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XXVII7

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 37 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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XXVII7 . 2 At the See also:

time of the See also:prince See also:consort's See also:death the prince of See also:Wales was in. his twenty-first See also:year. He had spent several terms at See also:marriage each of the two See also:universities of See also:Oxford and See also:Cambridge, of the and he had already travelled much, having visited prince of most of See also:Europe, See also:Egypt and the See also:United States. Wales, His marriage was solemnized at See also:Windsor on the loth of See also:March 1863. The See also:queen witnessed the See also:wedding from the private See also:pew or See also:box of St See also:George's See also:Chapel, Windsor, but she wore the deep See also:mourning which she was never wholly to put off to the end of her See also:life, and she took no See also:part in the festivities of the wedding. In See also:foreign imperial affairs, and in the See also:adjustment of serious See also:parliamentary difficulties, the queen's dynastic See also:influence abroad and her position as above party at See also:home, together with the respect due to her See also:character, See also:good sense and experience, still remained a powerful See also:element in the See also:British polity, as was shown Austro• on more than one occasion. In 1866 the Austro-Prussian Prussian See also:War See also:broke out, and many See also:short-sighted See also:people War. were tempted to See also:side with See also:France when, in 1867, See also:Napoleon III. sought to obtain a " moral See also:compensation " by laying a claim to the duchy of See also:Luxemburg. A See also:conference met in See also:London, and the difficulty was settled by neutralizing the duchy and ordering the evacuation of the Prussian troops who kept See also:garrison there. But this See also:solution, which averted an imminent war, was only arrived at through Queen See also:Victoria's See also:personal intercession. In the words of a See also:French writer " The queen wrote both to the See also:king of See also:Prussia and to the See also:emperor Napoleon. Her See also:letter to the emperor, pervaded with the religious and almost mystic sentiments which predominate in the queen's mind, particularly since the death of Prince See also:Albert, seems to have made a deep impression on the See also:sovereign who, amid the struggles of politics, had never completely repudiated the philanthropic theories of his youth, and who, on the battlefield of See also:Solferino, covered with the dead and wounded, was seized with an unspeakable horror of war." Moreover, Disraeli's two premierships (1868, 1874-8o) did a good See also:deal to give new encouragement to a right See also:idea of the Disraeli constitutional See also:function of the See also:crown. Disraeli thought and that the queen ought to be a See also:power in the See also:state.

His Clad- notion of See also:

duty—at once a loyal and chivalrous one See also:stone. was that he was obliged to give the queen the best of his See also:advice, but that the final decision in any course See also:lay with her, and that once she had decided, he was See also:bound, what-ever might be his own See also:opinion, to stand up for her decision in public. The queen, not unnaturally, came to See also:trust Disraeli implicitly, and she frequently showed her friendship for him. At his death she paid an exceptional See also:tribute to his " dear and honoured memory " from his " grateful and affectionate sovereign and friend." To something like this position See also:Lord See also:Salisbury after 1886 succeeded. A somewhat different conception of the sovereign's functions was that of Disraeli's See also:great See also:rival, See also:Gladstone, who, though his respect for the See also:person and See also:office of the sovereign was unbounded, not only expected allpeople, the queen included, to agree with him when he changed his mind, but to become suddenly enthusiastic about his new ideas. The queen consequently never See also:felt safe with him. Nor did she like his manner—he spoke to her (she is believed to have said) as if she were a public See also:meeting. The queen was opposed to the Disestablishment of the Irish See also:Church (1869)—the question which brought Gladstone to be premier—and though she yielded with good See also:grace, Gladstone was fretful and astonished because she would not pretend to give a hearty assent to the measure. Through her secretary, See also:General See also:Grey, the queen pointed out that she had not concealed from Gladstone " how deeply she deplored " his having felt himself under the See also:necessity of raising the question, and how apprehensive she was of the possible consequences of the measure; but, when a general See also:election had pronounced on the principle, when the See also:bill had been carried through the See also:House of See also:Commons by unvarying majorities, she did not see what good could be gained by rejecting it in the Lords. Later, when through the skilful See also:diplomacy of the See also:primate the Lords had passed the second See also:reading by a small but sufficient See also:majority (179 to 146), and after amendments had been adopted, the queen 'herself wrote " The queen . . . is very sensible of the prudence and, at the same time, the anxiety for the welfare of the Irish See also:Establishment which the See also:archbishop has manifested during the course of the debates, and she will be very glad if the amendments which have been adopted at his See also:suggestion See also:lead to a See also:settlement of the question; but to effect this, concessions, the queen believes, will have to be made on both sides. The queen must say that she cannot view without alarm possible consequences of another year of agitation on the Irish Church, and she would ask the archbishop seriously to consider, in See also:case the concessions to which the See also:government may agree should not go so far as he may himself wish, whether the postponement of the settlement for another year may not be likely to result in worse rather than in better terms for the Church. The queen See also:trusts, therefore, that the archbishop will himself consider, and, as far as he can, endeavour to induce the others to consider, any concessions that may be offered by the House of Commons in the most conciliatory spirit." The See also:correspondence of which this letter forms a part is one of the few published witnesses to the queen's careful and active See also:interest in home politics during the latter See also:half of her reign; but it is enough to prove how See also:wise, how moderate and how steeped in the spirit of the Constitution she was.

Another instance is that of the See also:

County See also:Franchise and Redistribution Bills of 1884-85. There, again, a conflict between the two houses was imminent, and the queen's wish for a settlement had considerable See also:weight in bringing about the curious but effective conference of the two parties, of which the first suggestion, it is believed, was due to Lord See also:Randolph See also:Churchill. In 1876 a bill was introduced into See also:parliament for conferring on the queen the See also:title of " Empress of See also:India." It met with much opposition, and Disraeli was accused of ministering simply to a whim of the sovereign, whereas, in fact, "Empress of India. the title was intended to impress the idea of British See also:suzerainty forcibly upon the minds of the native princes, and upon the See also:population of Hindustan. The prince of Wales's voyage to India in the See also:winter of 1875-76 had brought the See also:heir to the See also:throne into personal relationship with the great See also:Indian vassals of the British crown, and it was felt that a further demonstration of the queen's interest in her magnificent dependency would confirm their See also:loyalty. The queen's private life during the See also:decade 187o-8o was one of quiet, broken only by one great sorrow when the Princess Alice died in 1878. In 1867 her See also:majesty had started in author-See also:ship by See also:publishing The See also:Early Days of the Prince life. Private Consort, compiled by General Grey; in 1869 she gave to the See also:world her interesting and simply written See also:diary entitled Leaves from the See also:Journal of our Life in the See also:Highlands, and in 1874 appeared the first See also:volume of The Life and Letters of the Prince Consort (2nd vol. in 188o), edited by See also:Sir See also:Theodore See also:Martin. A second See also:instalment of the Highland journal appeared in 1885. These See also:literary occupations solaced the See also:hours of a life which was mostly spent in privacy. A few trips to the See also:Continent, in which the queen was always accompanied by her youngest daughter, the Princess See also:Beatrice, brought a little variety into the home-life, and aided much in keeping up the good See also:health which the queen enjoyed almost uninterruptedly. So far as public ceremonies were concerned, the prince and princess of Wales were now coming forward more and more to represent the royal See also:family.

People noticed meanwhile that the queen had taken a great See also:

affection for her Scottish See also:man-servant, See also:John See also:Brown, who had been in her service since 1849; she made him her See also:constant personal attendant, and looked on him more as a friend than as servant. When he died in 1883 the queen's grief was intense. From 188o onwards See also:Ireland almost monopolized the See also:field of domestic politics. The queen was privately opposed to Gladstone's Home See also:Rule policy; but she observed in public a constitutional reticence on the subject. In the year, however, of the Crimes See also:Act 1887, an event took See also:place which was of more intimate personal concern to the queen, and of more attractive import to the See also:country and the See also:empire at large. See also:June loth was the fiftieth anniversary of her See also:accession to the the throne, and on the following See also:day, for the second Jahilee. time in See also:English See also:history, a great See also:Jubilee celebration was held to commemorate so happy an event. The country threw itself into the celebration with unchecked See also:enthusiasm; large sums of See also:money were everywhere subscribed; in every See also:city, See also:town and See also:village something was done both in the way of rejoicing and in the way of establishing some permanent memorial of the event. In London the day itself was kept by a See also:solemn service in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey, to which the queen went in state, surrounded by the most brilliant, royal, and princely escort that had ever accompanied a British sovereign, and cheered on her way by the See also:applause of hundreds of thousands of her subjects. The queen had already paid a memorable visit to the See also:East End, when she opened the People's See also:Palace on the 14th of May. On the and of See also:July she reviewed at See also:Buckingham Palace some 28,000 See also:volunteers of London and the home counties. On the 4th of July she laid the See also:foundation stone of the Imperial See also:Institute, the See also:building at See also:Kensington to which, at the instance of the prince of Wales, it had been determined to devote the large sum of money collected as a Jubilee offering, and which was opened by the queen in 1893. On the 9th of July the queen reviewed 6o,000 men at See also:Aldershot; and, last and See also:chief of all, on the 23rd of July, one of the most brilliant days of a brilliant summer, she reviewed the See also:fleet at Spithead.

The year 1888 witnessed two events which greatly affected See also:

European history, and in a See also:minor, though still marked, degree The queen the life of the English See also:court. On the 9th of March and the emperor See also:William I. died at See also:Berlin. He was See also:Bismarck. succeeded by his son, the emperor See also:Frederick III., regarded with See also:special affection in See also:England as the See also:husband of the princess royal. But at the time he was suffering from a See also:malignant disease of the See also:throat, and he died on the 15th of June, being succeeded by his eldest son, the emperor William II., the See also:grandson of the queen. Meanwhile Queen Victoria spent some See also:weeks at See also:Florence at the See also:Villa Palmieri, and returned home by See also:Darmstadt and Berlin. In spite of the illness of the emperor Frederick a certain number of court festivities were held in her See also:honour, and she had See also:long conversations with Prince Bismarck, who was deeply impressed by her majesty's See also:personality. Just before, the prince, who was still See also:chancellor, had taken a very strong See also:line with regard to a royal marriage in which the queen was keenly interested—the proposal that Prince See also:Alexander of See also:Battenberg, lately ruler of See also:Bulgaria, and See also:brother of the queen's son-in-See also:law, Prince See also:Henry, should marry Princess Victoria, the eldest daughter of the emperor Frederick. Prince Bismarck, who had' been See also:anti-Battenberg from the beginning, vehemently opposed this marriage, on the ground that for reasons of state policy it would never do for a daughter of the See also:German emperor to marry a prince who was personally disliked by the See also:tsar. This affair caused no little agitation in royal circles, but in the end state reasons were allowed to prevail and the _chancellor had his way. The queen had See also:borne so well the fatigue of the Jubilee that during the succeeding years she was encouraged to make some-1888 89. what more frequent appearances among her subjects. In May 1888 she attended a performance of Sir See also:Arthur See also:Sullivan's See also:Golden See also:Legend at the Albert See also:Hall, and in See also:August she visited See also:Glasgow to open the magnificent new municipal buildings, remaining for a couple of nights at Blythswood, the seat of Sir See also:Archibald See also:Campbell. Early in 1889 she received at Windsor a special See also:embassy, which was the beginning of a memorable See also:chapter of English history: two See also:Matabele chiefs were sent by King Lobengula to See also:present his respects to the " great See also:White Queen," as to whose very existence, it was said, he had up till that time been sceptical.

Soon afterwards her majesty went to See also:

Biarritz, and the occasion was made memorable by a visit which she paid to the queen-See also:regent of See also:Spain at See also:San See also:Sebastian, the only visit that an English reigning sovereign had ever paid to the See also:Peninsula. The relations between the court and the country formed See also:matter in 1889 for a somewhat See also:sharp discussion in parliament and in the See also:press. A royal See also:message was brought by Mr W. H. See also:Smith on the 2nd of July, expressing, on the one See also:hand, the queen's See also:desire to provide for Prince Albert See also:Victor of Wales, and,on the other, informing the house of the intended marriage of the prince of Wales's daughter, the Princess See also:Louise, to the See also:earl (afterwards See also:duke) of See also:Fife. On the proposal of Mr Smith, seconded by Gladstone, a select See also:committee mentary was appointed to consider these messages and to See also:grant to See also:report to the house as to the existing practice and as the prince to the principles to be adopted for the future. The ofildWarenles's ch See also:evidence laid before the committee explained to the country for the first time the actual state of the royal income, and on the proposal of Gladstone, amending the proposal of the government, it was proposed to grant a fixed addition of 36,000 per annum to the prince of Wales, out of which he should be expected to provide for his See also:children without further application to the country. Effect was given to this proposal in a bill called " The Prince of Wales's Children's Bill," which was carried in spite of the persistent opposition of a small See also:group of Radicals. In the See also:spring of 1890 the queen visited See also:Aix-See also:les-Bains in the See also:hope that the See also:waters of that health resort might alleviate the See also:rheumatism from which she was now frequently 1890 91. suffering. She returned as usual by way of Darmstadt, and shortly after her arrival at Windsor paid a visit to See also:Baron See also:Ferdinand See also:Rothschild at Waddesdon See also:Manor. In See also:February she launched the battleship " Royal Sovereign " at See also:Portsmouth; a See also:week later she visited the See also:Horse Show at See also:Islington. Her See also:annual spring visit to the See also:South was this year paid to the little town of See also:Grasse.

At the beginning of 1892 a heavy See also:

blow See also:fell upon the queen in the death of the prince of Wales's eldest son Albert Victor, duke of See also:Clarence and Avondale. He had never been Death of a robust constitution, and after a little more than of the a week's illness from See also:pneumonia following See also:influenza; duke of he died at See also:Sandringham. The pathos of his death Clarence. was increased by the fact that only a short time before it had been announced that the prince was about to marry his second See also:cousin, Princess May, daughter of the duke and duchess of See also:Teck. The death of the See also:young prince threw a gloom over the country, and caused the royal family to spend the year in such retirement as was possible. The queen this year paid a visit to Costebelle, and stayed there for some quiet weeks. In 1893 the country, on the expiration of the royal mourning, began to take a more than usual interest in the affairs of the royal family. On the 19th of February the queen 189 See also:left home for a visit to Florence, and spent it in the Villa Palmieri. She was able to display remarkable See also:energy in visiting the See also:sights of the city, and even went as far afield as San Gimignano; and her visit had a notable effect in strengthening the bonds of friendship between the United See also:Kingdom and the See also:Italian people. On 28th See also:April she arrived home, and a few days later the prince of Wales's second son, George, duke of See also:York (see GEORGE V.), who by his brother's death had been left in the See also:direct line of See also:succession to the throne, was betrothed to the Princess May, the marriage being celebrated on 6th July in the Chapel Royal of St See also:James's Palace. In 1894 the queen stayed for some weeks at Florence, and on her return she stopped at See also:Coburg to See also:witness the marriage between two of her grandchildren, the See also:grand duke 1894. of See also:Hesse and the Princess Victoria Melita of Coburg. On the next day the emperor William officially announced the See also:betrothal of the Cesarevitch (afterwards the tsar See also:Nicholas II.) to the princess Alix of Hesse, a granddaughter whom the queen had always regarded with special affection. After a few weeks in London the queen went northwards and stopped at See also:Manchester, where she opened the Ship See also:Canal.

Two days afterwards she celebrated her seventy-fifth birthday in quiet at Balmoral. A See also:

month later (June 23) took place the See also:birth of a son to the duke and duchess of York, the See also:child receiving the thoroughly English name of See also:Edward. In 1895 the queen lost her faithful and most efficient private secretary, General Sir Henry See also:Ponsonby, who for many years had helped her in the management of her most private affairs and had acted as an intermediary between her and her ministers Death of with singular ability and success. His successor was Prince Sir Arthur Bigge. The following year, 1896, was Henry of marked by a loss which touched the queen even more See also:Batten- nearly and more personalty. At his own urgent See also:berg. See also:request Prince Henry of Battenberg, the queen's son-in-law, was permitted to join the See also:Ashanti expedition, and early in See also:January the prince was struck down with See also:fever. He was brought to the See also:coast and put on See also:board her majesty's ship " Blonde," where, on the 20th, he died. In See also:September 1896 the queen's reign had reached a point at which it exceeded in length that of any other English The sovereign; but by her special request all public See also:Diamond celebrations of the fact were deferred until the follow- Jubilee. See also:ing June, which marked the completion of sixty years from her accession. As the time See also:drew on it was obvious that the celebrations of this Diamond Jubilee, as it was popularly called, would exceed in magnificence those of the Jubilee of 1887. Mr See also:Chamberlain, the secretary for the colonies, induced his colleagues to seize the opportunity of making the jubilee a festival of the British empire. Accordingly, the See also:prime ministers of all the self-governing colonies, with their families, were invited to come to London as the guests of the country to take part in the Jubilee procession; and drafts of the troops from every British See also:colony and dependency were brought home for the same purpose. The procession was, in the strictest sense of the See also:term, unique.

Here was a display, not only of Englishmen, Scotsmen, Irishmen, Welsh-men, but of Mounted Rifles from Victoria and New South Wales, from the Cape and from See also:

Natal, and from the Dominion of See also:Canada. Here were Hausas from the See also:Niger and the See also:Gold Coast, coloured men from the See also:West India regiments, zaptiehs from See also:Cyprus, Chinamen from Hong See also:Kong, and See also:Dyaks—now civilized into military See also:police—from British See also:North See also:Borneo. Here, most brilliant sight of all, were the Imperial Service troops sent by the native princes of India; while the detachments of Sikhs who marched earlier in the procession received their full 'need of admiration and applause. Altogether the queen was in her See also:carriage for more than four hours, in itself an extraordinary See also:physical feat for a woman of seventy-eight. Her own feelings were shown by the See also:simple but significant message she sent to her people throughout the world: " From my See also:heart I thank my beloved people. May See also:God bless them." The illuminations in London and the great provincial towns were magnificent, and all the hills from See also:Ben See also:Nevis to the South See also:Downs were crowned with bonfires. The queen herself held a great See also:review at Aldershot; but a much more significant display was the review by the prince of Wales of the fleet at Spithead on Saturday, the 26th of June. No less than 165 vessels of all classes were See also:drawn up in four lines, extending altogether to a length of 30 M. The two years that followed the Diamond Jubilee were, as regards the queen, comparatively uneventful. Her health remained good, and her visit to Cimiez in the spring of 1898 was as enjoyable and as beneficial as before. In May 1899, after another visit to the See also:Riviera, the queen performed what proved to be her last ceremonial function in London: she proceeded in " semi-state " to South Kensington, and laid the foundation stone of the new buildings completing the Museum —henceforth to be called the Victoria and Albert Museum—which had been planned more than See also:forty years before by the prince consort. Griefs and anxieties encompassed the queen during the last year of her life.

But if the South See also:

African War proved more The serious than had been anticipated, it did more to queen's weld the empire together than years of peaceful Last year. progress might have accomplished. The queen's frequent messages of thanks and greeting to her colonies and to the troops sent by them, and her reception of the latter at Windsor, gave evidence of the heartfelt joy with which she saw the sons of the empire giving their lives for the See also:defence of its integrity; and the See also:satisfaction which she showed in the Federation of the Australian colonies was no less keen. The reverses of the first part of the See also:Boer See also:campaign, together with the loss of so many of her See also:officers and soldiers, caused no small part of that " great See also:strain " of which the Court Circular spoke in the ominous words which first told the country that she was seriously See also:ill. But the queen faced the new situation with her usual courage, devotion and strength of will. She reviewed the departing regiments; she entertained the wives and children of the Windsor soldiers who had gone to the war; she showed by frequent messages her watchful interest in the course of the campaign and in the efforts which were being made throughout the whole empire; and her See also:Christmas See also:gift of a box of See also:chocolate to every soldier in South See also:Africa was a touching See also:proof of her sympathy and interest. She relinquished her annual See also:holiday on the Riviera, feeling that at such a time she ought not to leave her country. Entirely on her own initiative, and moved by admiration for the See also:fine achievements of " her brave Irish " during the war, the queen announced her intention of paying a long visit to See also:Dublin; and there, accordingly, she went for the month of April 1900, staying in the Viceregal See also:Lodge, receiving many of the leaders of Irish society, inspecting some 50,000 school children from all parts of Ireland, and taking many a drive amid the charming scenery of the neighbourhood of Dublin. She went even further than this See also:attempt to conciliate Irish feeling, and to show her recognition of the gallantry of the Irish soldiers she issued an See also:order for them to See also:wear the shamrock on St See also:Patrick's Day, and for a new See also:regiment of Irish See also:Guards to be constituted. In the previous See also:November the queen had had the See also:pleasure of receiving, on a private visit, her grandson, the German Emperor, who came accompanied by the empress and by two of their sons. This visit cheered the queen, and the successes of the See also:army which followed the arrival of Lord See also:Roberts in Africa occasioned great joy to her, as she testified by many published messages. But independently of the public anxieties of the war, and of those aroused by the violent and unexpected out-break of fanaticism in See also:China, the year brought deep private griefs to the queen. In 1899 her grandson, the hereditary prince of Coburg, had succumbed to See also:phthisis, and in r9oo his See also:father, the duke of Coburg, the queen's second son, previously known as the duke of See also:Edinburgh, also died (July 30).

Then Prince See also:

Christian Victor, the queen's grandson, fell a victim to enteric fever at See also:Pretoria; and during the autumn it came to be known that the empress Frederick, the queen's eldest daughter, was very seriously ill. Moreover, just at the end of the year a loss which greatly shocked and grieved the queen was experienced in the sudden death, at Windsor See also:Castle, of the See also:Dowager See also:Lady Churchill, one of her See also:oldest and most intimate See also:friends. These losses told upon the queen at her advanced See also:age. Throughout her life the had enjoyed excellent health, and even in the last few years the only marks of age were rheumatic stiffness of the See also:joints, which prevented walking, and a diminished power of eyesight. In the autumn of 1900, however, her health began definitely to fail, and though arrangements were made Death for another holiday in the South, it was See also:plain that her of the strength was seriously affected. Still she continued queen. the See also:ordinary routine of her duties and occupations. Before Christmas she made her usual See also:journey to See also:Osborne, and there on the 2nd of January she received Lord Roberts on his return from South Africa and handed to him the insignia of the Garter. A fortnight later she commanded a second visit from the field--See also:marshal; she continued to transact business, and until a week before her death she still took her daily drive. A sudden loss of power then supervened, and on See also:Friday evening, the 18th of January, the Court Circular published an authoritative announcement of her illness. On Tuesday, the 22nd of January 29or, she died. Queen Victoria was a ruler of a new type. When she ascended the throne the popular faith in See also:kings and queens was on the decline.

She revived that faith; she consolidated her throne; she not only captivated the affections of the multitude, but won the respect of thoughtful men; and all this she achieved by methods which to her predecessors would have seemed impracticable—methods which it required no less shrewdness to discover than force of character and honesty of heart to adopt steadfastly. Whilst all who approached the queen See also:

bore witness to her candour and reasonableness in relation to her ministers, all likewise proclaimed how anxiously she considered advice that was submitted to her before letting herself be persuaded that she must accept it for the good of her people. Though richly endowed with saving See also:common sense, the queen was not specially remarkable for high development of any specialized intellectual force. Her whole life, public and private, was an abiding See also:lesson in the See also:paramount importance of character. John See also:Bright said of her that what specially struck him was her See also:absolute truthfulness. The extent of her family connexions, and the correspondence she maintained with foreign sovereigns, together with the confidence inspired by her personal character, often enabled her to smooth the rugged places of See also:international relations; and she gradually became in later years the See also:link between all parts of a democratic empire, the citizens of which felt a passionate loyalty for t heir See also:venerable queen. By her long reign and unblemished See also:record her name had become associated inseparably with British institutions and imperial solidarity. Her own life was by choice, and as far as her position would admit, one of almost austere simplicity and homeliness; and her subjects were proud of a See also:royalty which involved none of the mischiefs of caprice or ostentation, but set an example alike of motherly sympathy and of queenly dignity. She was mourned at her death not by her own country only, nor even by all English-speaking people, but by the whole world. The funeral in London on the 1st and 2nd of February, including first the passage of the See also:coffin from the Isle of See also:Wight to See also:Gosport between lines of warships, and secondly a military procession from London to Windsor, was a memorable solemnity: the greatest of English sovereigns, whose name would in history See also:mark an age, had gone to her See also:rest. There is a good See also:bibliographical See also:note at the end of Mr See also:Sidney See also:Lee's See also:article in the See also:National See also:Dictionary of See also:Biography. Sec also the Letters of Queen Victoria (1907), and the obituary published by The Times, from which some passages have been borrowed above.

(H.

End of Article: XXVII7

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