See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

The mountains also introduce controls over the See also:

• LOCAL

With the passing of the low pressure centre, the winds shift to west or north-west, the temperature falls, and all nature is relieved. In winter-time, the cyclonic and anticyclonic areas are of increased frequency and intensity; and it is partly for this reason that many meteorologists have been disposed to regard them as chiefly driven by the irregular flow of the westerly winds, rather than as due to convectional instability, which should have a maximum effect in summer. One of the best indications of actual winter weather, as apart from the arrival of winter by the See also:

• CALENDAR

Among its characteristic mammals and birds are the See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

The Upper Sonoran life-zone comprises south-eastern Montana, central, eastern and north-eastern Wyoming, a portion of south-western South Dakota, western Nebraska and Kansas, the western extremity of Oklahoma, north-western Texas, eastern Colorado, south-eastern New Mexico, the Snake plains in Idaho, the Columbia plains in Washington, the Malheur and Harney plains in Oregon, the Great See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

The bison, although now nearly See also:

• EXTINCT

The Austroriparian zone has the long-leaf and loblolly pines, magnolia and live See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Twelve decennial censuses taken since that time (1800-191o) have revealed the extraordinary spread of population over the See also:

• PRESENT

Ty immigrants preceding two persons 0- a entenng in See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

* See also:

• GADSDEN, CHRISTOPHER (1724-1805)
• GADSDEN, JAMES (1788-1858)

A large part of the Great Plains to the east of the Rockies was taken up as farms in the decade 188o-189o; abandoned afterwards, because of its aridity, to stock grazing; and reconverted from ranches into farms when a system of dry farming had proved its tillage practicable. The See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

2 According to Lavasseur and Bodio, 14.5 % from 186o to 188o; 21.2 % from 188o to 1900; from 1886-19oo, II•o%. in regard to food, shelter and clothing, such as the most fortunate of them had never known. Yet in spite of these accessions, the population of the country realized a slightly smaller See also:

• PRO

It is an interesting question what has been the contribution of the foreign elements of the country's population in the growth of the aggregate. This question is closely connected with a still more important one: namely, what effect, if any, has foreign immigration had upon the birth-rate of the native stock. In 185o the foreign-born whites (2,244,602 in number) were about two-thirds of the coloured element and one-eighth of the native-white element; in 1870 the foreign-born whites (5,567,229) and the native whites of foreign parentage (5,324,786) each exceeded the coloured. In 1900 the two foreign elements constituted one-third of the total population. The See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

S. Rossiter, A Century of Population Growth (See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

The entry of the Irish began on a great See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Groups T and 3 (with the western boundary somewhat indefinite) are colloquially known as the " North " and 2 and 4 as the " South." The two sections started out with population growths in the decade 1790-1800 very nearly equal (36.5 and 33.7 %); . but in every succeeding decade before the Civil War the growth of the North was greater, and that of the South less, than its increment in the initial decade. In the two twenty-year periods after 186o the increases of the North were 61.9 and 48.7 %; of the South, 48.4 and 48.5 %. In 1790 the two sections were of almost equal population; in 189o, 1900 and 1910 the population of the North was practically double that of the South. In the decade 1890-1900 the increase of the South exceeded slightly that of the North for the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Only one of the original six (See also:

• CHARLESTON

There are abundant statistical indications that the line (be the . 0!!!3uence that draws it economic or social) between urban centres of only 2500 inhabitants and rural districts is much sharper to-day than was that between the country and cities of 800o inhabitants (the largest had five times that number) in 1790. The lower limit is therefore a truer division line to-day. Classifying, then, as urban centres all of above 2500 inhabitants, three-tenths of the total population lived in the latter centres in 188o and four-tenths (30,583,411) in 19o0; their population doubled in these twenty years. If one regards the larger See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

Sexes.—The percentages of males and See also:

• FEMALES

The median age of the foreign-born in 1900 was 38.42 years. The median age of the population of cities of 25,000 or more inhabitants was 3'55 years greater than that of the inhabitants of smaller urban centres and rural districts, owing probably in the main to the movement of middle-aged native and foreign adults to urban centres, and the higher birth-rate of the rural, districts. The median age of the aggregate population is highest in New England and the Pacific states, lowest in the South, and in the North Central about equal to the country's average. The average age of the country's population in 1900 was 26.2 years. The United States had a larger proportion (59.1%) within the " productive " age limits of 15 and 6o years than most European countries; this being due to the immigration of foreign adults (corresponding figure 80.3%), the productive group among the native whites (55.8%) being smaller than in every country of Europe. The same is true, however, of the population over 6o years of age. The death-rate of the United States, though incapable of exact determination, was probably between 16 and 17 per I000 in 1900; and therefore less than in most foreign countries. Death-rate. The following statement of the leading causes of death during the eleven years 1890–1900 in 83 cities of above 25,000 population, is given by Dr J. S. Billings: Average See also:

• ANNUAL

See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

1900 the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

1850. 1880. 1900. Area of 1790 490 483 414 373 344 New England 470 443 358 309 291 Middle states 494 485 405 358 326 Old South 502 508 464 431 402 Added area — 526 463 406 368 ratios of 1900 and 2000, and reinforce the suggestions of various other facts that the social, as well as the economic, conditions in colonial times were practically constant. The decline in the proportion of children since 186o has been decidedly less in the South (Southern Atlantic and South Central states as defined below) than in the North and West, but in the most recent decades the last section has apparently fast followed New England in having a progressively lesser proportion of children. In the North there was little difference in 1900 in the ratios shown by city and country districts, but in the South the ratio in the latter was almost twice that reported for the former. The decades 184o-185o, 188o–1890 and 186o–1870 have shown much the greatest decreases in the percentage of children; and some have attributed this to the alleged heavier immigration of foreigners (largely adults)- in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

The change, wrote General Walker, which produced this falling off from the traditional rate of increase of about 3 % per annum, was that from the simplicity of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Illiteracy is less among young persons of all classes than in the older age-groups, in which the foreign-born largely fall. This is due to the extension of See also:

• PRIMARY

The excess of female illiteracy in the total population also decreased within the same period, from 20.3 to Io•8 illiterates in a thousand. The tendency is therefore clearly toward an ultimate higher literacy for females; a natural result where the two sexes enjoy equal facilities of schooling, and the females greater leisure. Among the whites attending school there was still in 1900 a slight excess of males; among the negro pupils females were very decidedly in excess. In all races there has been since 189o, throughout the country, a large increase in the proportion of girls among the pupils of each age-group; and this is particularly true of the group of 15 years and upward—that is of the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

The corresponding figures in 1890 were 68•o, 30.3 and 1.7%. For the reasons just given these figures do not accurately indicate the religious affiliations of the population of the United States. In this particular they very largely understate the number of See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire in the eastern part of the country, Louisiana in the south, and New Mexico, Arizona, California and Montana in the western part are distinctively Roman Catholic states, with not less than 63 % of these in the total church body. Racial elements are for the most part the explanation. So also the immigration of French Canadians and of Irish explains the fact that in every state of one-time Puritan New England the Roman Catholics were a majority over Protestants and all other churches. This was true in 1890 of 12 states, while in one other the Roman Catholics held a See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

In the occupations of musicians and teachers of See also:

• MUSIC

Twenty years later the corresponding figures were 26.1 and I0•2 %. In the North Atlantic and North Central states, notwithstanding their manufacturing industries, the proportions were much lower (17.1 and 17•o in 1900), and they increased very little in the period mentioned. In the Western group the increase was even less, and the total (10.9 % in 1900) also. But in the South Atlantic and the South Central states—where agriculture, mining and manufacturing have in recent decades become important—although the increase was very slight, the proportions were far above those of the other sections, both in 1880 and in 1900. In the former year the ratios were 40.2 and 41.5, in the latter 41.6 and 42.7 %. In Alabama (70.8 % in 1880), North and South Carolina, and Arkansas the ratio exceeded 50 % in 1900. National Wealth.—Mulhall has estimated the aggregate wealth of the United States in 1790 at $620,000,000, assigning of this value $4i9,000,000 to lands and $141,000,000 to buildings and improvements. It is probable that this estimate is generous according to the values of that time. But even supposing $',000,000,000 to be a juster estimate according to present-day values, it is probable that the increase of this since 1790 has been more than a hundredfold and since 185o (since when such data have been gathered by the census) about fifteenfold. The value of farm property increased from $3,967,343,580 in 185o to $20,439,901,164 in 1900. The gross value of manufactures rose in the same interval from $1,019,106,616 to $13,010,036,514; of farm products, from $2,212,540,927 in i88o to $6,309,000,000 in 1900. The census estimate of the true value of " property " constituting the national wealth was limited in an enumeration of 1850 to taxable realty and privately held personalty; in 1900 it covered also exempt realty, See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

The estimate of the national wealth of 1850 was $7,135,780,228 1904 (made by the census See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

From 185o to 1900 fairly full industrial statistics were gathered as a part of each decennial census. In 1905 was taken the first of a new series of See also:

• SPECIAL

Deducting from this the cost of raw materials and adding the cost of mill supplies, the result—$6,743,399 718 —is the value added to materials by manufacturing processes. The extent to which manufactures are controlled by large factories is shown by the fact that although in 1905 only 11.2 % of the total number reported products valued at $1oo,000 or over, these establishments controlled 81.5% of the capital, employed 71.6 % of the wage earners, and produced 79.3 % of the value of the products, of all establishments reported. 52.3 % of the total number, employing 66.3 % of all wage-earners, and producing 69•7% of the total product-value, were in urban centres. Only six establishments in a thousand employed as many as 500 workers, and only two in a thousand employed as many as moo workers. Cotton See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

The close relation of manufactures to agriculture is reflected inthe fact that, of the raw materials used, 79.4% came from the farm. The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

In the manufacture of textiles the United States holds the second place, after Great Britain; decidedly second in cottons, a close competitor with Great Britain and France in woollens, and with France in silks. In the manufacture of food products the United States holds a lead that is the natural result of immense advantages in the production of raw materials. No other country produces half so much of leather. In the dependent industry of boots and shoes her position is commanding. These facts give an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

Before the separation of the colonies from the See also:

• MOTHER

From 1824 the See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

The following details show the development of the See also:

• MINERAL

At the end of the century, in only fifty years, the United States had secured an easy first place among the mineral-producing countries of the world. It held primacy, with a large margin, in the yield of coal, iron, lead and copper, the minerals most important in manufactures; in gold its output was second only to that of South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN