See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

There, however, they found a general. Picot (See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

I See also:

• DESIRE

This was followed by skirmishes around Valenciennes, so unfavourable to the French that their See also:

• OFFICERS

See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Both were " ci-devant " nobles and, so far as is ascertainable, neither was guilty of anything worse than attempts to make his orders respected by, and himself popular with, the soldiers. By this time, owing to the innumerable denunciations and arrests,the confusion in the Army of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

He therefore reduced it by See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

It was the darkest hour. The Vendeans, the people of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Fighting en route a very severe but successful action (Isincelles, Aug. 18) with the French troops encamped near Lille, the Anglo-Hanoverians entered the district—densely intersected with canals and morasses—around Dunkirk and See also:

• BERGUES

The Allies themselves recognized the extreme danger of their position. It was cut in half by the Great Morass, stretches of which extended even to Furnes. Neither Dunkirk nor Bergues could be completely invested owing to the inundations, and Freytag sent a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

The place was so See also:

• ILL

He sent away one See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

He hurried away to urge forward the right wing while Jourdan rallied the centre and led it into the fight again. Once more Jourdan awaited in vain the order to advance, and once more the troops See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

Materially, it was no more than the crushing of an obstinate rearguard at enormous expense to the assailants, for the duke of York was able to withdraw while there was still time. Houchard had indeed called back the division he had sent to Bergues, and despatched it by Loo against the enemy's See also:

• REAR

As far as the Allies were concerned Hondschoote was a mere reverse, not a disaster, and was See also:

• COUNTER

But his conclusion was entirely wrong. The Allies were closing on their left inland to attack See also:

• MAUBEUGE

Not that these chances were seriously weighed before engaging. The generals might squander their energies in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

The fourth and fifth under Kinsky and the archduke Charles were to defeat the French corps on the upper Marque, and then, leaving Lille on their left and guaranteeing themselves by a cordon See also:

• SYSTEM

For 1794 Carnot planned a general advance of all the northern armies, that of the North (Pichegru) from Dunkirk-Cassel by Ypres and Oudenarde on See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

In the allied camp common-sense had first to prevail over routine, and the emperor's first orders were for a See also:

• RAID

Finding himself with the See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Thus it was not till 1 A.M. on the 18th that the first Austrian battalions passed the Lys. On the front of the main allied group the " annihilation plan " was crippled at the outset by the tardiness of the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

The emperor himself, however, ordered the advance to be resumed, and Mouvaux too was carried by Abercromby. It was now nightfall, and the duke having attained his objective point prepared to hold it against a counter attack. Kinsky meanwhile with the fourth column had made feints opposite Pont-a-Tressin,and had forced the passage of the Marque near See also:

• BOUVINES

Coburg's entire force was, without deducting losses, no more than 53,000 for a front of 18 m., and only half of the enemy's available 80,000 men had as yet been engaged. Mack sent a staff officer, at 1 A.M., to implore the archduke to come up to Lannoy at once, but the young prince was asleep and his See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

Vandamme used his advantage well._ He attacked, with perhaps 12,000 men against 21,000, the head and the middle of Clerfayt's columns as they moved on Lincelles. Clerfayt stopped at once, turned upon him and drove him towards Roncq and Menin. Still, fighting in succession, rallying and fighting again, Vandamme's regiments managed to spin out time and to commit Clerfayt deeper and deeper to a false direction till it was too late in the day to influence the battle elsewhere. V. dem Bussche's column at Dottignies, shaken by the blow it had received the day before, did nothing, and actually retreated to the Scheldt. On the other flank, Kinsky and the archduke Charles practically remained inactive despite repeated orders to proceed to Lannoy, Kinsky waiting for the archduke, and the latter using up his time and forces in elaborating a protective cordon all around his left and rear. Both alleged that " the troops were tired," but there was a stronger See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

Malbrancq's brigade swarmed around the duke of York's entrenchments at Mouvaux, while Bonnaud's mass from the side of Lille passed the Marque and lapped round the flanks of the British posts at Roubaix and Lannoy. The duke had used up his reserves in assisting Otto, and by 8 A.M. the positions of Roubaix, Lannoy and Mouvaux were isolated from each other. But the Allies fought magnificently, and by now the Republicans were in confusion, excited to the highest See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

On the 19th he was at Rousselaer and Ingelminster, or to m. north of Courtrai, while Coburg's forces assembled and encamped in a strong position some 3 M. west and north-west of Tournai, the Hanoverians remaining out in advance of the right on the Espierre. Souham's victory, thanks to his geographical position, had merely given him See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

The demonstration on the French extreme right was soon recognized by the defenders to be negligible, and the allied left wing thereupon closed on the centre. There Bonnaud attacked with vigour, forcing back the various advanced posts, especially on the left, where he dislodged the Allies from Nechin. The defenders of Templeuve then fell back, and the attacking swarms—a dissolved line of battle—fringed the See also:

• BROOK

But the actual decision was destined by a curious See also:

• PROCESS

Beyond these again were the detachment of Beaulieu (8000) near Arlon, and another, 9000 strong, around See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Beaulieu was nowhere forced into a battle. But fortune was on Jourdan's side. The Austrians were a detachment of Coburg's army, not an independent force, and when threatened they retired towards Ciney, See also:

• DRAWING

But at last on the 3rd of June the concentration of parts of three armies on the Sambre was effected. Jourdan took command of the See also:

• UNITED

For the fourth time the Allies counter-attacked successfully, and after a severe struggle the French had to abandon their positions and their siege See also:

• WORKS

As to the next neither Jourdan nor the representatives seem to have had anything further in view than the capture of more fortresses. But within twenty-four hours events had decided for them. Coburg had quickly abandoned his intention of closing on his right wing, and (after the usual difficulties with his Allies on that side) had withdrawn 12,000 Austrians from the centre of his cordon opposite Pichegru, and made forced marches to join the prince of Orange. On the 24th of June he had collected 52,000 men at various points round Charleroi, and on the 25th he set out to relieve the little fortress. But he was in complete See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

The scheme was worked out in such See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

Here were the divisions of the Army of the Ardennes, markedly inferior in discipline and endurance to the rest, and only too mindful of their four previous reverses. For six hours, more or less, they resisted the oncoming Allies, but then, in spite of the example and the despairing appeals of their young general Marceau, they broke and fled, leaving Beaulieu free to combine with the archduke Charles, who carried Fleurus after obstinate fighting, and then pressed on. towards Campinaire. Beaulieu took command of all the allied forces on this side about noon, and from then to 5 P.M. launched a series of • terrible attacks on the French (See also:

• LEFEBVRE, PIERRE FRANCOIS JOSEPH
• LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY (TANAQUILLUS FABER) (1615-1672)

The French were far too exhausted to pursue them (they had lost twice as many men as the Allies), and their leader had practically no formed body at hand to follow up the victory, thanks to the extraordinary dissemination of the army. Tourcoing, Tournay and Fleurus represent the maximum result achievable under the earlier Revolutionary system of making war, and show the men and the leaders at the highest point of combined steadiness and enthusiasm they ever reached—that is, as a " Sans-culotte " army. , Fleurus was also the last great victory of the French, in point of time, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

See also:

• MOLLENDORF, RICHARD JOACHIM HEINRICH VON (1724-1816)

The position was further compromised by See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)