See also:

• ENGLISH

See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Among those whose Aryan descent is generally recognized as beyond dispute are the Teutons, to whom the Angles and Saxons belonged. The Teutonic or Germanic people, after dwelling together in a See also:

• BODY

Of the Geatas, Eotas or " kites," who, according to See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Its modern use is mainly due to the little See also:

• BAND

As to the Old Transition see further below. The OLD ENGLISH or Anglo-Saxon tongue, as introduced into Britain, was highly inflectional, though its inflections at the date when it becomes known to us were not so full as those of the earlier Gothic, and considerably less so than those of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Among these are named broc (a See also:

• BADGER

Among the literary remains of the Old English may be mentioned the epic poem of Beowulf, the original See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

Hence each successive literary effort of the reviving English tongue showed a larger adoption of French words to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

This is of course precisely what happens at the present day: See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

The stubborn resistance of the north, and the terrible See also:

• RETALIATION

See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Pa ferde he mid micel faerd into Engleland and wan castles—and te king ferde agenes him mid micel See also:

• MARE

The following is a specimen (lines 9064–9079) The See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

For three centuries, therefore, there was no standard form of speech which claimed any pre-eminence over the others. The writers of each district wrote in the dialect familar to them; and between extreme forms the difference was so great as to amount to unintelligibility; works written for southern Englishmen had to be translated for the benefit of the men of the north: " In sotherin See also:

• INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT (1814-1862)
• INGLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1764-1835)

Ich, I, singe. We singen. Pou singest. 3e singen. He singeP. Hy, thei, singen. Northern. Ic. I, sing(e) (I Pat singes). We sing(e), We Pat synges. pu singes. 3e sing(e), 3e foules synges.

He singes. Thay sing(e), Men synges. Of these the southern is simply the old West-Saxon, with the vowels levelled to e. The northern second person in -es preserves an older form than the southern and West-Saxon -est; but the -es of the third person and plural is derived from an older -See also:

• ELK

In one important respect, however,phonetic decay was far ahead in the north: the final e to which all the old vowels had been levelled during the transition stage, and which is a distinguishing feature of Middle English in the midland and southern dialects, became See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

Turning from the dialectal extremes of the Middle English to the midland speech, which we left at the closing leaves of the r Edited for the See also:

• SURTEES, ROBERT (1779-1834)
• SURTEES, ROBERT SMITH (1803-1864)

In this, the first great work is the Ormulum, or metrical Scripture paraphrase of See also:

• ORM, or ORMIN

But this diversity diminishes as we advance. See also:

• THIRTY

Adjectives retain so much of the old declension as to have -e in the definite form and in the plural The tend-re cropp-es and the yong-e sonne. And smal-e See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

Rhyme had made its appearance in the language shortly after the Conquest—if not already known before; and in the south and midlands it became decidedly more popular than alliteration; the latter retained its held much longer in the. north, where it was written even, after r-Sbo: many of the northern romances are either simply alliterative, or have both alliteration and rhyme. To thetsi characteristics of northern and southern verse respectively Chaucer alludes in the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

And for but we willen but his beo stedefust and lestinde; we senden 3ew his See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

Every reason conspired that this " English i' should be the midland dialect. It was the intermediate dialect, intelligible, as Trevisa has told us, to both extremes, even when these failed 1 Trevisa, Translation of Higden's Polychronicon. to be intelligible to each other; in its south-eastern form, it was the language of London, where the supreme law courts were, the centre of political and commercial life; it was the language in which the Wycliffite versions had given the See also:

• HOLY

And also my lorde See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

For in these dayes, euery man that is in ony reputacyon in his countre wyll vtter his comynycacyon and maters in suche maners & termes that fewe men shall vnderstonde theym. And som honest and grete clerkes haue ben wyth me, and desired me to wryte the moste curyous termes that I coude fynde. And thus bytwene playn, rude and curyous, I stande abasshed; but in my Iudgemente, the comyn termes that be dayli vsed ben lyghter to be vnderstonde than the olde and auncyent englysshe." In the productions of Caxton's press we see the passage from Middle to Early Modern English completed. The earlier of these have still an occasional verbal plural in -n, especially in the word they ben; the southern her and hem of Middle English vary with the northern and Modern English their, them. In the late works, the older forms have been practically ousted, and the year 1485, which witnessed the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, may be conveniently put as that which closed the Middle English transition, and introduced Modern English. Both in the completion of this result, and in its comparative permanence, the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

Modern English spelling, with its rigid uniformity as to individual results and whimsical caprice as to principles, is the creation of the printing-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

So in early Scotch books we find zellow, ze, yat, yem= yellow, ye, that, them; and in Modern Scottish, such names as Menzies, Dalziel, Cockenzie, and the word gaberlunzie, in which the z stands for y.