first communities in the See also:world to See also:advocate religious freedom and political See also:individualism. The individualistic principle was shown in the See also:jealousy of the towns toward the central government, and in the establishment of legislative supremacy over the executive and the judiciary. The legislature migrated from county to county up to 1854, and there continued to be two centres of government until 1900. The dependence of the judiciary upon the legislature was maintained until 186o, and the governor is still shorn of certain powers which are customary in other states (see Administration). In the See also:main the rural towns have adhered most strongly to the old individualistic sentiment, whereas- the cities have kept more in See also:touch with the See also:modern nationalistic trend of thought. This was shown, for example, in the struggle for the ratification of the Federal constitution. Under the Articles of See also:Confederation it was principally Rhode Island that defeated the proposal to authorize See also:Congress to levy an See also:impost See also:duty of 510 mainly as a means of meeting the debts of the Central government. When the constitutional convention met in See also:Philadelphia in 1787 to frame a constitution for a stronger Federal government, the agriculturists of Rhode Island were afraid that the See also:movement would result in an interference with their local privileges, and especially with their favourite See also:device of issuing paper money, and the state refused to send delegates, and not until the Senate had passed a See also:bill for severing commercial relations between the United States and Rhode Island, did the latter, in May 1790, ratify the Federal constitution, and then only by a majority of two votes. Rhode Island, like the See also:rest of New England, was opposed to the War of 1812 and the Mexican War. During the Civil War it sent 23,457 men into the service of the Union. The economic transition of the later 17th century from the agricultural to the commercial regime was followed by a further transition to the manufacturing regime during the closing years of the 18th and the early years of the 19th centuries. - Commercial interests have been almost entirely destroyed, partly because of the abolition of the slave trade and partly because of the See also:embargo and the war of 1812, but mainly because the cities of the state are unfavourably situated to be the termini of interstate railway systems. Providence, owing to its superior water-power facilities, has therefore become one of the leading manufacturing centres of New England, whereas Newport is now known only as a fashionable summer resort. The movement as a whole was of exactly the same See also:character as the industrial revolution in England, and it led to the same result, a struggle for electoral reform. The system of See also:apportionment and the See also:franchise qualifications were worked out to meet the needs of a group of agricultural communities. The charter of 1663 and the franchise See also:law of 1724 established substantial equality of See also:representation among the towns, and restricted the suffrage to freeholders. In the course of time, therefore; the small towns came to be better represented proportionally than the large cities, and the growing class of artisans was entirely disfranchised. The city of Providence issued a See also:call for a constitutional convention in 1796, and similar efforts were made in 1799, 1817, 1821, 1822 and 1824, but nothing -was accomplished. About 1840 Thomas W. Dorr (1805-1854), a See also:young lawyer of Providence, began a systematic See also:campaign for an See also:extension of the suffrage, a reapportionment of representation and the establishment of an See also:independent judiciary. The struggle, which lasted for several years, and in fact is not yet entirely over, was one between the cities and the See also:country, between the manufacturers and the agriculturists. It was also complicated by racial and religious prejudioes, a large proportion of the factory operatives being foreigners and Roman Catholics, and most of the country people native Protestants. The former were in general associated with the Democratic party, the latter with the Whigs. A convention summoned without any authority from the legislature, and elected on the principle of universal manhood suffrage, met at Providence, October 4-November 18; 1841, and drafted a frame of government which came to be known as the People's Constitution. A second convention met on the call of the legislature in February 1842 and adopted the so-called See also:Freeman's Constitution. On being submitted to popular vote the former was ratified by a large majority (December 27, 28, 291 1841), while the latter was rejected by a majority of 676 (March 21, 22, 23, 1842). At an See also:election held on the 18th of April 1842 Dorr was chosen governor. The supreme court of the state and the See also:president of the United States (See also:Tyler) both refused to recognize the validity of the People's Constitution, whereupon Dorr and a few of his more zealous adherents decided to organize a See also:rebellion. They were easily repulsed in an attack upon the Providence town See also:arsenal, and Dorr, after a brief period of See also:exile in Connecticut, was convicted of high See also:treason on the 26th of April 1844, and was sentenced to imprisonment for See also:life. He was released by act of the Assembly in June 1845, and was restored to the full rights of citizenship in May 1851. The Freeman's Constitution, modified by another convention, which held its session at New-port and East Greenwich, See also:September 12-November 5, 1842, was finally adopted by popular vote on November 21-23, 1842. Only a partial concession was made to the demand for reform. The suffrage was extended to non-freeholders, but only to those of American See also:birth. Representation in the lower house of the legislature was apportioned according to population, but only on condition that no city or town should ever elect more than one-See also:sixth of the total number of members. Each city and town without regard to population was to elect one senator. In order to perpetuate this system the method of amending the constitution was made extremely difficult (see Administration). Since the adoption of the constitution the conditions have become worse owing to the extensive See also:immigration of foreigners into the large cities and the gradual decay of the rural towns. From about 1845 to 188o most of the immigrants were Irish, but since 188o the French-Canadians have constituted the chief See also:element. In 1900 over 30% of the population of the state was foreign-born. A constitutional amendment of 1888 extended to them the right of suffrage in state and national elections, and an amendment of 1909 partially remedied the evils in the system of apportionment. When the last Federal census was taken in to to, Providence, Pawtucket, Woonsocket and Newport, with a combined population of 341,222, had four senators, whereas the remainder of the state, with a population of 201,452, had thirty-four. Providence, with a population of 224,326 out of a total of 542,674, had one member in a Senate of thirty-eight and twenty-five members in a House of Representatives of one hundred. The Republican machine finds it easy with the support of the millionaire summer colony at Newport and the street railway corporations to corrupt the French-Canadians and a portion of the native element in the rural towns and maintain See also:absolute control of the state government. The majority has occasionally protested by electing a Democratic governor, but he has not been able to accomplish a great See also:deal, because until 1909 he did not have veto power nor effectual means to induce the Senate to ratify his appointments. Bonds were issued on the 8th of November 1892 for the construction of a new state house at Providence, the corner stone was laid in October 1896, and the building was thrown open to use on the 1st of January 1901. A constitutional amendment of 'goo dispensed with the session of the legislature at Newport.
In presidential See also:campaigns the state has been Federalist, 1792—1800; Democratic Republican, -1804; Federalist, 18o8-1812; Democratic Republican, 1816-1820; Adams (Republican), 1824-1828; National 'Republican, 1832; Democratic, 1836; Whig, 1840-1848; Democratic, 1852; and Republican since 1856.
. 1663-1666 1666-1669 1669-1672 1672-1674 1674-1676
• 1676-167/ 1677-1678 1678 1678-1680 1680-1683 1683-1685 1685-1686
• 16862 1689-1690 1690
..:1690-1695 1695 x696-1698 1698-1727 1727-1732 1732-1733 1734-1740 174071743 .1743-1745 1745-1746 174671747 1747-1748 1748-1755 1755-1757 1757-1758.
.1758-1762 1762-1763 .1763-1765 1765-1767 1767—1768 1768-1769 1769-1775 1775-1778 1778-1786
1 A separation occurred in 1651 between the towns of Providence and Warwick on one side and Portsmouth and Newport on the other. They were reunited in 1654.
2 The charter was suspended from 1686 to 1689, during which time the province was under the supervision of See also:Sir See also:Edmund Andros.
' See also:Arthur See also:Fenner became a Democratic Republican about 1800.
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