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See also:GREAT See also:BRITAIN AND See also:IRELAND A. Public Observatories. ' See also:Greenwich, royal obs., See also:lat. +51 ° 28' 38.4". Founded in 1675 for the promotion of See also:astronomy and See also:navigation. The obs. have therefore from the first been principally intended to determine the positions of See also:standard stars, the See also:sun and See also:planets, and above all to follow the See also:motion of the See also:moon with as little interruption as possible, both on and outside the See also:meridian. Since 1873 spectroscopic obs. and a daily phot. See also:record of sun-spots have been taken. The eighth See also:satellite of See also:Jupiter was discovered photographically in 1908. The obs. is under the direction of the astronomer-royal; and from the See also:time of its first astronomer, See also:Flamsteed, the institution has always maintained its See also:place in the foremost See also:rank of obs. Thus the obs. of See also:Bradley (ob. 1762) See also:form the See also:foundation of See also:modern stellar astronomy ; but it was especially during the directorship of See also:Airy (1835–1881) that the obs. See also:rose to its See also:present high See also:state of efficiency. There are now two See also:chief assistants, six assistants, and a See also:staff of computers employed. The See also:principal See also:instruments now in use are: a meridian circle by See also:Simms (and Ransomes and May as See also:engineers), erected in 1850, having a circle of 6-ft. See also:diameter and a See also:telescope of 8-in. ap., Lassell's 2-ft. refl., erected 1884; 13-in. phot. ref r. with 10-in. vis. o.g. by Grubb; 28-in. refr. by Grubb; 26-in. phot. refr. by Grubb, with the old 12.8-in. refr. as guiding telescope; 9-in. phot. refr. by Grubb, and 3o-in. s.g. refl. by See also:Common, the last four being on one stand; 8-in. altazimuth by Simms, erected 1896. The 26-in. and the 9-in. were presented by See also:Sir H. See also:Thompson. The standard " motor See also:clock " is the centre of a See also:system of electrically-controlled clocks scattered over the See also:United See also:Kingdom. The magnetic and meteorological See also:department was founded in 1838; it contains a See also:complete set of instruments giving continuous phot. records. The Observations are published with all details from 1750, beginning with 1836 in See also:annual bulky See also:quarto volumes; See also:special results—e.g., See also:Star Catalogues, Reductions of Lunar and Planetary Observations—are published in See also:separate volumes. See also:South See also:Kensington, See also:Solar physics obs., lat. +51° 29' 48.0", See also:long. o h. o m. 41.5 s. W. Founded 1879, under Sir N. See also:Lockyer; 3-ft. refl. and 3o-in. refl. by Common; 10-in. refr. by See also:Cooke, and several siderQstats with attachments for spectroscopic and phot. See also:work. See also:Oxford, See also:Radcliffe obs., lat. +51 ° 45' 35.4 long. o h. 5 m. 2.6 s. W. Founded in 1771 by the Radcliffe trustees. Obs. were regularly made, but none were published until 1839, when systematic obs. were begun with an 8-ft. transit See also:instrument by See also:Bird (1773) and a 6-ft. mural circle by See also: 5 m. 0.4 S. W. Finished in 1875; is under the Savilian See also:professor of astronomy; 12i-in. ref r. by Grubb, and a refl. made and presented by Ike La See also:Rue. The former has been used for photometric obs.; the latter for taking lunar photographs, by means of which the See also:late Professor See also:Pritchard investigated the See also:libration of the moon; 13-in. phot. ref r. by Grubb attached to the 12i-in., used for phot. work. See also:Cambridge, lat. +52° 12' 51.6", long. o h. o m. 22.8 s. E. Founded by the univ. See also:senate in 1820. Chiefly devoted to meridian work—up to 187o with a 5-in. transit by See also:Dollond and a mural circle by Jones; a new meridian circle by Simms, of 8-in. ap. and 3-ft. circles, was then erected. The " See also:Northumberland See also:equatorial " was mounted in the " See also:English " See also:fashion in 1838; the o.g. by Cauchoix is of 111-in. ap. R. S. Newall's 25-in. refr. by Cooke, erected 1891, used for spectrographic work; siderostatic refr. with 12-in. o.g. by Cooke, 1898. In 1908 the instruments of Sir W. See also:Huggins' obs. were presented by the Royal Society. See also:Durham, univ. obs., lat. +54° 46' 6.2" long. o h. 6 m. 19.8 s. W. Founded in 1841; small meridian circle by Simms, refr. by See also:Fraunhofer of 61-in. ap., Almucantar of 6-in. ap. by Cooke (1900). See also:Liverpool (Bidston, See also:Birkenhead), lat. +53° 24' 4.8", long. o h. 12 m. 17.3 s. W. Founded in 1838 by the municipal See also:council; transferred in 1856 to the Docks and See also:Harbour See also:Board; moved to Birkenhead in 1867. Specially intended for testing the rates of chronometers under different temperatures. Transit instrument by Troughton and Simms, and an 8-in. refr. by Merz. See also:Kew (See also:Richmond), lat. +51° 28' 6", long. o h. I m. 15.1 s. W. The central meteorological obs. of the United Kingdom, with self-registering meteorological and magnetical instruments. Established' in 1842 under the auspices of the See also:British Association, afterwards transferred to the Royal Society. Since 1900 a department of the See also:National Laboratory. A photoheliograph was employed at De La Rue's expense to take daily sun-pictures from 1863 to 1872.
See also:Edinburgh, royal obs., Blackford See also: Since 1834 the obs. has been under the direction of the astronc mer-rcyal for See also:Scotland, who is also professor of See also:practical astronomy in the univ. Professor T. See also:Henderson (1833–1845) began extensive meridian obs. of fixed stars with a mural circle of 6-ft. diameter and an 8-ft. transit. A 2-ft. s.g. refl. by Grubb was erected in 1872. New obs. erected on Blackford Hill 1893–1895 for the instruments presented by See also:Lord See also:Crawford; 15-in. refr. by Grubb, transit circle by Simms of 8-in. ap., 12-in. s.g. refl. by See also:Browning, two 6-in. refrs. and a very See also:fine library; also the 2-ft. refl. The old obs. on Calton Hill now belongs to the See also:city and is used for instruction; a 21-in. refr. by Wragge has been erected. See also:Glasgow, univ. obs., lat. +55° 52' 42.8", long. c h. 17 M. Io•6 s. W. Organized in 184o by subscription, aided by subsidies from the univ. and the state. Meridian circle by Ertel of 6-in. ap.; 9-in. refr. by Ccoke, 20-in. s.g. refl. by Grubb with spectrograph. Two catalogues of stars were published by the late director, R. See also: South), which has been used for researches on stellar See also:parallax. A meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6.4-in. ap. was mounted in 1873, and a 15-in. s.g. refl. for phot. work in 1889. Astronomical Observations and Researches made at Dunsink in 4to parts.
See also:Armagh, lat. +54° 21 12.7", long. o h. 26 m. 35.4 s. W. Founded and endowed by See also:Archbishop R. See also:Robinson in 1790. Possessed very few instruments until the obs. was enlarged by Archbishop Lord See also: Principal Private Observatories in z9o8.
Mr W. Coleman's obs., See also:Buckland, See also:Dover, lat. +51° 8' 12", long. o h. 5 m. 11 s. E. Cooke 8-in. refr. used for obs. of See also:double stars.
Mr J. See also:Franklin-See also: 30-2 s. W. Erected 1903; twin equatorial by Cooke with 12-in. and 6-in. lenses, another with 8-in. and 6-in. lenses, used for phot. survey of the heavens with special reference to the Milky Way. The former instrument was used at the Cape in 1903–1904. Rev. T. E. Espin's obs., See also:Tow See also:Law, See also:Darlington, lat. +54° 43' 30", long. o h. 7 m. 14 S. W. 17i-in. refl. by Calver, used since 1888 for See also:spectroscopy and obs. of double stars. Mr W. H. Maw's ohs., Kensington, lat. +51° 30' 2.8", long. o h. o m. 49.4 s. W., 6-in. refr. by Cooke (1886). Also at Outwood, Surrey, lat. +51° II' 38", long. o h. o m. 23.7 s. W., 8-in. refr. by Cooke (1896), both used on double stars. Sir See also:Wilfrid Peek's obs., Rousdon, Lyme Regis, lat. +5o° 42' 38", long. o h. 11 m. 59.0 s. W. Erected by the late Sir See also:Cuthbert Peek in 1885; 6.4-in. refr. by Merz used for obs. variable stars.
See also:Earl of See also:Rosse's obs., See also:Birr See also:Castle, See also: These instruments, particularly the latter, were used from 1848 to 1878 for ohs. of nebulae, and revealed many new features in these bodies; results published in the Phil. Trans. and collected systematically in the Trans. See also:Roy. Dubl. See also:Soc. (1879–188o). Experiments were made by the present earl tc determine the amount of See also:heat radiated from the moon. See also:Rugby School (See also:Temple Obs.), lat. +52° 22' 7", long. o h. 5 M. 2 s. W. Founded in 1872; 8i-in. refr. by See also:Clark, used for obs. of double stars and of stellar spectra. Stonyhurst See also:College obs., See also:Lancashire, lat. +53° 50' 40", long. o h. 9 M. 52.7 s. W. An 8-in. refr. by Troughton and Simms, mounted in 1867, used for spectroscopic and micrometric obs.; 15-in. See also:Perry memorial refr. by Grubb mounted in 1893, used chiefly for solar work. C. Private Observatories now discontinued. Mr J. G. See also:Barclay's obs., See also:Leyton, See also:Essex, lat. +51° 34' 34", long. o h. o m. 0.9 s. W. In activity from 1862 till 1886, Ic-in. refr. by Cooke; chiefly devoted to double stars. Mr G. See also:Bishop's obs., South See also:Villa, See also:Regent's See also:Park, See also:London, lat. +51° 31' 29.9", long. o h. o m. 37.1 s. W. In activity from 1836 to 1861, then removed to See also:Twickenham, and discontinued in 1874; had a 7-in. refr. by Dollond, with which Mr J. R. See also:Hind discovered ten See also:minor planets and several comets, and constructed maps of stars near the See also:ecliptic. Mr R. C. Carrington's obs., Redhill, lat. +51° 14' 25'3", long. o h. o m. 41.3 s. W. Established in 1854; had a 41-in. refr. and transit circle of 5-in. ap. (now at Radcliffe Ohs.). With the latter a See also:catalogue of the positions of 3735 stars within 9° of the See also:pole, with the former See also:regular obs. of sun-spots, were made from 1853 to 1861. 956 Mr A. A. Common's obs., See also:Ealing, London, W. (1876-1903). 18-in. s.g. refl. erected in 1876, s.g. refl. of 36-in. ap. (See also:mirror by Calver, mounting by the owner), erected in 1879; chiefly used for See also:celestial See also:photography, replaced by a refl. of 5-ft. ap. in 1889.
See also:Colonel See also: Cooper, who in 1834 erected a refr. of 13.3-in. ap. (o.g. by Cauchoix). This instrument was from 1848 to 1856 used for determining the approximate places of 60,000 stars near the ecliptic. The obs. was restored in 1874, and the refr. was used for double-star obs. till 1883. Earl of Crawford's obs., Dunecht, See also:Aberdeenshire, lat. +57° 9' 36", long. o h. 9 M. 40 s. W. Founded in 1872; 15-10. refr. by Grubb, 12-in. s.g. refl. by Browning, two 6-in. and several smaller refrs. meridian circle by Simms similar to the one at Cambridge, numerous spectroscopes and minor instruments, also a large library and a collection of See also:physical instruments. Chiefly devoted to spectroscopic and cometary obs. Whole equipment presented to Edinburgh obs. in 1888. Mr E. Crossley's obs., Bermerside, See also:Halifax, See also:Yorkshire. Equatorial refr. by Cooke of 9.3 in. ap., erected in 1871, chiefly used for obs. of double stars till 1902. Rev W. R. See also:Dawes's obs., first at See also:Ormskirk (1830-1839), lat. +53° 43' 18", long. o h. II m. 36 s. W.; afterwards at See also:Cranbrook, See also:Kent (1844-185o), lat. +51° 6' 31", long. o h. 2 M. io•8 s. E.; then at Wateringbury, near See also:Maidstone, lat. +51° 15' 12", long. o h. I m. 39.8 s. E., till 1857; and finally at Hopefield, Haddenham, lat. +51° 45' 54", long. o h. 3 M. 43.4 s. W., till Mr Dawes's See also:death in 1868. Possessed at first only small instruments, then successively a 6-in. refr. by Merz, a 72-in. and an 8i-in. refr. by Clark, and an 8-in. refr. by Cooke, with all of which a great many See also:measures of double stars were made. Mr W. De La Rue's obs., Cranford, See also:Middlesex, lat. +51° 28' 57.8", long. o h. I m. 37.5 s. W. Established in 1857; with 13-in. refl , de-voted to solar and lunar photography. The Kew photoheliograph was employed here from 1858 to 1863 to take daily photographs of the sun. The refl. was presented to the Oxford univ. obs. in 1874. Mr S. Groombridge's obs., See also:Blackheath, lat. +51° 28' 2.7", long. o h. o m. o•6 s. E. In 1806 Mr Groombridge obtained a new transit circle of 4-ft. diameter by Troughton, with which he up to 1816 observed stars within 5o° of the pole forming a catalogue of 4243 stars. Sir See also: 27.7 s. W. Founded in 1856; furnished with an 8-in. refr. (by Clark and Cooke). In 187o was erected an equat. mounting with a I5-in. refr. and a Cassegrain refl. of 18-in. ap., both made by Grubb for the Royal Society. With these Sir W. Huggins has made his well-known spectroscopic observations and photographs of stellar spectra. The instruments were transferred to the Cambridge obs. in 1908. Rev T. J. Hussey's obs., See also:Hayes, Kent, lat. +51° 22' 38", long. o h. o m. 3.6 s. E. In activity from about 1825 for about twelve years; 62-in. refr. by Fraunhofer, used for making one of the star maps published by the See also:Berlin See also:Academy. Mr G. Knott's obs., Cuckfield, See also:Sussex (from 186o to 1873 at Woodcroft, lat. +51° 0' 41", long. o h. o m. 34 s. W., afterwards at See also:Knowles See also:Lodge, Cuckfield) ; 7.3-in. refr. by Clark, used for observing double stars and variable stars till 1894. Mr W. Lassell's obs., from 184o to 1861 at Starfield near See also:Liver-See also:pool, lat. +53° 25' 28", long. o h. 11 m. 38.7 S. W.; contained refl. of 9- and 24-in. ap.; employed for obs. of the satellites of Saturn, Uranus and See also:Neptune, and of nebulae. The 2-ft. refl. was used at See also:Malta in 1852-1853, and a 4-ft. refl. was mounted in 1861, also at Malta, and used till 1864 for obs. of satellites and nebulae. The eighth satellite of Saturn, the two inner satellites of Uranus and the satellite of Neptune were discovered at Starfield by Mr Lassell.
Dr J. See also: McClean's obs., Rusthall House, Tunbridge See also:Wells. Phot. 12-in. refr. and o.g. See also:prism by Grubb used for photos. of star spectra, 1895-1904. Mr R. S. Newall's obs., See also:Gateshead, See also:Newcastle-on-See also:Tyne. A 25-in. ref r. by Cooke was mounted in 1870 but never used; presented to Cambridge obs. in 1891. Dr See also:Isaac See also:Roberts's obs., Crowborough, Sussex, lat. +51° 3' 7" long. o h. o m. 37 s. E. 20-in. s.g. refl. by Grubb (with 7-in. refr.) used for phot. of nebulae and clusters 1890-1904. Captain W. H. Smyth's obs., See also:Bedford, lat. +52° 8' 27.6", long.. o h. I m. 52.0 s. W. In 183o Captain (afterwards See also:Admiral) Smyth erected a 6-in. refr. by Tulley, and observed the double stars and nebulae contained in his " Bedford Catalogue " (1844).
Sir See also: Herschel measured double stars, in 1821-1823. In 1826 South erected an obs. at Campden Hill, Kensington, lat. +51° 30' 12", long. o h. o m. 46.8 s. W., and procured a 12-in. o.g. from Cauchoix. As 'Troughton, however, failed to make a satisfactory mounting, the See also:glass was never used till after it had been presented to Dublin ohs. in 1862. Colonel Tomline's obs. at Orwell Park, See also:Ipswich, lat. +52° 0' 33", long. o h. 4 M. 55.8 s. E. lo-in. refr. by Merz, used for obs. of comets from 1874 to 1889. Mr W. E. See also: E., where a catalogue of the right ascensions of 1318 stars was formed from obs. with a transit instrument by Jones. In 1842 a new obs. was built at Wrottesley See also: Founded in 1667, when the construction of a large and monumental building was commenced by the architect See also:Claude See also:Perrault. J. D. See also:Cassini's obs. made the institution for some time the most celebrated obs. existing, but later the activity declined, although several eminent men, as Bouvard and See also:Arago, have held the See also:post of director. Since 1854, when See also:Leverrier assumed the directorship, the obs. have been conducted with regularity, and, together with a number of most important theoretical See also:works, published in the See also:Annals (Observations and See also:Memoirs). The principal instruments now in use are: a meridian circle by Secretan and Eichens, with an o.g. of 9:5-in. ap., another by Eichens (given by M. Bischoffsheim) of 7.5-in. ap., a 15-in. refr. by Lerebours and See also:Brunner, a 12-in. refr. by Secretan and Eichens, a refr. of 9.5-in. ap., an equat. coud6e by See also: +48° 51' 29", where See also:Lacaille observed from 1746 to 1750, and from 1754 to 1762, and the obs. at the E°See also:cole Militaire, lat. +48° 51' 5", built in 1768 and furnished with an 8-ft. mural quadrant by Bird, with which J. L. d'Agelet observed telescopic stars (1782-1785), and which was afterwards (1789-1801), under See also:Lalande's direction, employed for observing more than 50,000 stars, published in the Histoire See also:Celeste (18oi). See also:Meudon, See also:close to Paris, lat. +48° 48' 18", long. o h. 8 m. 55.6 s. E. Founded in 1875; devoted to physical astronomy, and especially to celestial photography, under the direction of J. See also:Janssen; 32-in. vis. and 24i-in. phot. ref r. by Henry and Gautier, refl. by the same of 39-in. ap. There is a See also:branch obs. on Mont See also:Blanc, where a polar siderostat with 12-in. o.g. and 20-in. mirror is occasionally used for solar and spectroscopic work (15,780 ft. above See also:sea-level). Montsouris, situated in the Montsouris Park, south of Paris, lat. +48° 49' 18", long. o h. 9 M. 20.7 S. E. Founded in 1875 for the training of See also:naval See also:officers. Juvissy (See also:Seine-et-See also:Oise), private obs. of N. C. Flammarion, lat. +48° 41' 37", long. o h. 9 M. 29.0 s. E. 91-in. refr. used for obs. of planets. Chevreuse (Seine-et-Oise), private obs. of M. Farman (1903), lat, +48° 42' 33", long. o h. 8 m. 4.5 s. E.; 8-in. refr. by Mailhat used on double stars. See also:Besancon, chronometric and meteorol. obs., lat. +470 14' 59.0", long. o h. 23 M. 57.1 s. E. Opened 1884; 8-in. refr., 12-in. equat, coud6e, 72-in. transit circle, all by Gautier. See also:Lyons, old obs. in lat. 45° 45' 46", long. o h. 19 M. 18 s. E., at the Jesuit college. A new obs. was erected in 1877 at St G6nis-See also:Laval, at some distance from the city, lat. + 45° 41' 41 .o", long. o h. 19 M. 8.5 s. E. Transit circle by Eichens (6-in. o.g.), i2-in. equat. coud6e by Gautier, 12-in. siderostat. See also:Bordeaux, univ. obs. at Floirac, 4 km. N.W. of the city, lat. +44° 50' 7.3", long. o h. 2 M. 5.5 s. W. Founded 1882; 7-in. transit circle by Eichens, I4-in. refr. by Merz and Gautier, 13-in. phot. refr. by Henry and Gautier. See also:Marseilles, lat. 43° i8' 17.5", long. o h. 21 M. 34.6 s. E. Originally belonging to the See also:Jesuits, taken over by the See also:ministry of the See also:navy in 1749. It was here that J. L. Pons made his numerous discoveries of comets. New buildings erected in 1869; 9i-in. Merz. refr., refl. of 32-in. ap. s.g. by See also:Foucault, 71-in. transit circle. See also:Toulouse, lat. 430 36' 45.0", long. o h. 5 M. 49.9 S. E. Erected in 1841 (Darquier had observed at the See also:Lyceum towards the end of the 18th century); reorganized 1873; 9-in. refr. and phot. refr. by Gautier, i3-in. and 32-in. refl. See also:Nice, lat. + 43° 43' 16.9" long. o h. 29 M. 12.2 s. E., founded and endowed by R. L. Bischoffsheim for the See also:Bureau de See also:Longitude (188o), situated at Mont See also:Gros, See also:north-See also:east of Nice; a refr. of 3o-in. ap. by Henry and Gautier, a meridian circle by Brunner of 8-in. ap., 15-in. refr. and 151-in. equat. coudee by Henry and Gautier. A bbadia (Basses See also:Pyrenees), lat. + 43° 22' 52.2", long. o h. 7 M. 0.1S. W. Founded by A. d'See also:Abbadie, 1858, belongs now to the Paris Acad. of See also:Science. 6-in. transit circle. See also:GERMANY See also:Altona, lat. + 53° 32' 45.3", long. o h. 39 M. 46.1 s. E. Founded in 1823 by the Danish government to assist in the See also:geodetic operations in See also:Holstein. A meridian circle by See also:Reichenbach (of 4-in. ap.) was procured, to which in 1858 was added a 44-in. equat. by Repsold. The obs. is best known by the fact that the Astronomische Nachrichten, the principal astronomical See also:journal, was published here from 1821 (by H. C. See also:Schumacher up to 185o, by C. F. W. See also:Peters from 1854). The obs. was moved to See also:Kiel in 1874. See also:Bamberg, lat. + 49° 53' 6.o", long. o h. 43 M. 33.6 s. E. Founded and endowed by the late Dr K. Remeis, completed 1889; 74-in. heliometer by Merz and Repsold, 104-in. refr. by See also:Schroder. Berlin, royal obs., lat. + 52° 30' 16.7", long. o h. 53 M. 34.9 s. E. Was erected in 1705 as See also:part of the building of the Academy of Sciences (lat. + 52° 31' 12.5", long. o h. 53 M. 35 s. E.), a very unsuitable locality. A new obs. was built In the See also:southern part of the city, finished in 1835. Refr. by Utzschneider and Fraunhofer of 9-in. ap. (used chiefly for obs. of minor planets), a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 4-in. ap., another by the same makers of 7-in. ap. Berlin, obs. of Urania Society for diffusing natural knowledge, lat. + 52° 31' 30.7", long. o h. 53 M. 27.4 s. E. Opened 1889; 12-in. refr. by Schott. In the Treptow Chaussee is a popular obs. with a 27-in. ref r. by Schott and Steinheil. See also:Bonn, univ. obs., lat. + 5o° 43' 45.0", long. o h. 28 m. 23.2 s. E. Finished in 1845; meridian circle by Pistor of 44-in. ap., heliometer by Merz of 6-in. ap. The former was used by F. W. A. See also:Argelander for observing the stars contained in his three great catalogues. The obs. is chiefly known by the See also:zone obs., made from 1852 to 1859, with a small See also:comet-seeker, on which Argelander's great See also:atlas of 324,i98 stars between the north pole and -2° decl. is founded, continued with a 6-in. refr. from -2° to -31° decl. by See also:Schonfeld. A meridian circle of 6-in. ap. by Repsold was mounted in 1882. Bothkamp, F. G. von Billow's obs., lat. + 54° 12' 9.6", long. o h. 40 m. 31.2 s. E. Situated a few See also:miles from Kiel, founded in 1870. With a refr. of II-in. ap. by Schroder, Dr K. H. See also:Vogel obtained valuable results in 1871–1874; since then it has only been used occasionally. See also:Bremen. In the third See also:storey of his house in Sandstrasse, H. W. M. See also:Olbers (d.1840) had his obs., lat. + 53° 4' 38", long. o h. 35 M. to s. E. ; though the principal instrument was only a 34-in. refr. by Dollond, many comets and the planets See also:Pallas and See also:Vesta were discovered and observed here. See also:Breslau, univ. obs., lat. + 51 ° 6' 55.8", long. i h. 8 m. 8.7 s. E. Founded 1790. In a small and unsuitable locality; 8-in. refr. by Clark and Repsold erected 1898. See also:Dresden, See also:Baron von See also:Engelhardt's obs., lat. + 51° 2' 16.8" long. o h. 54 M. 54.8 s. E. A 12-in. refr. by Grubb (mounted 188o), used for obs. of comets and double stars, presented to Kasan obs. in 1897. See also:Dusseldorf (Bilk, originally a suburb, now part of the city), lat. + 51° 12' 25.0", long. o h. 27 M. 5.5 s. E. Founded and endowed by Professor J. F. Benzenberg (d. 1846); best known by the See also:discovery of twenty-one minor planets by K. T. R. See also:Luther;-44-in. refr. by Merz, 71-in. refr. by Merz and Bamberg. See also:Gotha.—In 1791 an obs. was founded by See also:Duke Ernest II. at Seeberg, lat. + 50° 56' 5.2", long. o h. 42 M. 55.8 s. E., on a hill a few miles from Gotha, the chief instrument being a large transit instrument by Ramsden. Through the labours, principally theoretical, of F. X. See also:Zach, B. A. von Lindenau, J. F. See also:Encke and P. A. See also:Hansen, the institution ranked with the first obs. A new obs. was built at Gotha in 1857, lat. + 50° 56' 37.5", long. o h. 42 M. 50.4 s. E., which received the instruments from Seeberg, including a small transit circle by Ertel (made in 1824), also a new equat. by Repsold of 44-in. ap. See also:Gottingen, univ. obs., lat. + 51 ° 31' 48.2", long, o h. 39 m. 46.2 s. E. An obs. had existed here from 1751, where Tobias See also:Mayer worked. In 1811 a new building was constructed. Besides his mathematical works, K. F. See also:Gauss found time to engage in important geodetic and magnetic obs.; meridian circle by Repsold (41-in. ap.), another by Reichenbach (44-in.), 6-in. heliometer by Repsold (1888). See also:Hamburg. lat. + 53° 33' 7.0", long. o h. 39 M. 53.6 s. E. Built in the See also:year 1825. With a meridian circle of 4-in. ap. by Repsold, K. L. C. See also:Rumker observed the places of 12,000 stars. A refr. of to-in. ap. by Merz and Repsold was mounted in 1868. A new obs. is now being built 20 km. south-east of the city, lat. + 53° 28' 46", long. o h. 40 m. 58.5 s. E., with a 234-in. refr by Steinheil and Repsold, 74-in. transit circle by Repsold, and a 39-in, refl. See also:Heidelberg, See also:grand ducal obs., lat. + 490 23' 54.9", long. o h. 34 m. 53.1 s. E. On the Konigstuhl hill, 500 ft. above the See also:Neckar; opened 1898. Consists of an astrometric and an astrophysical department. The former has a i3-in. refr. by Steinheil and Repsold, an 8-in. refr. by Merz and a 64-in. transit circle by Repsold. The astrophysical department is chiefly devoted to phot. work with a triple equat. with two 16-in. lenses and to-in. guiding telescope, as well as with a 28-in. s.g. refl. by Zeiss. See also:Jena, univ. obs., lat.+ 50° 55' 349", long. o h. 46 m. 20.3 s. 7-in. refr. mounted 1891. Kid, univ. obs., lat. + 54° 20' 27.6", long. o h. 40 M. 35.6 s. E. Contains the instruments removed from Altona in 1874, also an 8-in refr. by Steinheil and a 9-in. transit circle by Repsold. See also:Konigsberg, univ. obs., lat. + 54° 42' 50.4", long. i h. 21 m."59.0 s. E. Built 1813; F. W. See also:Bessel was the director till his death in 1846, and nearly all his celebrated investigations were carried out here, e.g. obs. of fundamental stars, zone obs. of stars, researches on See also:refraction, heliometric obs., by which the annual parallax of the star 61 Cygni was first determined, &c. The instruments are a 4-in. transit circle by Repsold (1841), a 6-in. heliometer by Utzschneider (1829), and a 13-in. refr. by Reinfelder and Repsold (1898). Landstuhl (See also:Palatinate), private obs. of J. P. H. Fauth, lat. + 49° 24' 42.9", long. o h. 30 m. 16.3 s. E.; 7z-in. refr. See also:Leipzig, univ. obs. Erected 1787–1790 on the " Pleissenburg "; lat. + 51° 20' 20.5", long. o h. 49 M. 30.2 s. E.; possessed only small instruments, the largest being a 44-in. ref r. by Fraunhofer (183o). In 1861 a new obs. was erected, lat. + 51° 20' 5.9", long. o h. 49 m 33'9 s. E., with a refr. of 84-in. ap. by Steinheil, replaced in 1891 by a 12-in. ref r. by Reinfelder and Repsold, a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6.3-in. ap. and a 6-in. heliometer by Repsold. Lilienthal, near Bremen, lat. + 53° 8' 25", long. o h. 36 m. i s. E. J. H. Schrdter's private obs.; from 1779 to 1813. Contained a number of refl. by Herschel and See also:Schrader, the largest being of 27-ft. focal length and 20-in. ap. (movable See also:round the See also:eye-piece), used for physical obs., chiefly of planets. Destroyed during the See also:war in 1813; the instruments (which had been bought by the government in 1800) were, for the greater part, sent to the Gottingen obs. See also:Mannheim, lat. + 49° 29' 10.9", long. o h. 33 M. 50.5 s. E. Built in 1772; very few obs. were published until the obs. was restored in i86o, when a 6-in. refr. by Steinheil was procured. In 1879 the obs. was moved to See also:Karlsruhe and later to Heidelberg. See also:Munich, at Bogenhausen, royal obs., lat. + 48° 8' 45.5", long. o h. 46 m. 26.1 s. E. Founded in i8o9; a transit circle by Reichenbach was mounted in 1824, an II-in. equat. refr. by Fraunhofer in 1835. The former was used from 184o for zone obs. (about 80,000) of telescopic stars. 6-in. transit circle by Repsold mounted 1891. See also:Potsdam, lat. + 52° 22' 56.o", long. o h. 52 M. 15.9 s. E. "Astrophysical obs.," founded in 1874, devoted to spectroscopic and photo-graphic obs. A refr. by Schroder of ap., another by Grubb of 8-in. ap., a refr. by Steinheil and Merz with 9-in. vis. and i3-in. phot. o.g. and a refr. by Steinheil and Repsold with 31-in. phot. and 194-in. vis. o.g., spectroscopes, photometers, &c. Results are published in 4t0 vols. See also:Strassburg, univ. obs., lat. + 48° 35' 0.3", long. o h. 31 M. 4.5 s. E. Finished in 1881; an i8-in. refr. by Merz; altazimuth of 54-in. ap., meridian circle of 64-in. ap., and a 64 in. See also:orbit sweeper, all by Repsold. Wilhelmshaven (See also:Prussia), naval obs., lat. + 53° 31' 52.2", long. o h. 32 M. 35.1 s. E.; situated on the Jande to the north of See also:Oldenburg. Founded in 1874; meridian circle by Repsold of 44-in. ap., and meteorological, magnetical, and See also:tide-registering instruments. See also:AUSTRIA-See also:HUNGARY See also:Vienna, imperial and royal obs. On the univ. building an obs. was founded in 1756, lat. + 48° 12' 35.5", long. I h. 5 M. 31.7s. E. Owing to the unsuitable locality and the want of instruments, very few obs. of value were taken until the obs. was rebuilt in 1826, when some better instruments were procured, especially a meridian circle of 4-in. ap., and a 6-in. refr. by Fraunhofer (mounted in 1832), used for obs. of planets and comets. From 1874 to 1879 a large and magnificent building (with four domes) was erected at Wahring, north-See also:west of the city, lat. + 48° 13' 55.4", long. I h. 5 m. 21.5 s. E. In addition to the old instruments, two refrs. were erected, one by Clark of 111-in. ap., another by Grubb of 27-in. ap. (mounted 1882) ; later a i5-in. equat. coudee by Gautier and a 13-in. phot. refr. by Repsold have been mounted. Vienna (Josephstadt), private obs. of T. von Oppolzer (d. 1886), lat. + 48° 12' 53.8", long. h. 5 M. 25.3 s. E. Established in 1865; 5-in. refr. by Merz, 4-in. meridian circle. Vienna(Ottakring) ,private obs.of M.vonKuffner,lat.+48°12'46.7", long. i h. 5 m. 11•o s. E. Completed 1886; 104-in. vis. and 6.3-in. phot. refr. by Steinheil and Repsold, 8-in. heliometer and 41-in. transit circle by Repsold. See also:Prague, univ. obs., lat. + 500 5' 15.8", long. o h. 57 M. 40.3 s. E. Founded in 1751 at the Collegium Clementinum, on a high See also:tower. 6-in. refr. by Steinheil and a 4-in. meridian circle. Senftenberg (in the east of Bohemia), lat. + 5o° 5' 55", long. 1 h. 5 m. 5i s. E. Baron von Senftenberg's obs.; established in 1844. Obs. of comets and planets made with small instruments till the owner's death (1858). Olmiitz, lat. +40° 35' 40", long. I h. 9 M. o s. E. E. von Unkrechtsberg's obs.; 5-in. refr. by Merz. J. F. See also:Julius See also:Schmidt observed planets and comets from 1852 to 1858. Kremsmiinster (Upper Austria), lat. +48° 3' 23.1", long. o h. 56 m. 31.6 s. E. Founded in 1748 at the gymnasium of the See also:Benedictines. 3-in. meridian circle (mounted in 1827); 51-in. refr. (mounted in 1856), used for comets and minor planets. Transit circle by Repsold (19o7). Foltz (sea-See also:coast, Austria), naval obs., lat. +44° 51' 48.7", long. o h. 55 M. 23.1 s. E. Founded in 1871; meridian circle of 6-in. ap. by Simms, 6-in. refr. by Steinheil, magnetic and meteorological instruments. Twenty-eight minor planets were discovered here from 1874 to 188o by J. Palisa. See also:Cracow, univ. obs., lat. +50° 3' 50.0", long. i h. 19 M. 51.1 s. E. Possesses only small instruments. See also:Lussin See also:piccolo (See also:island of Lussin, Adriatic), private obs. of Madame Manora, lat. +44° 32' 11.0", long. o h. 57 M. 52.4 s. E. Erected 1894; 7-in. refr. by Reinfelder, used for obs. of planets. Kis Karlal (north-east of See also:Budapest), private obs. of Baron Podmaniczky, lat. +47° 41' 54'8", long. I h. 18 m. 11.7 s. E. 71-in. ref r. by Merz and Cooke. O'Gyalla (near Komorn, Hungary), lat. +47° 52' 27.3", long. 1 h. 12 m. 45.6 s. E. See also:Nicolas de Konkoly's obs., since 1899 a royal obs. Established in 1871, rebuilt and enlarged in 1876, devoted to See also:astrophysics. A Io-in. s.g. refl. by Browning was in use tip to 1881, when it was disposed of and a To-in. refr. (o.g. by Merz) mounted in its place; also a 6-in. refr. by Merz, and a 6.3 in. phot. refr. Kalocza (south of Budapest), lat. +46° 31' 41", long. I h. 15 M. 54 s. E. (tbs. of the Jesuit college, founded in 1878 by See also:Cardinal Haynald; 7-in. fefr. by MVIerz, used for solar obs. Hereny (Vas, Hungary), lat. +47° 15' 47'4", long. I h. 6 m. 24.7 s. E. E. and A. von Gothard's obs. Founded in 1881; 10-in. refl. by Browning. - See also:SWITZERLAND See also:Zurich, lat. +47° 22' 40.0", long. o h. 34 M. 12.3 s. E. An obs. existed since 1759; handed over to the See also:Polytechnic School in 1855; new building erected in 1863. A 6-in. refr. by See also:Metz and See also:Kern with two phot. telescopes, two transit instruments, &c. Sun-spots are regularly observed, but the institution is chiefly devoted to educational purposes. See also:Neuchatel, lat. +46° 59' 51.0", long. o h. 27 M. 49.9 s. E. Erected in 1858; meridian circle of 44-in. ap. by Ertel, 61-in. refr. by Merz. See also:Geneva, lat. +46° I1' 59.3", long. o h. 24 M. 36.6 s. E. Founded in 1773; a new building erected in 183o. The obs. has been the centre of the important geodetic operations carried on in Switzerland since 1861. An I1-in. refr. (o.g. by Merz) was presented by the director E. Plantamour in 1880; 4-in. transit circle. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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