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CARLO BUONAPARTE [Charles Marie de Bo...
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CARLO BUONAPARTE [See also: In 18,8 she addressed a pathetic See also:letter to the powers assembled at the See also:congress of See also:Aix, petitioning for Napoleon's See also:release, on the ground that his mortal illness had removed any possibility of his ever again becoming a menace to the See also:world's See also:peace. The letter remained unanswered, the powers having See also:reason to believe that it was a mere See also:political move, and that its terms had been previously concerted with Napoleon. Henceforth, saddened by the See also:death of Napoleon, of her daughters Pauline and Elisa, and of several grandchildren, she lived a life of mournful-seclusion. In 1829 she was crippled by a serious fall, and was all but See also:blind before her death in 1836. For the Bonaparte family in See also:general, and Carlo and Letizia, see Storia .genealogica della famiglia Bonaparte, della sua origine fino all' estinzione del ramo giet esisente nella See also:cilia di S. Miniato, scritta da un Samminiatese (D. Morali) (See also:Florence,1846) ; F. de Stefani, Le antichita dei Bonaparte; precede per una introduzione (L. Beretta) (See also:Venice, 1857); L. See also:Ambrosini and A. Huard, La Famille imperiale. Hist. de la famille Bonaparte depuis son origine jusqu'en 186o (Paris, 186o); C. Leynadier, Histoire de la famille Bonaparte de l'an lo5o a l' an 1848 (continuee jusqu'en 1866 See also:par de la Brugere) (Paris, 1866) ; A. Kleinschmidt, See also:Die Eltern and Geschwister Napoleons I. (See also:Berlin, 1876) ; D. A: See also:Bingham, The Marriages of the Bonapartes (2 vols., See also:London, 1881) ; F. See also:Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897–1900) ; A. Chuquet, La Jeunesse de Napoleon (3 vols., Paris, 1897–1899) ; T. Nasica, Memoires sur l'enfance et la Junesse de Napoleon jusqu'a l'dge de vingt-trois ans; precedes d'une See also:notice historique sur son pere; See also:Baron H. Larrey, Madame Mere (2 vols., Paris, 1892); See also:Clara See also:Tschudi, Napoleons Mutter: aus dem Norwegischen iibersetzt von H. von Lenk (See also:Leipzig, 1901). The See also:brothers and sisters of Napoleon I., taken in See also:order of See also:age, are the following: L JOSEPH (1768—1844), was born at See also:Corte in Corsica, on the 7th of See also:January 1768. He was educated at the See also:college at See also:Autun in France, returned to Corsica in 1784, shortly after the death of his father, and thereafter studied law at Papolthers eon's the university of Pisa. He became a See also:barrister at 8 o See also:Bastia in See also:June 1788, and was soon elected a councillor sisters: of the See also:municipality of Ajaccio. Like his brothers, I. Joseph Napoleon and Lucien, he embraced the French or parten- pa. -
democratic See also:side, and on the victory of the Paolist party
fled with his family from Corsica and sought See also:refuge in France. After spending a See also:short time in Paris, where he was disgusted with the excesses of the See also:Jacobins, he settled at See also:Marseilles and married Mlle Julie Clary, daughter of a See also:merchant of that See also:town. The Bonapartes moved from See also:place to place, mainly with the view of concerting See also:measures for the recovery of Corsica. Joseph took part in these efforts and went on a See also:mission to See also:Genoa in 1795. In 1796 he accompanied his See also:brother Napoleon in the early part of the See also:Italian See also:campaign, and had some part in the negotiations with See also:Sardinia which led to the See also:armistice of Cherasco (See also:April 28), the See also:news of which he See also:bore to the French See also:government. Later he proceeded to See also:Leghorn, took part in the French expedition for the recovery of Corsica, and, along with the See also:commissioner of the French See also:Republic, Miot de See also:Melito, helped in the reorganization of that island. In See also: Thereafter he refused to enter the See also:ministry, but became a member
of the council of See also:state and of the See also:Corps Legislatif, where his See also:advice on the state of public See also:opinion was frequently useful. He had a See also:hand in the negotiations for the See also:Concordat, but, according to Lucien Bonaparte, looked on that measure as " See also:ill-advised and See also:retrograde." His services in the See also:diplomatic See also:sphere were more important. At Mortfontaine, his See also:country-See also:house, he concluded with the See also:envoy of the See also:United States a See also:convention which bears that name (1800). He also presided over the negotiations which led to the treaty of See also:Luneville with See also:Austria (See also:February 9, 18or); and he and See also:Maret represented France in the lengthy discussions with the See also:British envoy, See also:Lord See also:Cornwallis, which resulted in the See also:signature of the treaty of See also:Amiens (March 25, 18oz). This diplomatic See also:triumph in its turn led to the consolidation of Napoleon's See also:power as First See also:Consul for life (See also:August 1, 1802) with the See also:chief See also:voice in the selection of his successor. On this question the brothers disagreed. As neither Joseph nor Napoleon had a male See also:heir, the eldest brother, whose ideas of See also:primogeniture were very strict, claimed to be recognized as heir, while Napoleon wished to recognize the son of See also: The conquest of the mainland was speedily effected, though See also:Gaeta, Reggio and the See also:rock of Scylla held out for some months. The Bourbon court retired to See also:Sicily, where it had the See also:protection of a British force. By the See also:decree of the 3oth of March 18o6 Napoleon proclaimed Joseph king of Naples, but allowed him to keep intact his claims to the throne of France. In several letters he enjoined his brother to greater firmness in his See also:administration: " These peoples in Italy, and in general all nations, if they do not find their masters, are disposed to See also:rebellion and See also:mutiny." The See also:memoirs of See also:Count Miot de Melito, whom Joseph appointed minister of See also:war, show how great were the difficulties with which the new monarch had to contend—an almost bankrupt See also:treasury, a fickle and degraded populace, Bourbon intrigues and plots, and frequent attacks by the British from Sicily. General See also:Stuart's victory at See also:Maida (See also:July 3) shook Joseph's throne to its See also:base; but the surrender of Gaeta soon enabled See also:Massena to march southwards and subdue See also:Calabria. During his brief reign at Naples, Joseph effected many improvements; he abolished the See also:relics of See also:feudalism, reformed the monastic orders, reorganized the judicial, See also:financial and educational systems, and initiated several public See also:works. In everything he showed his See also:desire to carry out the aims which he expressed to his See also:consort in April 18o6: " See also:Justice demands that I should make this See also:people as happy as the See also:scourge of war will permit."
From these well-meant, but not alway§ successful, efforts he was suddenly called away by Napoleon to take the crown of See also:Spain (May 18o8). There his difficulties were far greater. Despite the benevolent intentions announced to the Spaniards in his proclamation dated See also:Bayonne, 23rd of June 18o8, all reconciliation between them and the French was impossible after Napoleon's treatment of their de facto king, See also: The See also:emperor took no notice of these offers, and ordered him to govern with more See also:energy. Between February and May 1810 the emperor placed the See also:northern and See also:north-eastern provinces under the command of French generals as military districts, virtually IV. 7193 See also:independent of Joseph's authority. Again the king protested, but in vain. As his trusted adviser, Miot de Melito, observed in his memoirs, Joseph tried to be constitutional king of Spain, whereas after the experience of the years 1808–1809 he could only succeed in the See also:Peninsula by becoming " the mere See also:instrument of a military power." " Bearing a title which was only an oppressive See also:burden, the king had in reality ceased to exist as a monarch, and barely retained some semblance of authority over a small part of the French See also:army as a general. Reduced by the exhausted state of his treasury to the last extremity he at length seriously thought of departure." Joseph took this step in April 1811, and proceeded to Paris in order to extort better terms, or offer his See also:abdication; but he had to return with a monthly See also:subsidy of 5o0,00o francs and the promise that the army of the centre (the smallest of the five French armies) should be under his See also:control. See also:Late in that year Napoleon united See also:Catalonia to France. See also:Wellington's victory at See also:Salamanca (July 22, 1812) compelled Joseph to leave his See also:capital; and despite the retirement of the British in the autumn of that year, Joseph's authority never fully recovered from that See also:blow. The end of his nominal See also:rule came in the next year, when Wellington utterly overthrew the chief French army, commanded by King Joseph and See also:Marshal See also:Jourdan, at See also:Vittoria (June 21, 1813). The king fled from Spain, was disgraced by Napoleon, and received the order to retire incognito to Mortfontaine. The emperor wrote to the minister of war (July rr, 1813) :—" His [Joseph's] behaviour has never ceased bringing misfortune upon my army; it is time to make an end of it." Napoleon was equally dissatisfied with his brother's conduct as See also:lieutenant-general of France, while he himself was conducting the campaign of 1814 in the See also:east of France. On the 3oth of March, Joseph empowered See also:Marmont to make a truce with the assailants of Paris if they should be in overpowering strength. On the surrender of the capital Joseph at once retired. The part which he played during the Hundred Days (1815) was also insignificant. It is See also:strange that, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon should have urged him to inspirit the Chamber of Deputies with a view to a See also:national resistance (Lettres nouvelles de Napoleon). In point of fact Joseph did little beyond seeking to further the emperor's plans of escape to See also:America. After the surrender of his brother to the See also:captain of H.M.S. "See also:Bellerophon" at See also:Rochefort, Joseph went to the United States. Settling in See also:Bordentown, New See also:Jersey, he adopted the title of See also:comte de Survilliers, and sought to promote plans for the See also:rescue of his brother from St See also:Helena. In 1830 he pleaded, but unsuccessfully, for the recognition of the claims of the See also:duke of See also:Reichstadt (king . of Rome) to the French throne. He afterwards visited England, and for a time resided at Genoa and Florence. In the latter See also:city, the See also:cradle of his See also:race, he died on the 28th of July 1844. In See also:person he somewhat resembled Napoleon, but utterly lacked his strength and energy. He was fitted for an embassy or judgeship, but was too mild, supine and luxurious for the tasks thrust upon him by his brother. Yet his See also:correspondence and memoirs prove that he retained for Napoleon warm feelings of See also:affection. Of the many works dealing with Joseph Bonaparte we may cite Baron A. du Casse, Memoires et correspondance politique et militaire du roi Joseph (to vols., Paris, 1854), and See also:Les Rois freres de Napoleon (1883); J. S. C. See also:Abbott, See also:History of Joseph Bonaparte (New See also:York, 1869); G. See also:Bertin, Joseph Bonaparte in America; Joseph Bonaparte See also:juge par ses contemporains (anon.) ; the Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito (See also:translation, edited by General Fleischmann, 2 vols., 1881); R. M. See also:Johnston, The See also:Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy (2 vols., with an excellent bibliography, London, 19o4); Correspondence of Napoleon with Joseph Bonaparte (2 vols., New York, 1856) ; Baron A. du Casse, Histoire See also:des . traites de Mortfontaine, de Luneville et d'Amiens, &c. (1855–1857); F. Masson, Napoleon et sa See also:famine (4 vols., Paris, 1889–1900). II. LuCIEN (1775–1840), See also:prince of Canino, was born at Ajaccio on the 2 ist of May 1775. He followed his See also:elder brothers to the See also:schools of Autun and Brienne. At that time he 2. Lucien wished to enter the French army, but, being debarred by defective sight, was destined for the See also: In the See also:hope of being elected a See also:deputy of the island, he refused an See also:appointment offered by Napoleon in the army of See also:Egypt in 1798. His hopes were fulfilled, and in 1798 he entered the Council of Five Hundred at Paris. There his vivacious eloquence brought him into prominence, and he was See also:president of that See also:body on the eventful See also:day of the 19th of Brumaire (See also:November ro) 1799, when Napoleon overthrew the national See also:councils of France at the See also:palace of St See also:Cloud. The refusal of Lucien to put the See also:vote of See also:outlawry, for which the See also:majority of the council clamoured, his opportune closing of the sitting, and his See also:appeal to the soldiers outside to disperse les representants du poignard, turned the See also:scale in favour of his brother. By a strange See also:irony this event, the chief event of Lucien's life, was fatal to the cause of See also:democracy of which he had been the most eager exponent. In one of his earlier letters to his brother Joseph, Lucien stated that he had detected in Napoleon " an ambition not altogether egotistic but which surpassed his love for the general weal; . . . in See also:case of a See also:counter-revolution he would try to ride on the See also:crest of events." Napoleon having by his help triumphed over parliamentary institutions in France, Lucien's suspicion of his brother became a dominant feeling; and the relations between them became strained during the See also:period of the consulate (1799-1804). He accepted See also:office as minister of the interior, but was soon deprived of it owing to political and See also:personal See also:differences with the First Consul. In order to soften the blow, Napoleon appointed him See also:ambassador to the court of Madrid (November 1800). There again Lucien displeased his brother. France and Spain were then about to See also:partition See also:Portugal, and the Spanish forces were beginning to invade that See also:land, when the court of See also:Lisbon succeeded, owing (it is said) to the See also:free use of bribes, in inducing See also:Godoy, the Spanish minister, and Lucien Bonaparte to sign the preliminaries of peace on the 6th of June i8o1 at See also:Badajoz. The First Consul, finding his plans of seizing Lisbon frustrated, remonstrated with his brother, who thereupon resigned his post, and returned to Paris, there taking part in the opposition which the Tribunate offered to some of Napoleon's schemes. Lucien's next proceeding completed the See also:breach between the two brothers. His wife had died in 'Soo; he became enamoured of a Mme Jouberthou in the early summer of 1802, made her his See also:mistress, and finally, despite the See also:express See also:prohibition of the First Consul, secretly married her at his residence of Plessis (on See also:October 23, 1803). At that time Napoleon was pressing Lucien for important reasons of state to marry the widow of the king of See also:Etruria, and on See also:hearing of his brother's action he ordered him to leave French territory. Lucien departed for Italy with his wife and See also:infant son, after annoying Napoleon by bestowing on her publicly thename of Bonaparte. He also charged Joseph never to try to reconcile Napoleon to him. For some years he lived in Italy, chiefly at Rome, showing marked hostility to the emperor. In December 1807 the latter sought to come to an arrangement by which Lucien would take his place as a French prince, provided that he would annul his See also:marriage. This step Lucien refused to take; and after residing for some time at his See also:estate of Canino, from which he took the papal title of prince of Canino,. he left for America. Captured by a British See also:ship, he was taken to See also:Malta and thence to England, where he resided under some measure of surveillance up to the peace of 1814. Returning to Rome, he offered Napoleon his help during the Hundred Days (1815), stood by his side at the " Champ de See also:Mai " at Paris, and was the last to defend his prerogatives at the time of his second abdication. He spent the See also:rest of his life in Italy, and died at Rome on the 29th of June 184o. His family comprised four sons and six daughters. He wrote an epic, See also:Charlemagne, ou l'Eglise delivree (2 vols., 1814), also La Verite sur les Cent Jours and Memoirs, which were not completed. For See also:sources see T. See also:Jung, Lucien Bonaparte et ses memoires (3 vols., Paris, 1882—1883) ; an See also:anonymous See also:work, Le Prince Lucien Bonaparte et sa famille (Paris, 1888) ; F. Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897—1900), and H. See also:Houssaye, ' 1813' " (3 vols., Paris, 1899-1905). See J. Turquan, Les Sours de Napoleon (Paris, 1896) ; P. Marmothan, Elisa Bonaparte (Paris, 1898) ; E. Rodocanachi, Elisa Bonaparte en Italie (Paris, 1900) ; F. Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897—1900). IV. Louis (1778-1846) was born at Ajaccio on the and of See also:September 1778. His elder brother Napoleon supervised his See also:education with much care, gaining for him See also:scholar- 4. Louis See also:ships to the royal military schools of France, and during See also:Bona-
parte.
the time when the elder brother was a lieutenant in
See also:garrison at See also:Auxonne Louis shared his scanty fare. In 1795 Napoleon procured for him See also:admission to the military school at Chalons, and wrote thus of the boy:—" I am very pleased with Louis; he fulfils my hopes; intelligence, warmth, See also:good See also:health, See also:talent, good address, kindness-he possesses all these qualities." Louis went through the Italian campaign of 1796-97 with Napoleon and acted as his aide-de-See also:camp in Egypt in 1798-99. In 18oz the First Consul married him to Hortense See also:Beauharnais, a forced See also:union which led to most deplorable results. In 1804 Louis was raised to the See also:rank of general, and entered the council of state in order to perfect his knowledge of administrative affairs. In the next year he became See also:governor of Paris and under-took various military and administrative duties.
After the victory of See also:Austerlitz (December 2, 1805) Napoleon began to See also:plan the formation of a See also:ring of states surrounding, and in close alliance with, the French empire. He destined Louis for the throne of See also: In 18o8 the emperor offered Louis the throne of Spain then vacant; but on Louis refusing to accept it the See also:honour went to Joseph. The dispute between Louis and the emperor continued. In the latter part of 1809 Napoleon virtually resolved to annex Holland, in order to stop the See also:trade which the Dutch secretly carried on with England. At the close of the year Louis went to Paris, partly in order to procure a See also:divorce from Hortense and partly to gain better terms for Holland. He failed in both respects. In January 1810 Napoleon annexed the island of Walcheren, alleging that Louis had not done his See also:share in defending the interests of France at the time of the British Walcheren expedition (1809). The French troops also occupied See also:Breda and See also:Bergen-op-Zoom. Louis gave way on all the points in dispute; but his acquiescence only postponed the crisis. After the collapse of negotiations with Great See also:Britain in the See also:spring of 181o, the emperor again pressed Louis hard, and finally sent French troops against the Dutch capital. Thereupon Louis, despairing of offering resistance, fled from his See also:kingdom and finally settled at Toplitz in Bohemia. On the 9th of July 1810 Napoleon annexed Holland to the French empire. Louis spent the rest of his life separated from his wife, and in 1815 gained the custody of his elder son. He lived chiefly at Rome, concerning himself with See also:literary and philosophic studies and with the fortunes of his sons. Their devotion to the national and democratic cause in Italy in 183o—1831 gave him much See also:pleasure, which was overclouded by the death of the elder, Napoleon Louis, in the spring campaign of 1831 in the Romagna. The failure of his other son, Charles Louis Napoleon (afterwards Napoleon III.), to wrest the French crown from Louis Philippe by the attempts at See also:Strassburg and See also:Boulogne also caused him much disappointment. He died on the 25th of July 1846 and was buried at St Leu. Under more favourable conditions Louis would have gained a name for kindness and philanthropy, proofs of which did indeed appear during his reign in Holland and gained him the esteem of his subjects; but his morbid sensitiveness served to embitter his relations both of a domestic and of a political nature and to sour his own disposition. His literary works are unimportant. His sons were Napoleon Charles (1802—1807), Napoleon Louis (1804—1831), and Charles Louis Napoleon (1808—1873), afterwards emperor of the French as NAPOLEON III. (q.v.). The chief works on the life and reign of Louis are le comte de See also:Saint-Leu, Documents historiques et reflexions sur le gouvernement de la Hollande 3 vols., 2nd ed., Paris, 1820) ; F. Rocquain, Napoleon Ier et le Roi Louis, d'apres les documents conserves aux archives nationales (Paris, 1875) ; Baron A. du Casse, Les Rois freres de Napoleon (Paris, 1883) ; A See also:Garnier, La Cour de Hollande sous le regne de Louis Bonaparte, par un auditeur (Paris and See also:Amsterdam, 1823) ; T. Jorissen, Napoleon I" et le roi de Hollande (1806—1813) d'apres des documents authentiques et inedits (Paris and The See also:Hague, 1868) ; V. Loosjes, Louis Bonaparte, Koning See also:van Holland (Amsterdam, 1888) ; L. Wichers, De Regeering van Koning Lodewijk Napoleon (1806—1810) (See also:Utrecht, 1892) ; F. Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897—1900). V. MARIE PAULINE (1780—1825), the gayest and most beautiful member of the family, was born at Ajaccio on the 5. Pauline. 20th of October 1780. At seventeen years of age she married General Leclerc, a See also:staff officer of Napoleon, and accompanied him to St Domingo, where he died of yellow See also:fever in 1802. Returning to Paris she espoused Prince Camillo See also:Borghese (August 23, 1803) and went to reside with him in Rome. She soon tired of him, returned to Paris and gratified her whims in ways that caused some See also:scandal. In 18o6 she received the title of duchess of See also:Guastalla. Her offhand treatment of the new empress, Marie See also:Louise, in 1810 led to her removal from court. Nevertheless in 1814 she repaired with "Madame Mere " to Elba, and is said to have expressed a wish to share Napoleon's See also:exile in St Helena. She died in 1825 of cancer. See also:Canova's statue of her as See also:Venus reclining on a See also:couch is well known. See J. Turquan, Les Sceurs de Napoleon : les princesses Elisa, Pauline et See also:Caroline (Paris, 1896) ; F. Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897—1900). VI. MARIA ANNUNCIATA CAROLINE (1782—1839) was born at Ajaccio on the 25th of March 1782. Early in 1800 she married See also:Joachim See also:Murat, whose interests she afterwards advanced with all the power of her ambitious and 6.nlrarat. ;c roiinr intriguing nature. He became g governor of Paris, marshal of France (1804), grand duke of See also:Berg and of See also:Cleves (1806), lieutenant of the emperor in Spain (18o8), and early in the summer of that year king of Naples. The distance of this capital from Paris displeased Caroline; her relations with Napoleon became strained, and she associated herself with the equivocal movements of her husband in 1814-1815. Before his tragic end at See also:Pizzo on the 13th of October 1815, she had retired to See also:Austrian territory and was placed under some measure of See also:restraint. Finally she lived at See also:Trieste with her See also:sister Elisa. She died on the 18th of May 1839.
See J. Turquan, Caroline Murat, reine de Naples (Paris, 1899) ; F. Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897—1900). See also under MURAT, JOACHIM.
brother, then First Consul of France, in 1800. Many Bona ~ See also:pane. stories are told illustrating his impetuous but affection-
See also:ate nature. While in the Consular Guard he fought a See also:duel with the younger brother of General See also:Davout and was wounded. Soon afterwards he was transferred to the See also:navy and cruised in the See also:West Indies, until, when blockaded by a British cruiser, he left his ship and travelled through the United States. At See also:Baltimore he See also:fell in love with See also:Miss See also: Jerome vainly sought to See also:bend his brother's will in an interview at See also:Alexandria. In May 1805 he received command of a small See also:squadron in the Mediterranean, while his wife proceeded to See also:Camberwell, where she gave See also:birth to a son. In November Jerome sailed in a squadron commanded by See also:Admiral Willaumez, which was to ravage the West Indies; but it was scattered by a See also:storm. After damaging British See also:commerce in the North See also:Atlantic, Jerome reached France with his ship in safety in August 18o6. Napoleon made him a prince of France, and gave him command of a See also:division of South Germans in the campaign of 1806. After See also:Jena, Jerome received the surrender of several Prussian towns. An imperial decree having annulled the Patterson marriage, the emperor united Jerome to the princess Catherine of See also:Wurttemberg; and in pursuance of the terms of the treaty of See also:Tilsit (July 7, 1807) raised him to the throne of the new kingdom of See also:Westphalia. There Jerome, though frequently rebuked by the emperor, displayed his fondness for luxury, indulged in numerous amours and ran deeply into See also:debt. In some respects his kingdom benefited by the connexion with France. Feudalism was abolished; the See also:Code Napoleon was introduced; the See also:Jews were freed from repressive laws; and education received some impulse in its higher departments. But the unpopularity of Jerome's rule was shown by the part taken by the peasants in the abortive rising beaded by Baron Wilhelm von Dornberg and other Westphalian See also:officers in April 1809. Despite heavy See also:taxation, the state debt increased greatly; and the sending of a contingent to See also:Russia in 1812 brought the state to the See also:verge of See also:bankruptcy. In the early part of that campaign Jerome was entrusted with an important See also:movement which might have brought the southern See also:Russian army into See also:grave danger; on his failure (which was probably due to his lack of energy) the emperor promptly subjected him to the control of Marshal Davout, and Jerome returned to See also:Cassel. In 1813, on the fall of the Napoleonic regime in Germany, Jerome retired to France, and in 1814 spent some time in See also:Switzerland and at Trieste. Returning to France in 1815, he commanded a division on the French left wing at Waterloo and attacked Hougomont with great pertinacity. On Napoleon's second abdication Jerome proceeded to Wurttemberg, was threatened with See also:arrest 196 unless he gave up his wife and See also:child, and was kept under surveillance at See also:Goppingen; finally he was allowed to proceed to See also:Augsburg, and thereafter resided at Trieste, or in Italy or Switzer-land. His consort died in 1835. He returned to France in 1847, and after the rise of Louis Napoleon to power, became successively governor of the Invalides, marshal of France and president of the See also:senate. He died on the 24th of June 186o. His children were Jerome Napoleon (see XIV.), Mathilde (see XII.) and Napoleon Joseph Charles See also:Paul (born in 1822); the last was afterwards known as Prince Napoleon (see XI. below) and finally became the heir to the fortunes of the Napoleonic dynasty. The chief works See also:relating to Jerome Bonaparte are: Baron See also:Albert du Casse, Memoires et correspondance du roi Jerome et de la reine Catherine (7 vols., Paris, 1861–1866) and Les Rois freres de Napoleon (1883); M. M. Kaisenberg, See also:Konig Jerome Napoleon; W. T. R. Saffell, The Bonaparte-Patterson Marriage; August von Schlossberger, Briefwechsel de- Konigin Katharina and des Konigs Jerome von Westfalen mit Konig See also:Friedrich von Wurttemberg (See also:Stuttgart, 1886–1887). supplemented by du Casse in Corresp. inedite de in reine Catherine de Westphalie (Paris, 1888–1893) ; A. See also:Martinet, Jerome Napoleon, roi de Westfale (Paris, 1902); P. W. Sergeant, The See also:Burlesque Napoleon (1905) ; F. Masson, Napoleon et sa famille (4 vols., Paris, 1897–1900). (J. HI,. R.) The fortunes of the Bonaparte family may be further followed under the later See also:biographies of its leading members, mainly descendants of Lucien (II. above) and Jerome (VII. above). ants of daughter of Joseph, in 1822. At the age of twenty-two Lucien: he began the publication of an See also:American See also:Ornithology 8. Charles. (4 vols., See also:Philadelphia, 1825–1833), which established his scientific reputation. A See also:series of other works in See also:zoology followed: Iconographia della See also:fauna Italica (3 vols., Rome, 1832–1841), Catalogo metodico degli uccelli europei (I vol., See also:Bologna, 1842), Catalogo metodico del pesci europei (1 vol., Naples, 1845, 4to), Catalogo metodico del mammiferi europei (1 vol., See also:Milan, 1845), Telachorum tabula analytica (Neufchatel, 1838). He was elected honorary member of the See also:academy of See also:Upsala in 1833, of that of Berlin in 1843, and correspondent of the See also:Institute of France in 1844. Towards 1847 he took part in the political agitation in Italy, and presided over scientific congresses, notably at Venice, where he declared himself in favour of the See also:independence of Italy and the See also:expulsion of the Austrians. He entered the Junto of Rome in 1848 and was elected deputy by See also:Viterbo to the national See also:assembly. The failure of the revolution forced him to leave Italy in July 1849. He gained Holland, then France, where he turned again to See also:science. His See also:principal works were, Conspectus systematis ornithologiae, mastozologiae, erpetologiae et amphibologiae, Ichthyologiae (See also:Leiden, 185o), Tableau des oiseaux-mouches (Paris, 1854), Ornithologie fossile (Paris, 1858). Eight children survived him: Joseph Lucien Charles Napoleon, prince of Canino (1824–1865), who died without heirs; Lucien Louis Joseph Napoleon, born in 1828, who took See also:holy orders in 1853 and became a See also:cardinal in 1868; Julie See also:Charlotte Zenaide Pauline Laetitia Desiree Bartholomee, who married the See also:marquis of Roccagiovine; Charlotte Honorine See also:Josephine, who married Count Primoli; Marie Desiree See also:Eugenie Josephine Philomene, who married the count Campello; Auguste Amelie Maximilienne Jacqueline, who married Count Gabrielli; Napoleon Charles See also:Gregoire Jacques Philippe, born in 1839, who married the princess Ruspoli, by whom he had two daughters; and Bathilde Aloyse Leonie, who married the comte de See also:Cambaceres. The See also:branch is now See also:extinct. IX. LOUIS LUCIEN (1813–1891), son of Lucien Bonaparte, was born at Thorngrove, See also:Worcestershire, England, on the 4th of January 1813. He passed his youth in England, not going to France until 1848, when, after the revolution, he was elected deputy for Corsica on the 28th of November 1848; his See also:election having been invalidated, he was returned as deputy for the See also:Seine in June 1849. He sat in the right of the Legislative Assembly, but had no See also:direct part in the coup d'etat of his See also:cousin on the 2nd of December 1851. Napoleon III. named him senator and prince, but he took hardly any part inpolitics during the Second Empire, and after the proclamation of the Third Republic in 187o he withdrew to England. There he busied himself with See also:philology, and published notably some works on the Basque See also:language: Grammaire basque, Remarques sur plusieurs assertions concernant la langue basque (1876), Observations sur le basque Fontarabie (1878). He died on the 3rd of November 1891, leaving no children. X. See also:PIERRE NAPOLEON (1815–1881), son of Lucien Bonaparte, was born at Rome on the 12th of September 1815. He began his life of See also:adventure at the age of fifteen, join- 10. Terre. See also:ing the insurrectionary bands in the Romagna (183o 1831); was then in the United States, where he went to join his See also:uncle Joseph, and in See also:Colombia with General See also:Santander (1832). Returning to Rome he was taken prisoner by order of the pope (1835–1836). He finally took refuge in England. At the revolution of 1848 he returned to France and was elected deputy for Corsica to the Constituent Assembly. He declared himself an out-and-out republican and voted even with the socialists. He pronounced himself in favour of the national workshops and against the loi See also:Falloux. His attitude contributed greatly to give popular confidence to his cousin Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III.), of whose coup d'etat on the and of December 1851 he disapproved; but he was soon reconciled to the emperor, and accepted the title of prince. The republicans at once abandoned him. From that time on he led a debauched life, and lost all political importance. He turned to literature and published some mediocre poems. In January 187o a violent incident brought him again into prominence. As the result of a controversy with See also:Paschal Grousset, the latter sent him two journalists to provoke him to a duel. Pierre Bonaparte took them personally to See also:account, and during a violent discussion he See also:drew his revolver and killed one of them, See also:Victor Noir. This See also:crime greatly excited the republican press, which demanded his trial. The High Court acquitted him, and See also:criticism then fell upon the government. Pierre Bonaparte died in obscurity at See also:Versailles on the 7th of April 1881. He had married the daughter of a Paris working-See also:man, Justine Eleanore Ruffin, by whom he had, before his marriage, two children: (I) See also:Roland Napoleon, born on the 19th of May 1858, who entered the army, was excluded from it in 1886, and then devoted himself to See also:geography and scientific explorations; (2) Jeanne, wife of the marquis de Vence. XI. NAPOLEON JOSEPH CHARLES PAUL, commonly known as Prince Napoleon, or by the See also:sobriquet of " Plon-Plon," 1 (1822–1891), was the second son of Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, by his wife Catherine, princess of Wurttemberg, and was born at Trieste on the 9th of September 1822. He soon rendered himself popular by his advanced democratic ideas, which he expressed on all possible occasions. After the French revolution of 1848 he was elected to the National Assembly as a representative of Corsica, and (his elder brother, Jerome Napoleon Charles, dying in 1847) assumed the name of Jerome. Notwithstanding his ostensible opposition to the coup d'etat of 1851, he was designated, upon the See also:establishment of the Empire, as successor to the throne if Napoleon III. should die childless, and received a liberal dotation, but was allowed no share in public affairs. Privately he professed him-self the representative of the Napoleonic tradition in its democratic aspect, and associated mainly with men of advanced political opinions. At court he represented the Liberal party against the empress Eugenie. In 1854 he took part in the See also:Crimean campaign as general of division. His conduct at the See also:battle of the See also:Alma occasioned imputations upon his personal courage, but they seem to have been entirely groundless. Re-turning to France he undertook the chief direction of the National See also:Exhibition of 1855, in which he manifested great capacity. In 1858 he was appointed minister for the Colonies and See also:Algeria, and his administration aroused great hopes, but his activity was diverted into a different channel by his sudden marriage r Deriveu, it is supposed, from the See also:nickname "Plomb-plomb," or "Craint-plomb" (fear-lea4), givers him by his soldiers in the See also:Crimea. 9. Louis Lucien. Descend-ants of Jerome: ll. Prince Napoleon (Pion-Plea). in January 1859 with the princess Marie Clotilde of See also:Savoy, daughter of Victor See also:Emmanuel, a prelude to the war for the liberation of Italy. In this war Prince Napoleon commanded the French corps that occupied See also:Tuscany, and it was expected that he would become ruler of the principality, but he refused to exert any pressure upon the inhabitants, who preferred union with the Italian kingdom. The next few years were chiefly distinguished by remarkable speeches which displayed the prince in the unexpected See also:character of a great orator. Unfortunately his indiscretion equalled his eloquence: one speech (1861) sent him to America to avoid a duel with the duke d'See also:Aumale; another (1865), in which he justly but intemperately protested against the Mexican expedition, cost him all his See also:official dignities. Nevertheless he was influential in effecting the reform by which in 1869 it was sought to reconcile the Empire with Liberal principles. The fatal war of 187o was resolved upon during his See also:absence in See also:Norway, and was strongly condemned by him. After the first disasters he undertook an ineffectual mission to Italy to implore the aid of his father-in-law; and after the fall of the Empire lived in See also:comparative retirement until in 1879 the death of Napoleon III.'s son, the Prince Imperial (see XIII. below), made him direct heir to the Napoleonic succession. His part as imperial pretender was unfortunate and inglorious: his democratic opinions were unacceptable to the imperial party, and before his death he was virtually deposed in favour of his son Prince Napoleon Victor, who, supported by Paul de See also:Cassagnac and others, openly declared himself a See also:candidate for the throne in 1884. He died at Rome on the 17th of March 1891. In the character of his See also:intellect, as in personal See also:appearance, he bore an extraordinary resemblance to the first Napoleon, possessing the same marvellous lucidity of insight, and the same See also:gift of infallibly distinguishing the essential from the non-essential. He was a warm friend of literature and See also:art, and in a private station would have achieved high distinction as a man of letters. His eldest son, Prince Napoleon Victor Jerome See also:Frederic (b. 1862), became at his death the recognized See also:head of the French Bonapartist party. The second son, Prince Louis Napoleon, an officer in the Russian army, showed a steadier disposition, and was more favoured in- some monarchist quarters; in 1906 he was made governor of the See also:Caucasus. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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