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X2X2 . See also:

Guest-See also:house for the poor. Y. Guest-chamber for See also:strange monks. I4 readiness. A passage at the other end leads to the " necessarium" (I) , a portion of the monastic buildings always planned with extreme care. The See also:southern See also:side is occupied by the " See also:refectory " (K), from the See also:west end of which by a See also:vestibule the See also:kitchen (L) is reached. This is separated from the See also:main buildings of the monastery, and is connected by a See also:long passage with a See also:building containing the bakehouse and brewhouse (M), and the sleeping-rooms of the servants. The upper See also:story of the refectory is the " vestiarium," where the See also:ordinary clothes of the brethren were kept. On the western side of the See also:cloister is an-other two-story building (N). The cellar is below, and the larder and See also:store-See also:room above. Between this building and the See also:church, opening by one See also:door into the cloisters, and by another to the See also:outer See also:part of the monastery See also:area, is the " parlour ' for interviews with visitors from the See also:external See also:world (0).

On the eastern side of the See also:

north See also:transept is the " scriptorium " or See also:writing-room (P,), with the library above. To the See also:east of the church stands a See also:group of buildings comprising two See also:miniature conventual establishments, each See also:complete in itself. Each has a covered cloister surrounded by the usual buildings, i.e. refectory, See also:dormitory, &c., and a church or See also:chapel on one side, placed back to back. A detached building belonging to each contains a See also:bath and a kitchen. One of these diminutive convents is appropriated to the " oblati " or novices (Q), the other' to the sick monks as an " infirmary (R). The " See also:residence of the physicians " (S) stands contiguous to the infirmary, and the physic See also:garden (T) at the north-east corner of the monastery. Besides other rooms, it contains a See also:drug store, and a chamber for those who are dangerously See also:ill. The " house for See also:blood-letting and purging " adjoins it on the west (U). The " outer school," to the north of the See also:convent area, contains a large schoolroom divided across the See also:middle by a See also:screen or See also:partition, and surrounded by fourteen little rooms, termed the dwellings of the scholars. The See also:head-See also:master's house (W) is opposite, built against the side See also:wall of the church. The two " hospi tia " or " guest-houses " for the entertainment of strangers of different degrees (X, X2) comprise a large See also:common chamber or refectory in the centre, surrounded by sleeping-apartments. Each is provided with its own brewhouse and bakehouse, and that for travellers of a See also:superior See also:order has a kitchen and See also:storeroom, with bedrooms for their servants and stables for their horses.

There is also an " See also:

hospitium " for strange monks, abutting on the north wall of the church (Y). Beyond the cloister, at the extreme See also:verge of the convent area to the See also:south, stands the " factory " (Z), containing workshops for See also:shoe-makers, saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, See also:trencher-makers, tanners, curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths, with their dwellings in the See also:rear. On this side we also find the See also:farm-buildings, the large granary and threshing-See also:floor (a), See also:mills (c), See also:malt-house (d). Facing the west are the stables (e), ox-sheds (f), See also:goat-stables (g), piggeries (h), See also:sheep-folds (i), together with the servants' and labourers' quarters (k). At the south-east corner we find the See also:hen and See also:duck house, and poultry-yard (in), and the dwelling of the keeper (n). Hard by is the kitchen garden (o), the beds bearing the names of the vegetables growing in them, onions, See also:garlic, See also:celery, lettuces, See also:poppy, carrots, cabbages, &c., eighteen in all. In the same way the physic garden presents the names of the medicinal herbs, and the See also:cemetery (p) those of the trees, See also:apple, See also:pear, See also:plum, See also:quince, &c., planted there. A curious See also:bird's-See also:eye view of See also:Canterbury See also:Cathedral and its an- nexed conventual buildings, taken about 1165, is preserved in the See also:Great Psalter in the library of Trinity See also:College, See also:Cam- Canter- See also:bridge. As elucidated by See also:Professor See also:Willis,' it exhibits See also:bury cathedral, the See also:plan of a great See also:Benedictine monastery in the 12th See also:century, and enables us to compare it with that of the 9th as seen at St See also:Gall. We see in both the same See also:general principles of arrangement, which indeed belong to all Benedictine monasteries, enabling us to determine with precision the disposition of the various buildings, when little more than fragments of the walls exist. From some See also:local reasons, however, the cloister and monastic buildings are placed on the north, instead, as is far more commonly the See also:case, on the south of the church. There is also a See also:separate See also:chapter-house, which is wanting at St Gall.

The buildings at Canterbury, as at St Gall, See also:

form separate See also:groups. The church forms the See also:nucleus. In immediate contact with this, on the north side, See also:lie the cloister and the group of buildings devoted to the monastic See also:life. Outside of these, to the west and east, are the " halls and See also:chambers devoted to the exercise of hospitality, with which every monastery was provided, for the purpose of receiving as guests persons who visited it, whether See also:clergy or laity, travellers, pilgrims or paupers." To the north a large open See also:court divides the monastic from the See also:menial buildings, intentionally placed as remote as possible from the ' The Architectural See also:History of the Conventual Buildings of the Monastery of See also:Christ Church in Canterbury. By the Rev. See also:Robert Willis. Printed for the See also:Kent Archaeological Society, 1869.conventual buildings proper, the stables, See also:granaries, See also:barn, See also:bake-house, brewhouse, laundries, &c., inhabited by the See also:lay servants of the See also:establishment. At the greatest possible distance from the church, beyond the See also:precinct of the convent, is the eleemosynary See also:department. The See also:almonry for the See also:relief of the poor, with a great See also:hall annexed, forms the paupers' hospitium. The most important group of buildings is naturally that de-voted to monastic life. This includes two cloisters, the great cloister surrounded by the buildings essentially connected with the daily life of the monks,—the church to the south, the refectory or See also:frater-house here as always on the side opposite to the church, and farthest removed from it, that no See also:sound or See also:smell of eating might penetrate its sacred precincts, to the east the dormitory, raised on a vaulted undercroft, and the chapter-house adjacent, and the lodgings of the cellarer to the west. To this officer was committed the See also:provision of the monks' daily See also:food, as well as that of the guests.

He was, therefore, appropriately lodged in the immediate vicinity of the refectory and kitchen, and See also:

close to the guest-hall. A passage under the dormitory leads eastwards to the smaller or infirmary cloister, appropriated to the sick and infirm monks. Eastward of this cloister extend the hall and chapel of the infirmary, resembling in form and arrangement the See also:nave and See also:chancel of an aisled church. Beneath the dormitory, looking out into the See also:green court or See also:herbarium, lies the " pisalis " or " calefactory," the common room of the monks. At its north-east corner See also:access was given from the dormitory to the necessarium, a portentous edifice in the form of a See also:Norman hall, 145 ft. long by 25 broad, containing fifty-five seats. It was, in common with all such offices in See also:ancient monasteries, constructed with the most careful regard to cleanliness and See also:health, a stream of See also:water See also:running through it from end to end. A second smaller dormitory runs from east to west for the See also:accommodation of the conventual See also:officers, who were See also:bound to See also:sleep in the dormitory. Close to the refectory, but outside the cloisters, are the domestic offices connected with it: to the north, the kitchen, 47 ft. square, surmounted by a lofty pyramidal roof, and the kitchen court; to the west, the butteries, pantries, &c. The infirmary had a small kitchen of its own. Opposite the refectory door in the cloister are two lavatories, an invariable' See also:adjunct to a monastic dining-hall, at which the monks washed before and after taking food. The buildings devoted to hospitality were divided into three groups. The See also:prior's group " entered at the south-east See also:angle of the green court, placed near the most sacred part of the cathedral, as befitting the distinguished ecclesiastics or See also:nobility who were assigned to him." The cellarer's buildings were near the west end of the nave, in which ordinary visitors of the middle class were hospitably entertained.

The inferior pilgrims and paupers were relegated to the north hall or almonry, just within the See also:

gate, as far as possible from the other two. See also:Westminster See also:Abbey is another example of a great Benedictine abbey, identical in its general arrangements, so far as they can be traced, with those described above. The cloister and monastic buildings lie to the south side of the church. westminste, Parallel to the nave, on the south side of the cloister, Abbey. was the refectory, with its lavatory at the door. On the eastern side we find the remains of the dormitory, raised on a vaulted substructure and communicating with the south transept. The chapter-house opens out of the same See also:alley of the cloister. The small cloister lies to the south-east of the larger cloister, and still farther to the east we have the remains of the infirmary with the table hall, the refectory of those who were able to leave their chambers. The See also:abbot's house formed a small courtyard at the west entrance, close to the inner gateway. Considerable portions of this remain, including the abbot's parlour. celebrated as the See also:Jerusalem Chamber," his hall, now used for the Westminster See also:King's Scholars, and the kitchen and butteries beyond. St See also:Mary's Abbey, See also:York, of which the ground-plan is annexed, exhibits the usual Benedictine arrangements. The precincts are surrounded by a strong fortified wall on three York sides, the See also:river See also:Ouse being sufficient See also:protection on the See also:fourth side. The entrance was by a strong gateway (U) to the north. Close to the entrance was a chapel, where is now he church of St See also:Olaf (W), in which the new-corners paid their devotions immediately on their arrival.

Near the gate to the south was the guest-hall or hospitium (T). The buildings are completely ruined, but enough remains to enable us to identify the See also:

grand cruciform church (A), the cloister-court with the chapter-house (B), the refectory (I), the kitchen-court with its offices (K, 0, 0) and the other See also:principal apartments. The infirmary has perished completely. Some Benedictine houses display exceptional arrangements, dependent upon local circumstances, e.g. the dormitory of See also:Worcester runs from east to west, from the west walk of the cloister, and that of See also:Durham is built over the west, instead of St Mary's Abbey, York (Benedictine).—Churton's Monastic Ruins. A. Church. O. Offices. B. Chapter-house. • P. Cellars.

C. Vestibule to See also:

ditto. Q. Uncertain. E. Library or scriptorium. R. Passage to abbot's house. F. Calefactory. S. Passage to common house.

G. Necessary. T. Hospitium. H. Parlour. U. Great gate. I. Refectory. V. See also:

Porter's See also:lodge.

K. Great kitchen and court. W. Church of St Olaf. L. Cellarer's See also:

office. X. See also:Tower. M. Cellars. Y. Entrance from Bootham.

N. Passage to cloister. as usual, over the east walk; but, as a general See also:

rule, the arrangements deduced from the examples described may be regarded as invariable. The history of See also:monasticism is one of alternate periods of decay and revival. With growth in popular esteem came increase in material See also:wealth, leading to luxury and worldliness. The first religious ardour cooled, the strictness of the rule was relaxed, until by the loth century the decay of discipline was so complete in See also:France that the monks are said to have been frequently unacquainted with the rule of St See also:Benedict, and even ignorant that they were bound by any rule at all. The See also:reformation of abuses generally took the form of the establishment of new monastic orders, with new and more stringent rules, requiring a modification of the architectural arrangements. One of the earliest ofthese reformed orders was the Cluniac. This order took its name from the little See also:village of See also:Cluny, 12 See also:miles N.W. of See also:Macon, near which, about A.D. 909, a reformed Benedictine cmay. abbey was founded by See also:William," See also:duke of See also:Aquitaine and See also:count of See also:Auvergne, under Berno, abbot of Beaume. He was succeeded by See also:Odo, who is often regarded as the founder of the order. The fame of Cluny spread far and wide.

Its rigid rule was adopted by a vast number of the old Benedictine abbeys, who placed themselves in See also:

affiliation to the See also:mother society, while new See also:foundations sprang up in large See also:numbers, all owing See also:allegiance to the " archabbot," established at Cluny. By the end of the 12th century the number of monasteries affiliated to Cluny in the various countries of western See also:Europe amounted to 2000. The monastic establishment of Cluny was one of the most extensive and magnificent in France. We may form some See also:idea of its enormous dimensions from the fact recorded, that when, A.D. I245, See also:Pope See also:Innocent IV., accompanied by twelve cardinals, A. A. Gateway. F. See also:Tomb of St See also:Hugh. M. Bakehouse. B.

See also:

Narthex. G. Nave. N. Abbey buildings. C. See also:Choir. H. Cloister. O. Garden. D.

High-See also:

altar. K. Abbot's house. P. Refectory. E. Retro-altar. L. Guest-house. a See also:patriarch, three archbishops, the two generals of the See also:Carthusians and See also:Cistercians, the king (St See also:Louis), and three of his sons, the See also:queen mother, See also:Baldwin, count of See also:Flanders and See also:emperor of See also:Constantinople, the duke of See also:Burgundy, and six lords, visited the abbey, the whole party, with their attendants, were lodged within the monastery without disarranging the monks, 400 in number. Nearly the whole of the abbey buildings, including the magnificent church, were swept away at the close of the 18th century. When the annexed ground-plan was taken, shortly before its destruction, nearly all the monastery, with the exception of the church, had been rebuilt.

The church, the ground-plan of which bears a remarkable resemblance to that of See also:

Lincoln Cathedral, was of vast dimensions. It was 656 ft. by 130 ft. wide. The nave was 102 ft. and the aisles 6o ft. high. The nave (G) had See also:double vaulted aisles on either side. Like Lincoln, it had an eastern as well as a western transept, each furnished with apsidal chapels to the east. The western transept was 213 ft. long, and the eastern 123 ft. The choir terminated in a semicircular See also:apse (F), surrounded by five chapels, also semi-circular. The western entrance was approached by an ante-church, or narthex (B), itself an aisled church of no mean dimensions, flanked by two towers, rising from a stately See also:flight of steps bearing a large See also:stone See also:cross. To the south of the church lay the cloister-court (H), of immense See also:size, placed much farther to the west than is usually the caw. On the south side of the cloister stood the refectory (P), an immense building, 'Do ft. long and 6o ft. wide, accommodating six See also:longitudinal and three transverse rows of tables. It was adorned with the portraits of the See also:chief benefactors of the abbey, and with Scriptural subjects. The end wall displayed the Last See also:Judgment.

We are unhappily unable to identify any other of the principal buildings (N). The abbot's residence (K), still partly See also:

standing, adjoined the entrance-gate. The guest-house (L) was close by. The bakehouse (M), also remaining, is a detached building of immense size. The first See also:English house of the Cluniac order was that of See also:Lewes, founded by the See also:earl of See also:Warren, c. A.D. See also:Ion. Of this only a few fragments of the domestic buildings exist. The best preserved Cluniac houses in See also:England are See also:Castle See also:Acre, See also:Norfolk, and See also:Wenlock, See also:Shropshire. Ground-plans of both are given in See also:Britton's Architectural Antiquities. They show several departures from the Benedictine arrangement. In each.the prior's house is remarkably perfect.

All Cluniac houses in England were See also:

French colonies, governed by priors of that nation. They did not secure their See also:independence nor become " abbeys " till the reign of See also:Henry VI. The Cluniac revival, with all its brilliancy, was but See also:short-lived. The celebrity of this, as of other orders, worked its moral ruin. With their growth in wealth and dignity the Cluniac foundations became as worldly in life and as relaxed in discipline as their predecessors, and a fresh reform was needed. The next great monastic revival, the Cistercian, arising in the last years of the rith century, had a wider See also:diffusion, and a Cistercian. longer and more See also:honourable existence. Owing its real ' origin, as a distinct See also:foundation of reformed See also:Benedictines, in the See also:year rog8, to See also:Stephen See also:Harding (a native of See also:Dorset-See also:shire, educated in the monastery of See also:Sherborne), and deriving its name from Citeaux (Cisterciuin), a desolate and almost inaccessible See also:forest solitude, on the See also:borders of See also:Champagne and Burgundy, the rapid growth and wide celebrity of the order are undoubtedly to be. attributed to the enthusiastic piety of St See also:Bernard, abbot of the first of the monastic colonies, subsequently sent forth in such See also:quick See also:succession by the first Cistercian houses, the far-famed abbey of See also:Clairvaux (de See also:Clara See also:Valle), A.D. 1116. The rigid self-abnegation, which was the ruling principle of this reformed See also:congregation of the Benedictine order, extended itself to the churches and other buildings erected by them. The characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was the extremest simplicity and a studied plainness. Only one tower—a central one —was permitted, and that was to be very See also:low. Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited.

The See also:

triforium was omitted. The windows were to be See also:plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained See also:glass. All needless See also:ornament was proscribed. The crosses must be of See also:wood; the candlesticks of See also:iron. The renunciation of the world was to be evidenced in all that met the eye. The same spirit manifested itself in the choice of the sites of their monasteries. The more See also:dismal, the more See also:savage, the more hopeless a spot appeared, the more did it please their rigid See also:mood. But they came not merely as ascetics, but as improvers. The Cistercian monasteries are, as a rule, found placed in deep well-watered valleys. They always stand on the border of a stream; not rarely, as at Fountains, the buildings extend over it. These valleys, now so See also:rich and productive, wore a very different aspect when the brethren first See also:chose them as the See also:place of their retirement. Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, See also:wild impassable forests, were their prevailing features.

The " See also:

bright valley," Clara Dallis of St Bernard, was known as the " valley of See also:Worm-wood," infamous as a den of robbers. " It was a savage dreary solitude, so utterly barren that at first Bernard and his companions were reduced to live on See also:beech leaves."—(See also:Milman's See also:Lat. Christ. vol. iii. p. 335.) All Cistercian monasteries, unless the circumstances of the locality forbade it, were arranged according to one plan. The Clairvaux. general arrangement and See also:distribution of the various buildings, which went to make up one of these vast establishments, may be gathered from that of St Bernard's own abbey of Clairvaux, which is here given. It will.be observed that the abbey precincts are surrounded by a strong wall, See also:fur- nished at intervals with See also:watch-towers and other defensive See also:works. The wall is nearly encircled by a stream of water, artificially diverted from the small rivulets which flow through the precincts, furnishing the establishment with an abundant See also:supply in every part, for the See also:irrigation of the gardens and orchards, the sanitary requirements of the brotherhood and for the use of the offices and workshops. The precincts are divided across the centre by a wall, running from N. to S., into an outer and inner See also:ward,—the former containing the menial, the latter the monastic buildings. The precincts are entered by a gateway (P), at the extreme western extremity, giving See also:admission to the See also:lower ward. Here the barns, granaries, stables, See also:shambles, workshops and workmen's lodgings were placed, without any regard to symmetry, convenience being the only See also:consideration. Advancing eastwards, we have before us the wall separating the A. Cloisters.

I. See also:

Wine-See also:press and O. Public presse. B. Ovens, and See also:corn See also:hay-chamber. P. Gateway. and oil mills. K. Parlour. R. Remains of old C.

St Bernard's See also:

cell. L. Workshops and monastery. D. Chief entrance. workmen's lodg- S. See also:Oratory. E. Tanks for See also:fish. ings. V. See also:Tile-works. F. Guest-house.

M. Slaughter-house. X. Tile-See also:

kiln. G. Abbot's house. N. Barnsandstables. Y. Water-courses. H. Stables.

outer and inner ward, and the See also:

gatehouse (D) affording communication between the two. On passing through the gateway, the outer court of the inner ward was entered, with the western See also:facade of the monastic church in front. Immediately on the right of entrance was the abbot's house (G), in close proximity to the guest-house (F). On the other side of the court were the stables, for the accommodation of the horses of the guests and their attendants (H). The church occupied a central position. To the south was the great cloister (A), surrounded by the chief monastic buildings, and farther to the east the smaller cloister, opening out of which were the infirmary, novices' lodgings and quarters for the aged monks. Still farther to the east, divided from the monastic buildings by a wall, were the See also:vegetable gardens and orchards, and tank for fish. The large fish-ponds, an indispensable adjunct to any ecclesiastical foundation, on the formation of which the monks lavished extreme care and pains, and which often remain as almost the only visible traces of these vast establishments, were placed outside the abbey walls. Plan No. 2 furnishes the See also:ichnography of the distinctly monastic buildings on a larger See also:scale. The usually unvarying arrangement of the Cistercian houses allows us to accept this as a type of the monasteries of this order. The church (A) is the chief feature.

It consists English Clentac of a vast nave of eleven bays, entered by a narthex, with a transept and short apsidal choir. (It may be remarked that the eastern See also:

limb in all unaltered Cistercian churches is remarkably short, and usually square.) To the east of each limb of the transept are two square chapels, divided according to Cistercian rule by solid walls. Nine radiating chapels, similarly divided, surround the apse. The stalls of the monks, forming the See also:ritual choir, occupy the four eastern bays of the nave. There was a second range of stalls in the extreme western bays of the nave for the fratres conversi, or lay See also:brothers. To the south of the church, so as to secure as much See also:sun as possible, the cloister was invariably placed, except when local reasons forbade it. See also:Round the cloister (B) were ranged the buildings connected with the monks' daily life. The chapter-house (C) always opened out of the east walk of the cloister in a See also:line with the south transept. In nit A. Church. L. Lodgings of nov- S.

Cellars and store- B. Cloister. ices. houses. Water-course. Saw-See also:

mill and oil- mill. Currier's See also:work-See also:shop. See also:Sacristy. Little library. Undercroft of dormitory. Cistercian houses this was quadrangular, and was divided by pillars and See also:arches into two or three aisles. Between it and the transept we find the sacristy (X), and a small See also:book-room (Y), armariolum, where the brothers deposited the volumes borrowed from the library. On the other side of the chapter-house, to the south, is a passage (D) communicating with the courts and buildings beyond. This was sometimes known as the parlour, colloquii See also:locus, the monks having the See also:privilege of conversation here.

Here also, when discipline became relaxed, traders, who had the See also:

liberty of admission, were allowed to display their goods. Beyond this we often find the calefactorium or See also:day-room—an apartment warmed by flues beneath the See also:pavement, where the brethren, See also:half frozen during the See also:night offices, betook them-selves after the conclusion of lauds, to gain a little warmth, grease their sandals and get themselves ready for the work of the day. In the plan before us this apartment (E) opens from the south cloister walk, adjoining the refectory. The place usually assigned to it is occupied by the vaulted substructure of the dormitory (Z). The dormi- tory, as a rule, was placed on the east side of the cloister, running over the calefactory and chapter-house, and joined the south transept, where a flight of steps admitted the brethren into the church for nocturnal services. Opening out of the dormitory was always the necessarium, planned with the greatest regard to health and cleanliness, a water-course invariably running from end to end. The refectory opens out of the south cloister at G. The position of the refectory is usually a marked point of difference between Benedictine and Cistercian abbeys. In the former, as at Canterbury, the refectory ran east and west parallel to the nave of the church, on the side of the cloister farthest removed from it. In the Cistercian monasteries, to keep the See also:noise and smell of See also:dinner still farther away from the sacred building, the refectory was built north and south, at right angles to the See also:axis of the church. It was often divided, sometimes into two, sometimes, as here, into three aisles. Outside the refectory door, in the cloister, was the lavatory, where the monks washed their hands at dinner-See also:time.

The buildings belonging to the material life of the monks lay near the refectory, as far as possible from the church, to the S.W. With a distinct entrance from the outer court was the kitchen court (F), with its See also:

buttery, See also:scullery and larder, and the important adjunct of a stream of running water. Farther to the west, projecting beyond the line of the west front of the church, were vast vaulted apartments (SS), serving as cellars and storehouses, above which was the dormitory of the conversi. Detached from these, and separated entirely from the monastic buildings, were various work-shops, which convenience required to be banished to the outer precincts, a saw-mill and oil-mill (UU) turned by water, and a currier's shop (V), where the sandals and leathern girdles of the monks were made and repaired. Returning to the cloister, a vaulted passage admitted to the small cloister (I), opening from the north side of which were eight small cells, assigned to the See also:scribes employed in copying works for the library, which was placed in the upper story, accessible by a See also:turret See also:staircase. To the south of the small cloister a long hall will be noticed. This was a lecture-hall, or rather a hall for the religious disputations customary among the Cistercians. From this cloister opened the infirmary (K), with its hall, chapel, cells, blood-letting house and other dependencies. At the eastern verge of the vast group of buildings we find the novices' lodgings (L), with a third cloister near the novices' quarters and the See also:original guest-house (M). Detached from the great See also:mass of the monastic edifices was the original abbot's house (N), with its dining-hall (P). Closely adjoining to this, so that the eye of the See also:father of the whole establishment should be constantly over those who stood the most in need of his watchful care,—those who were training for the monastic life, and those who had worn them-selves out in its duties,—was a fourth cloister (0), with annexed buildings, devoted to the aged and infirm members of the establishment. The cemetery, the last resting-place of the brethren, lay to the north side of the nave of the church (H).

It will be seen from the above See also:

account that the arrangement of a Cistercian monastery was in accordance with a clearly defined See also:system, and admirably adapted to its purpose. The See also:base court nearest to the outer wall contained the buildings belonging to the functions of the See also:body as agriculturists and employers of labour. Advancing into the inner court, the buildings devoted to hospitality are found close to the entrance; while those connected with the supply of the material wants of the brethren, —the kitchen, cellars, &c.,—form a court of themselves outside the cloister and quite detached from the church. The church refectory, dormitory and other buildings belonging to the.professional life of the brethren surround the great cloister. The small cloister beyond, with its scribes' cells, library, hall for disputations, &c., is the centre of the See also:literary life of the community. The requirements of sickness and old See also:age are carefully provided for in the infirmary cloister and that for the aged and infirm members of the establishment. The same group contains the quarters of the novices. This stereotyped arrangement is further shown by the See also:illustration of the mother establishmet of Citeaux. A. cross (A), planted on the high road, directs travellers to the gate of the monastery, reached by an See also:avenue of trees. On one side of the gate-house (B) is a long building (C), probably the almonry; Ciste$rra. with a dormitory above for the lower class of guests. On the other side is a chapcl(D). As soon as the porter heard a stranger knock at the gate, he See also:rose, saying, Deo gratias,the opportunity for the exercise of hospitality being regarded as a cause for thankfulness.

On opening the door he welcomed the new arrival with a blessing—Benedicite. He See also:

fell on his knees before him, and then went to inform the abbot. However important the abbot's occupations might be, he at once hastened to receive him whom See also:heaven had sent. He also threw himself at his guest's feet, and conducted him to the chapel (D) purposely built close to the gate. After a short See also:prayer, the abbotcommitted the guest to the care of the See also:brother hospitaller, whose See also:duty it was to provide for his wants and conduct the beast on which :hp C. Chapter-house. D. Monks' parlour. E. Calefactory. F. Kitchen and court G.

Refectory. H. Cemetery. I. Little cloister. K. Infirmary. M. Old guest-house. T. N. Old abbot's lodg- U. ings.

O. Cloister of super- V. numerary monks. X. P. Abbot's hall. Y. Q. Cell of St Bernard. Z. R. Stables. might be See also:

riding to the See also:stable (F), built adjacent to the inner gate-house (E).

This inner gate conducted into the base court (T), round which wer' placed the barns, stables, cow-sheds, &c. On the eastern side stood the dormitory of the lay brothers, fratres conversi (G), detached fro m the cloister, 1. ith cellars and storehouses below. At H, also outs'de the See also:

mona See also:tic buildings proper, was the abbot's house, and annexed to it the guest-house. For these buildings there was a separate door of r,ntrance into the church (S). The large cloister, with its s.'rroun See also:ling arcades, is seen at V. On the south end projects the refecto.y (K), with its kitchen at I, accessible from the base court. The long gabled building on the east side of the cloister contained on the ground floor the chapter-house and calefactory, with the monks' dormitory above (M), communicating with the south transept of the church. At L was the staircase to the dormitory. The small cloister is at W, where were the carols or cells of the scribes, with the library (P) over, reached by a turret staircase. At R we see a portion of the infirmary. The whole precinct is surrounded by a strong buttressed wall (See also:XXX), pierced with arches, -, _- A _~:~ :•~ '-=_tea-=3and on the other side two small apartments, one of which was probably the parlour (6). Beyond this stretches southward the calefactory or day-room of the monks (14).

Above this whole range of building runs the monks' dormitory, opening by stairs into the south transept of the church. At the other end were the necessaries. On the south side of the cloister we have the re-mains of the old refectory (II), running, as in Benedictine houses, from east to west, and the new refectory (12), which, with the increase of the inmates of the house, superseded it, stretching, as is usual in Cistercian houses, from north to south. Adjacent to this apartment are the remains of the kitchen, See also:

pantry and buttery. The arches of the lavatory are to be seen near the refectory entrance. The western side of the cloister is, as usual, occupied by vaulted cellars, supporting on the upper story the dormitory of the lay brothers (8). Extending from the FIG. 9.—Kirkstall Abbey, See also:Yorkshire (Cistercian). 2. Chapels. I r. Old refectory.

A. Cross. H. Abbot's house. R. Infirmary. 3. Sacristy. 12. New refectory. B. Gate-house.

I. Kitchen. S. Door to the church 4. Cloister. 13. Kitchen court. C. Almonry. K. Refectory. for the lay bro- 5. Chapter-house.

14. Calefactory or day-room. D. Chapel. L. Staircase to dor- thers. 6. Parlour. 15. Kitchen and offices. E. Inner gate-house. mitory.

T. Base court. 7. See also:

Punishment cell (?). 16-19. Uncertain; perhaps offices F. Stable. M. Dormitory. V. Great cloister. 8.

Cellars, with dormitories for connected with the in- G. Dormitory of lay N. Church. W. Small cloister. conversi over. firmary. brethren. P. Library. X. Boundary wall.

9. Guest-house. 20. Infirmary or abbot's house. through which streams of water are introduced. It will be noticed that the choir of the church is short, and has a square end instead of the usual apse. The tower, in accordance with the Cistercian rule, is very low. The windows throughout See also:

accord with the studied simplicity of the order. The English Cistercian houses, of which there are such extensive and beautiful remains at Fountains, See also:Rievaulx, Kirkstall, Tintem, See also:Netley, &c., were mainly arranged after the same plan, with slight local See also:variations. As an example, we give the ground-Kirkstall plan of Kirkstall Abbey, which is one of the best pre-Abbey. served. The church here is of the Cistercian type, with a short chancel of two squares, and transepts with three eastward chapels to each, divided by solid walls (2 2 2). The whole is of the most studied plainness.

The windows are unornamented, and the nave has no triforium. The cloister to the south (4) occupies the whole length of the nave. On the east side stands the two-aisled chapter-house (5), between which and the south transept is a small sacristy (3),south-east angle of the main group of-buildings are the walls and foundations of a secondary group of considerable extent. These have been identified either with the hospitium or with the abbot's house, but they occupy the position in which the infirmary is more usually found. The hall was a very spacious apartment, measuring 83 ft. in length by 48 ft. 9 in. in breadth, and was divided by two rows of columns. The fish-ponds lay between the monastery and the river to the south. The abbey mill was situated about 8o yards to the north-west. The mill-See also:

pool may be distinctly traced, together with the gowt or mill stream. Fountains Abbey, first founded A.D. 1132, is one of the largest and best preserved Cistercian houses in England. But the earlier buildings received considerable additions and alterations in the later See also:period of the order, causing Fountains Abbey.

deviations from the strict Cistercian type. The church stands a short distance to the north of the river Skell, the buildings of the abbey stretching down to and even across the stream. We have the cloister (H) to the south, with the threeaisled chapter-house (I) and calefactory (L) opening from its eastern walk, and the refectory (S), with the kitchen (Q) and buttery (T) attached, at right angles to its southern walk. A. Naveof the church. N. Cellar. Z. Gate-house. B. Transept. O.

Brewhouse. ABBOT'S HOUSE. C. Chapels. P. Prisons. D. Tower. Q. Kitchen. 1. Passage.

E. Sacristy. R. Offices. 2. Great hall. F. Choir. S. Refectory. 3. Refectory.

G. Chapel of nine T. Buttery. 4. Buttery. altars. U. Cellars and store- 5. Storehouse. H. Cloister. houses. 6.

Chapel. I. Chapter-house. V. Necessary. 7. Kitchen. K. Base court. W. Infirmary (?). 8.

Ashpit. L. Calefactory. X. Guest-houses. 9. Yard. M. Water-course. Y. Mill bridge. to. Kitchen tank.

Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted sub-structure (U), incorrectly styled the cloisters, serving as cellars and store-rooms, and supporting the dormitory of the conversi above. This building extended across the river. At its S.W. corner were the necessaries (V), also built, as usual, above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. As peculiarities of arrangement may be noticed the position of the kitchen (Q), between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary (W) (unless there is some See also:

error in its designation) above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses (XX). We may also See also:call See also:attention to the greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot See also:John of York, 1203-1211, and carried on by his successor, terminating, like Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220-1247, and to the tower (D), added not long before the See also:dissolution by Abbot Huby, 1494-1526, in a very unusual position at the north-ern end of the north transept. The abbot's house, the largest and most remarkable example of this class of buildings in the See also:kingdom, stands south to the east of the church and cloister, from which it is divided by the kitchen court (K), surrounded by the ordinary domestic offices. A considerable portion of this house was erected on arches over the Skell. The size and See also:character of this house, probably, at the time of its erection, the most spacious house of a subject in the kingdom, not a castle, bespeaks the wide departure of the Cistercian order from the stern simplicity of the .original foundation. The hall (2) was one of the most spacious and magnificent apartments in See also:medieval times, measuring 170 ft. by 70 ft. Like the hall in the castle at See also:Winchester, and Westminster Hall, as originally built, it was divided by 18 pillars and arches, with 3 aisles. Among other apartments, for the designation of which we must refer to the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel, 462 ft. by 23 ft. and a kitchen (7), 50 ft. by 38 ft.

The whole arrangements and character of the building bespeak the rich and powerful feudal See also:

lord, not the humble father of a body of hard-working brethren, bound by vows to a life of poverty and self-denying toil. In the words of See also:Dean Milman, " the superior, once a See also:man bowed to the See also:earth with humility, care-worn, See also:pale, emaciated, with a coarse See also:habit bound with a See also:cord, with naked feet, had become an abbot on his curvetting See also:palfrey, in rich attire, with his See also:silver cross before him, travelling to take his place amid the lordliest of the See also:realm." —(Lat. Christ. vol. iii. p. 330.) The buildings of the See also:Austin canons or See also:Black canons (so called from the See also:colour of their habit) See also:present few distinctive peculiarities. This order had its first seat in England at See also:Colchester, where a house for Austin canons was founded Ansun Canons. about A.D. 1105, and it very soon spread widely. As an order of See also:regular clergy, holding a middle position between monks and See also:secular canons, almost resembling a community of See also:parish priests living under rule, they adopted naves of great length to accommodate large congregations. The choir is usually long, and is sometimes, as at Llanthony and Christ Church (Twynham), shut off from the aisles, or, as at See also:Bolton, Kirkham, &c., is destitute of aisles altogether. The nave in the See also:northern houses, not unfrequently, had only a north See also:aisle, as at Bolton, Brinkburn and Lanercost. The arrangement of the monastic buildings followed the ordinary type. The prior's lodge was almost invariably attached to the S.W. angle of the nave.

The annexed plan of the Abbey of St See also:

Augustine's at See also:Bristol, now the cathedral church of cathedral. that See also:city, shows the arrangement of the buildings, which departs very little from the ordinary Benedictine type. The Austin canons' house at See also:Thornton, in See also:Lincolnshire, is remarkable for the size and magnificence of its gate-house, the upper floors of which formed the guest-house of the establishment, and for possessing an octagonal chapter-house of Decorated date. The Premonstratensian regular canons, or See also:White canons, had as many as 35 houses in England, of which the most perfect remaining are those of Easby, Yorkshire, and Bayham, Kent. The head house of the order in England was Aremons- traten- Welbeck. This order was a reformed See also:branch of the $tans. Austin canons, founded, A.D. 1119, by Norbert (See also:born - at Xanten, on the Lower See also:Rhine, c. 1080) at Premontre, a secluded marshy valley in the forest of Coney in the See also:diocese of See also:Laon. The order spread widely. Even in the founder's lifetime it possessed houses in See also:Syria and See also:Palestine. It long maintained its rigid austerity, till in the course of years wealth impaired its discipline, and its members sank into indolence and luxury. The See also:Premonstratensians were brought to England shortly after A.D.

1140, and were first settled at Newhouse, in Lincolnshire, near the See also:

Humber. The ground-plan of Easby Abbey, owing to its situation on the edge of the steeply sloping See also:banks of a river, is singularly irregular. The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions round it. But the cloister See also:garth, as at See also:Chichester, is not rectangular, and all the surrounding buildings are thus made to sprawl in a very awkward See also:fashion. The church follows the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern-abbeys, and has only one aisle to the nave—that to the north; while the choir is long, narrow and aisleless. Each transept has an aisle to the east, forming three chapels. The church at Bayham was destitute of aisles either to nave or choir. The latter terminated in a three-sided apse. This church is remarkable for its exceeding narrowness in proportion to its length. Extending in longitudinal dimensions 257 ft., it is A: Church. H. Kitchen.

S. Friars' lodging. B. Great cloister. I. Kitchen court. T. King's hall. C. Little cloister. K. Cellars.

V. Guest-house. D. Chapter-house. L. Abbot's hall. W. Abbey gateway. E. Calefactory. P. Abbot's gateway.

X. Barns, stables, &c. F. Refectory. R. Infirmary. Y. Lavatory. G. Parlour. not more than 25 ft. broad. Stern Premonstratensian canons wanted no congregations, and cared for no possessions; there-fore they built their church like a long room.

The Carthusian order, on its establishment by St See also:

Bruno, about A.D. Io84, See also:developed a greatly modified form and arrange- ment of a monastic institution. The principle of this s8nsu_ order, which combined the coenobitic with the solitary life, demanded the erection of buildings on a novel plan. This plan, which was first adopted by St Bruno and his twelve companions at the original institution at Chartreux, near See also:Grenoble, was maintained in all the Carthusian establishments-throughout Europe, even after the ascetic severity of the order had been to some extent relaxed, and the See also:primitive simplicity of their buildings had been exchanged for the magnificence of decoration which characterizes such foundations as the Get-tams of See also:Pavia and See also:Florence. According to the rule of St Bruno, all the members of a Carthusian brotherhood, lived in the most See also:absolute solitude and silence. Each occupied a small detached cottage, standing by itself in a small garden surrounded by high walls and connected by a common See also:corridor or cloister. In these cottages or cells a Carthusian See also:monk passed his time in the strictest See also:asceticism, only leaving his solitary dwelling to attend the services of the Church, except on certain days when the brotherhood assembled in the refectory. The peculiarity of the arrangements of a Carthusian monastery, or See also:charter-house, as it was called in England, from a corruption of the French chaitreux, is exhibited in the plan of that of Clermont, from See also:Viollet-le-Duc. The whole establishment is surrounded by a wall, furnished at in- tervals with watch towers (R). The enclosure is divided into two courts, Qermoat. of which the eastern court, surrounded by a cloister, from which the cottages of the monks (I) open, is much the larger. The two courts are d4 'lded by tke main buildings of the monastery, including the church, the See also:sanctuary (A), divided from B, the monks'. choir, by a screen with two altars, the smaller cloister to the, south (S) surrounded by the chapter-house (E), the refectory (X)—these buildings occupying their normal position—and the chapel of Pontgibaud (K). The kitchen with its offices (V) lies behind the refectory, accessible from the outer court without entering the cloister, To the north of the church, beyond the sacristy (L), and the side chapels (M), we find the cell of the sub-prior (a), with its garden.

The lodgings of the prior (G) occupy the centre of the outer court, immediately in front of the west door of the church, and See also:

face the gate-way of the convent (0). A small raised court with a See also:fountain (C) is before it. This outer court also contains the guest-chambers (P), the stables and lodgings of the lay brothers (N), the barns and granaries (Q), the dovecot (H) and the bakehouse (T). At Z is the See also:prison. (In this outer court, in all the earlier foundations, as at See also:Witham, there was a smaller church in addition to the larger church of the monks.) The outer and inner courts are connected by a long passage (F), wide enough to admit a See also:cart laden with wood to supply the cells of the brethren with See also:fuel. The number of cells surrounding the great A. Church. B. Monks' choir. C. Prior's garden. D.

Great cloister. E. Chapter-house. F. Passage. G. Prior's lodgings. H. Dovecot. I. Cells. K.

Chapel of Pontgibaud. L. Sacristy. M. Chapel. N. Stables. 0. Gateway. P. Guest-chambers. Q.

Barns and granaries. R. Watch-tower. S. Little cloister. T. Bakehouse. V. Kitchen. X. Refectory. Y.

Cemetery. Z. Prison. a. Cell of sub-prior. b. Garden of do. cloister is 18. They are all arranged on a See also:

uniform plan. Each little dwelling contains three rooms: a sitting-room (C), warmed by a See also:stove in See also:winter; a sleeping-room (D), furnished with a See also:bed, a table, a See also:bench, and a bcokcase; and a closet (E). Between the cell and the cloister See also:gallery (A) is a passage or corridor (B), cutting off the inmate of the cell from all sound or See also:movement which might interrupt his meditations. The superior had See also:free access to this corridor, and through open niches was able to inspect the garden without being seen.

At I is the See also:

hatch or turn-table, in which the daily See also:allowance of food was deposited by a brother appointed for that purpose, affording no view either inwards or outwards. H is the garden, cultivated by the occupant of the cell. At K is the wood-house. F is a covered walk, with the necessary at the end. The above arrangements are found with scarcely any variation in all the chartershouses of western Europe. The Yorkshire Charter-house of See also:Mount See also:Grace, founded by See also:Thomas See also:Holland, the See also:young duke of See also:Surrey, See also:nephew of See also:Richard II. and See also:marshal of England, during the revival of the popularity of the order, about A.D. 1397, is the most perfect and best preserved English example. It is characterized by all the simplicity of the order. The church is a modest building, long, narrow and aisleless. Within the wall of enclosure are two courts. The smaller of the two, the south, presents the usual arrangement of church, refectory, &c., opening out of a cloister. The buildings are plain and solid.

The northern court contains the cells, 14 in number.. It is surrounded by a double stone wall, the two walls being about 3o ft. or 4o ft. apart. Between these, each in its own C garden, stand the cells; low-built two-storied cottages, of two or three rooms on the ground-floor, lighted by a larger and a smaller window to the side, and provided with a See also:

doorway to the court, and one at the back, opposite to one in the outer wall through which the monk may have conveyed the sweepings of his cell and the refuse of his garden to the " eremus " beyond. By the side of the door to the court is a little hatch through which the daily See also:pittance of food was supplied, so contrived by turning at an angle in the wall that no one could either look in or look out. A very perfect example of this hatch—an arrangement belonging to all Carthusian houses—exists at Miraflores, near See also:Burgos, which remains nearly as it was completed in 1480. A. Cloister gallery. B. Corridor. C. Living-room. D.

Sleeping-room. E. Closets. F. Covered walk. G. Necessary. H. Garden. I. Hatch. K.

Wood-house. FIG. 13. --Cart ih a..ian cell, Clermont. There were only nine Carthusian houses in England. The earliest was that at Witham in See also:

Somersetshire, founded by Henry II., by whom the order was first brought into England. The wealthiest and most magnificent was that of Sheen or See also:Richmond in Surrey, founded by Henry V. about A.D. 1414. The dimensions of the buildings at Sheen are stated to have been remarkably large. The great court measured 300 ft. by 250 ft.; the cloisters were a square of 500 ft.; the hall was See also:Ito ft. in length by 6o ft. in breadth. The most celebrated historically is the Charter-house of See also:London, founded by See also:Sir See also:Walter See also:Manny A.D. 1371, the name of which is preserved by the famous public school established on the site by Thomas See also:Sutton A.D.

1611, now removed to See also:

Godalming. An See also:article on monastic arrangements would be incomplete without some account of the convents of the Mendicant or Mendicant See also:Preaching Friars, including the Black Friars or Dominipri cans, the See also:Grey or See also:Franciscans, the White or See also:Carmelites, the Eremite or Austin Friars. These orders arose at the beginning of the 13th-century, when the Benedictines, together with their various reformed branches, had terminated their active See also:mission, and See also:Christian Europe was ready for a new religious revival. Planting themselves, as a rule, in large towns, and by preference in the poorest and most densely populated districts, the Preaching Friars were obliged to adapt their buildings to the requirements of the site. Regularity of arrangement, therefore, was not possible, even if they had studied it. Their churches, built for the reception of large congregations of hearers rather than worshippers, form a class by themselves, totally unlike those of the See also:elder orders in ground-plan and character. They were usually long parallelograms unbroken by transepts. The nave very usually consisted of two equal bodies, one containing the stalls of the brotherhood, the other See also:left' entirely free for the congregation. The constructional choir is often wanting, the whole church forming one uninterrupted structure, with a continuous range of windows. The east end was usually square, but the Friars Church at See also:Winchelsea had a polygonal apse. We not unfrequently find a single transept, sometimes of great size, rivalling or exceeding the nave. This arrangement is frequent in See also:Ireland, where the numerous small friaries afford admirable exemplifications of these peculiaritiesof ground-plan.

The friars' churches were at first destitute of towers; but in the 14th and 15th centuries, tall, slender towers were commonly inserted between the nave and the choir. The Grey Friars at See also:

Lynn, where the tower is hexagonal, is a See also:good example. The arrangement of the monastic buildings is equally See also:peculiar and characteristic. We See also:miss entirely the regularity of the buildings of the earlier orders. At the See also:Jacobins at See also:Paris; a cloister lay to the north of the long narrow church of two parallel aisles, while the refectory—a room of immense length, quite detached from the cloister—stretched across the area before the west front of the church. At See also:Toulouse the nave also has two parallel aisles, but the choir is apsidal, with radiating chapel. The refectory stretches northwards at right angles to the cloister, which lies to the north of the church, having the chapter-house and sacristy on the east. As examples of English friaries, the Dominican house at See also:Norwich, and those Norwich. Glcucester. of the See also:Dominicans and Franciscans at See also:Gloucester, may be mentioned. The church of the Black Friars of Norwich departs from the original type in the nave (now St See also:Andrew's Hall), in having regular aisles. In this it resembles the earlier examples of the Grey Friars at See also:Reading.

The choir is long and aisleless; an hexagonal tower between the two, like that existing at Lynn, has perished. The cloister and monastic buildings remain tolerably perfect to the north. The Dominican convent at Gloucester still exhibits the cloister-court, on the north side of which is the desecrated church. The refectory is on the west side and on the south the dormitory of the 13th century. This is a remarkably good example. There were 18 cells or cubicles on each side, divided by partitions, the bases of which remain. On the. east side was the prior's house, a building of later date. At the Grey or Franciscan Friars, the church followed the ordinary type in having two equal bodies, each gabled, with a continuous range of windows. There was a slender tower See also:

bee tween the nave and the choir. Of the convents of the Carmelite or White Friars we have a good example in the Abbey Huloa of Hulne, near See also:Alnwick, the first of the order in England, founded A.D. 1240. The church is a narrow oblong, destitute of aisles, 123 ft. long by only 26 ft. wide.

The cloisters are to the south, with the chapter-house, &c., to the east, with the dormitory over. The prior's lodge is placed to. the west of the cloister. The guest-houses adjoin the entrance gateway, to which a chapel was annexed on the south side of the conventual area. The nave of the church of the Austin Friars or Eremites in London is still standing. It is of Decorated date, and has wide centre and side aisles, divided by a very See also:

light and graceful See also:arcade. Some fragments of the south walk of the cloister of the Grey Friars remained among the buildings of Christ's See also:Hospital (the See also:Blue-Coat School), while they were still standing. Of the Black Friars all has perished but the name. Taken as a whole, the remains of the establishments of the friars afford little See also:warrant for the See also:bitter invective of the Benedictine of St See also:Alban's,' See also:Matthew Paris:—" The friars who have been founded hardly 4o years have built residences as the palaces of See also:kings. These are they who, enlarging day by day their sumptuous edifices, encircling them with lofty walls; lay up in them their incalculable treasures, imprudently transgressing the See also:bounds of poverty and violating the very fundamental rules of their profession." Allowance'must here be made for See also:jealousy of a See also:rival order just rising in popularity. ' Every large monastery had depending upon it one or more smaller establishments known as cells. These cells were monastic colonies, sent forth by the See also:parent house, and planted Cells. on some outlying See also:estate. As an example, we may refer to the small religious house of St Mary Magdalene's, a cell of the great Benedictine house of St Mary's, York, in the valley of the Witham, to the south-east of the city of Lincoln.

This consists of one long narrow range of building, of which the eastern part formed- the chapel and the western contained the apartments of the handful of monks of which it was the See also:

home. To the east may be traced the site of the abbey mill, with its See also:dam and mill-See also:lead. These cells, when belonging to a Cluniac house, were called Obedientiae. The plan given by Viollet-le-Duc of the Priory of St See also:Jean See also:des Bons Hommes, a Cluniac cell, situated between the See also:town of See also:Avallon and the village of See also:Savigny, shows that these diminutive establishments comprised every essential feature of a monastery,—chapel, cloister, chapter-room, refectory, dormitory, all grouped ac-cording to the recognized arrangement. These Cluniac obedientiae differed from the ordinary Benedictine cells in being also places of punishment, to which monks who had been guilty of any See also:grave infringement of the rules were relegated as to a See also:kind of See also:penitentiary. Here they were placed under the authority of a prior, and were condemned to severe See also:manual labour, fulfilling the duties usually executed by the lay brothers, who acted as farm-servants. The outlying farming establishments belonging to the monastic foundations were known as villae or granges. They gave employment to a body of conversi and labourers under the management of a monk, who See also:bore the See also:title of Brother Hospitaller —the granges, like their parent institutions, affording shelter and hospitality to belated travellers. AuTHoarrIEs.—See also:Dugdale, Monasticon; Lenoir, See also:Architecture monastique (1852-I856); Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonnee de 1'archilecture franyaise; See also:Springer, Klosterleben and Klosterkunst (1886); Kraus, Geschichte der christlichen Kunst (1896). (E.

End of Article: X2X2

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