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NORTHERN DIVISION

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 143 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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NORTHERN See also:DIVISION .—This embraces almost all the See also:county N. of the Ribble, including See also:Furness, and a small See also:area S. of the Ribble See also:estuary. It is considerably the largest of the divisions. See also:Parliamentary divisions, from N. to S.—See also:North See also:Lonsdale, See also:Lancaster, See also:Blackpool, See also:Chorley. Parliamentary, county and municipal boroughs—See also:Barrow-in-Furness (57,586; one member); See also:Preston (112,989; two members). Municipal boroughs—Blackpool (county See also:borough ; 47,348), Chorley (26,852), Lancaster (40,329; county See also:town), See also:Morecambe (1 1,798). See also:Urban districts—Adlington (4523; Chorley), Bispham-with-Norbreck (Blackpool), Carnforth (3040; Lancaster), Croston (2102; Chorley), See also:Dalton-in-Furness (13,020), See also:Fleetwood (12,082), Fulwood (5238; Preston), See also:Grange (1993), See also:Heysham (3381; Morecambe), Kirkham (3693; Preston), Leyland (6865; Chorley), Longridge (4304; Preston), See also:Lytham (7185), Poulon-le-Fylde (2223; Blackpool). Preesall-with-Hackinsall (1423; Fleetwood), St See also:Anne'son-the-See also:Sea (6838, a watering-See also:place between Blackpool and Lytham), See also:Thornton (3108 ; Fleetwood), See also:Ulverston (10,064, in Furness), \Withnell (3349; Chorley). NORTH-EASTERN-DIVISION.—This lies E. of Preston, and is the smallest of the four. Parliamentary divisions—See also:Accrington, See also:Clitheroe, See also:Darwen, Rossendale. Parliamentary, county and municipal boroughs —See also:Blackburn (127,626; two members); See also:Burnley (97,043; one member). Municipal boroughs—Accrington (43,122), See also:Bacup (22,505), Clitheroe (11,414), See also:Colne (23,000), Darwen (38,212), See also:Haslingden (18,543, extending into See also:South-Eastern division), See also:Nelson (32,816), See also:Rawtenstall (31,053). Urban districts—Barrowford (4959; Colne), Brierfield (7288; Burnley), See also:Church (6463; Accrington), See also:Clayton-le-See also:Moors (8153; Accrington), See also:Great Harwood (12,015; Blackburn), See also:Oswaldtwistle (14,192; Blackburn), See also:Padiham (12,205; Burnley), Rishton (7031; Blackburn), Trawden (2641; Colne), See also:Walton-le-See also:Dale (11,271 ; Preston).

SOUTH-WESTERN DIvISION.—This division represents roughly a quadrant with See also:

radius of "2o m. See also:drawn from See also:Liverpool. Parliamentary divisions—See also:Bootle, See also:Ince, See also:Leigh, See also:Newton, See also:Ormskirk, See also:Southport, See also:Widnes. Parliamentary boroughs—the See also:city ,and county and municipal borough of Liverpool (684,958; nine members) ; the county and municipal boroughs of St Helens (84,410; one member); See also:Wigan (60,764; one member), See also:Warrington (64,242; a See also:part only of the parliamentary borough is in this county). Municipal boroughs—Bootle (58,566), Leigh (40,001), Southport (county borough; 48,083), Widnes (28,580). Urban districts—Abram (6306; Wigan), Allerton (1101 ; Liverpool), See also:Ashton-in-Makerfield (18,687), See also:Atherton (16,211), Billinge (4232; Wigan), Birkdale (14,197; Southport), Childwall (219; Liverpool), Formby (6o6o), Golborne (6789; St Helens), Great See also:Crosby (7555; Liverpool), Haydock (8575; St Helens), See also:Hindley (23,504; Wigan), Huyton-with-See also:Roby (4661; St Helens), I nce-in-Makerfield (21,262), Lathom-and-Burscough (7113; Ormskirk), Litherland (10,592; Liverpool), Little Crosby (563; See also:Liver-See also:pool), Little Woolton (1091; Liverpool), Much Woolton (4731; Liverpool), Newton-in-Makerfield (16,699), Ormskirk (6857), Orrell (5436; Wigan), See also:Prescot (7855; St Helens), Rainford (3359; St Helens), Skelmersdale (5699; Ormskirk), See also:Standish-with-Langtree (6303; Wigan), See also:Tyldesley-with-Shakerley (14,843), Upholland (4773; Wigan), See also:Waterloo-with-See also:Seaforth (23,102; Liverpool). SOUTH-EASTERN DIvIsIoN.—This is of about the same area as the South-Western division, and it constitutes the See also:heart of the See also:industrial region. Parliamentary divisions—See also:Eccles, See also:Gorton, See also:Heywood, See also:Middle-ton, See also:Prestwich, See also:Radcliffe-cum-See also:Farnworth, Stretford, See also:Westhoughton. Parliamentary boroughs—the city and county of a city of See also:Manchester (543,872; six members) ; with which should be correlated 'the ad-joining county and municipal borough of See also:Salford (220,957; three members), also the county and municipal boroughs of See also:Bolton (168,215; two members), See also:Bury (58,029; one member), See also:Rochdale (83,114; one member), See also:Oldham (137,246; two members), and the municipal borough of Ashton-under-Lyne (43,890). Part only of the last parliamentary borough is within the county, and this division also contains part of the parliamentary boroughs of See also:Stalybridge and See also:Stockport. Municipal boroughs—Eccles (34,369), Hey-See also:wood (25,458), See also:Middleton (25,178), See also:Mossley (13,452). Urban districts —Aspull (8388; Wigan), Audenshaw (7216; Ashton-under-Lyne), Blackrod (3875; Wigan), See also:Chadderton (24,892; Oldham), See also:Crompton (13,427; Oldham), See also:Denton (14,934; Ashton-under-Lyne), Droylsden (11,087; Manchester), Failsworth (14,152; Manchester), Farnworth (25,925; Bolton), Gorton (26,564; Manchester), Heaton See also:Norris (9474; Stockport). See also:Horwich (15,084; Bolton), See also:Hurst (7145; Ashton-under-Lyne), Irlam (4335; Eccles), Kearsley (9218; Bolton), Lees (3621; Oldham), Levenshulme (11,485; Manchester), Little-borough (11,166; Rochdale), Little Hulton (7294; Bolton), Little See also:Lever (5119; Bolton), Milnrow (8241; Rochdale), See also:Norden (3907; Rochdale), Prestwich (12,839; Manchester), Radcliffe (25,368; Bury), See also:Ramsbottom (15,920; Bury), See also:Royton (14,881; Oldham), Stretford (3o,4 6; Manchester), See also:Swinton-and-Pendlebury (27,005; Manchester), Tottington (6118; Bury), See also:Turton (12,355; Bolton), Urmston (6594; Manchester), Wardle (4427; Rochdale), Westhoughton (14,377; Bolton), See also:Whitefield or Stand (6588; Bury), See also:Whitworth (9578; Rochdale), See also:Worsley (12,462; Eccles).

See also:

Lancashire is one of the counties See also:palatine. It is attached to the duchy of Lancaster, a See also:crown See also:office, and retains the See also:chancery See also:court for the county palatine. The chancery of the duchy of Lancaster was once a court of See also:appeal for the chancery of the county palatine, but now even its See also:jurisdiction in regard to the estates of the duchy is merely nominal. The chancery of the county palatine has concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court of Chancery in all matters of See also:equity within the county palatine, and See also:independent jurisdiction in regard to a variety of other matters. The county palatine comprises six hundreds. Lancashire is in the northern See also:circuit, and assizes are held at Lancaster for the north, and at Liverpool and Manchester for the south of the county. There is one court of See also:quarter sessions, and the county is divided into 33 See also:petty sessional divisions. The boroughs of Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Salford and Wigan have See also:separate commissions of the See also:peace and courts of quarter sessions; and those of Accrington, Ashton-under-Lyne, Barrow-in-Furness, Blackpool, Bolton, Bury, Clitheroe, Colne, Darwen, Eccles, Heywood, Lancaster, Middleton, Mossley, Nelson, Preston, Rochdale, St Helens, Southport and Warrington have separate commissions of the peace only. There are 430 See also:civil parishes. Lancashire is mainly in the See also:diocese of Manchester, but parts are in those of Liverpool, See also:Carlisle, See also:Ripon, See also:Chester and See also:Wakefield. There are 787 ecclesiastical parishes or districts wholly or in part within the county. Manchester and Liverpool are each seats of a university and of other important educational institutions.

Within the See also:

bounds of the county there are many denominational colleges, and near Clitheroe is the famous See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:college of Stonyhurst. There is a See also:day training college for schoolmasters in connexion with University College, Liverpool, and a day training college for both schoolmasters and schoolmistresses in connexion with See also:Owens College, Manchester. At Edgehill, Liverpool, there is a residential training college for schoolmistresses which takes day pupils, at Liverpool a residential Roman Catholic training college for schoolmasters, and at Warrington a residential training college (Chester, Manchester and Liverpool diocesan) for schoolmistresses. See also:History.—The See also:district afterwards known as Lancashire was after the departure of the See also:Romans for many years apparently little better than a See also:waste. It was not until the victory of 'Ethel-See also:frith, See also:king of See also:Deira, near Chester in 613 cut off the Britons of See also:Wales from those of Lancashire and See also:Cumberland that even Lancashire south of the Ribble was conquered. The part north of the Ribble was not absorbed in the Northumbrian See also:kingdom till the reign of See also:Ecgfrith (67o-685). Of the details of this See also:long struggle we know nothing, but to the stubborn resistance made by the See also:British leaders are due the legends of See also:Arthur; and of the twelve great battles he is supposed to have fought against the See also:English, four are traditionally, though probably erroneously, said to have taken place on the See also:river See also:Douglas near Wigan. In the long struggle for supremacy between See also:Mercia and See also:Northumbria, the See also:country between the See also:Mersey and Ribble was sometimes under one, sometimes under the other kingdom. During the 9th See also:century Lancashire was constantly invaded by the Danes, and after the peace of See also:Wedmore (878) it was included in the Danish kingdom of Northumbria. The A.S. See also:Chronicle records the reconquest of the district between the Ribble and Mersey in 923 by the English king, when it appears to have been severed from the kingdom of Northumbria and See also:united to Mercia, but the districts north of the Ribble now comprised in the county belonged to Northumbria until its See also:incorporation with the kingdom of See also:England. The names on the Lancashire See also:coast ending in by, such as Crosby, Formby, Roby, See also:Kirkby, See also:Derby, show where the Danish settlements were thickest.

See also:

William the Conqueror gave the lands between the Ribble and Mersey, and Amounderness to See also:Roger de Poictou, but at the See also:time of Domesday See also:Book these had passed out of his See also:hand and belonged to the king. The name Lancashire does not appear in Domesday; the lands between the Ribble and Mersey were included in See also:Cheshire and those north of the Ribble in See also:Yorkshire. Roger de Poictou soon regained his lands, and See also:Rufus added to his possessions the See also:rest of Lonsdale south of the Sands, of which he already held a part; and as he had the Furness fells as well, he owned all that is now known as Lancashire. In 1102 he finally forfeited all his lands, which See also:Henry I. held till, in 1118, he created the See also:honour of Lancaster by incorporating with Roger's forfeited lands certain escheated manors in the counties of See also:Nottingham, transferred in 1873 by the Judicature See also:Act to the high court of Derby and See also:Lincoln, and certain royal manors, and bestowed it upon his See also:nephew See also:Stephen, afterwards king. During Stephen's reign the history of the honour presents certain difficulties, for See also:David of See also:Scotland held the lands north of the Ribble for a time, and in 1147 the See also:earl of Chester held the district between the Ribble and Mersey. Henry II. gave the whole honour to William, Stephen's son, but in 1164 it came again into the king's hands until 1189, when See also:Richard I. granted it to his See also:brother See also:John. In 1194, owing to John's See also:rebellion, it was confiscated and the honour remained with the crown till 1267. In 1229, however, all the crown See also:demesne between the Ribble and Mersey was granted to Ranulf, earl of Chester, and on his See also:death in 1232 ,:ame to William See also:Ferrers, earl of Derby, in right of his wife See also:Agnes, See also:sister and co-See also:heir of Ranulf. The Ferrers held it till 1266, when it was confiscated owing to the earl's rebellion. In 1267 Henry III. granted the honour and county and all the royal demesne therein to his son See also:Edmund, who was created earl of Lancaster. His son, Earl See also:Thomas, married the heiress of Henry de See also:Lacy, earl of Lincoln, and thus obtained the great estates belonging to the de Lacys in Lancashire. On the death of Henry, the first See also:duke of Lancaster, in 1361, the estates, See also:title and honour See also:fell to John of Gaunt in right of his wife See also:Blanche, the duke's See also:elder daughter, and by the See also:accession of Henry IV., John of Gaunt's only son, to the See also:throne, the duchy and honour became merged in the crown.

The county of Lancaster is first mentioned in 1169 as contributing See also:

loo marks to the Royal See also:Exchequer for defaults and fines. The creation of the honour decided the boundaries, throwing into it Furness and Cartmel, which geographically belong to See also:Westmorland; Lonsdale and Amounderness, which in Domesday had been surveyed under Yorkshire; and the See also:land between the Ribble and Mersey. In Domesday this district south of the Ribble was divided into the six hundreds of See also:West Derby, . Newton, Warrington, Blackburn, Salford and Leyland, but before Henry II.'s reign the hundreds of Warrington and Newton were absorbed in that of West Derby. Neither Amounderness nor Lonsdale was called a See also:hundred in Domesday, but soon after that time the former was treated as a hundred. Ecclesiastically the whole of the county originally belonged to the diocese of See also:York, but after the reconquest of the district between the Ribble and Mersey in 923 this part was placed under the See also:bishop of Lich-See also:field in the archdeaconry of Chester, which was subdivided into the rural deaneries of Manchester, Warrington and Leyland. Up to 1541 the district north of the Ribble belonged to the archdeaconry of See also:Richmond in the diocese of York, and was subdivided into the rural deaneries of Amounderness, Lonsdale and Coupland. In 1541 the diocese of Chester was created, including all Lancashire, which was divided into two See also:arch-deaconries: Chester, comprising the rural deaneries of Manchester, Warrington and Blackburn, and Richmond, comprising the deaneries of Amounderness, Furness, Lonsdale and See also:Kendal. In 1847 the diocese of Manchester was created, which included all Lancashire except parts of West Derby, which still belonged to the diocese of Chester, and Furness and Cartmel, which were added to Carlisle in 1856. In 1878 by the creation of the diocese of Liverpool the south-eastern part of the county was subtracted from the Manchester diocese. No See also:shire court was ever held for the county, but as a duchy and county palatine it has its own See also:special courts. It may have enjoyed palatine jurisdiction under Earl See also:Morcar before the See also:Conquest, but these privileges, if ever exercised, remained in See also:abeyance till 1351, when Henry, duke of Lancaster, received See also:power to have a chancery in the county of Lancaster and to issue writs therefrom under his own See also:seal, as well touching pleas of the crown as any other See also:relating to the See also:common See also:laws, and to have all See also:Jura See also:Regalia belonging to a county palatine.

In 1377 the county was erected into a See also:

palatinate for John of Gaunt's See also:life, and in 1396 these rights of jurisdiction were extended and settled in See also:perpetuity on the See also:dukes of Lancaster. The county palatine courts consist of a chancery which See also:dates back at least to 1376, a court of common pleas, the jurisdiction of which wasjustice, and a court of criminal jurisdiction which in no way differs from the king's See also:ordinary court. In 1407 the duchy court of Lancaster was created, in which all questions of See also:revenue and dignities affecting the duchy possessions are settled. The chancery of the duchy has been for years practically obsolete. The duchy and county palatine each has its own seal. The office of See also:chancellor of the duchy and county palatine dates back to 1351. Lancashire is famed for the number of old and important county families living within its See also:borders. The most intimately connected with the history of the county are the Stanleys, whose See also:chief seat is Knowsley See also:Hall. See also:Sir John See also:Stanley See also:early in the 15th century married the heiress of Lathom and thus obtained See also:possession of Lathom and Knowsley. In 1456 the See also:head of the See also:family was created a peer by the title of See also:Baron Stanley and in 1485 raised to the earldom of Derby. The Molyneuxes of Sephton and Croxteth are probably descended from William de Molines, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and is on the See also:roll of See also:Battle See also:Abbey. Roger de Poictou gave him the See also:manor of Sephton, and Richard de See also:Molyneux who held the See also:estate under Henry II. is undoubtedly an ancestor of the family.

In 1628 Sir Richard Molyneux was advanced to the See also:

peerage of See also:Ireland by the title of See also:Viscount See also:Maryborough, and in 1771 See also:Charles, See also:Lord Maryborough, became earl of Sefton in tint peerage of Ireland. His son was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Sefton of Croxteth. The Bootle Wilbrahams, earls of Lathom, are, it is said, descended from John Botyll of Melling, who was alive in 1421, and from the Wilbrahams of Cheshire, who date back at least to Henry III.'s reign. In 1755 the two families intermarried. In 1828 the title of Baron Skelmersdale was bestowed on the head of the family and in 188o that of earl of Lathom. The Gerards of Bryn are said to be descended from an old Tuscan family, one of whom came to England in See also:Edward the See also:Confessor's time, and whose son is mentioned in Domesday. Bryn came into this family by See also:marriage early in the 14th century. Sir Thomas See also:Gerard was created a See also:baronet by See also:James I. in 1611, and in 1876 a peerage was conferred on Sir See also:Robert Gerard. The Gerards of Ince were a See also:collateral See also:branch. The Lindsays, earls of See also:Crawford and Balcarres, are representative on the See also:female See also:side of the Bradshaighs of Haigh Hall, who are said to be of Saxon origin. Other great Lancashire families are the Hoghtons of Hoghton See also:Tower, dating back to the 12th century, the Blundells of Ince Blundell, who are said to have held the manor since the 12th century, now represented by the Weld-Blundells, the Tyldesleys of Tyldesley, now See also:extinct, and the Butlers of Bewsey, barons of Warrington, of whom the last male heir died in 1586. At the See also:close of the 12th and during the 13th century there was a considerable advance in the importance of the towns; in 1199 Lancaster became a borough, in 1207 Liverpool, in 1230 Salford, in 1246 Wigan, and in 1301 Manchester.

The Scottish See also:

wars were a great drain to the county, not only because the north part was subject to frequent invasions, as in 1322, but because some of the best See also:blood was taken for these wars. In 1297 Lancashire raised roots men, and at the battle of See also:Falkirk (1298) r000 Lancashire soldiers were in the vanguard, led by Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln. In 1349 the county was visited by the See also:Black Death and a See also:record exists of its ravages in Amounderness. In ten parishes between See also:September 1349 and See also:January 1350, 13,180 persons perished. At Preston 3000 died, at Lancaster 3000, at Garstang 2000 and at Kirkham 3000. From the effects of this See also:plague Lancashire was apparently slow to recover; its boroughs ceased to return members early in the 14th century and See also:trade had not yet made any great advance. The drain of the Wars of the See also:Roses on the county must also have been heavy, although none of the battles was fought within its borders; Lord Stanley's force of 5000 raised in Lancashire and Cheshire virtually decided the battle of See also:Bosworth Field. The poverty of the county is shown by the fact that out of £40,000 granted in 1504 by See also:parliament to the king, Lancashire's See also:share was only £318. At the battle of See also:Flodden (1513) the Lancashire archers led by Sir Edward Stanley almost totally destroyed the Highlanders on the right Scottish wing and greatly contributed to the victory. Under the Tudors the county prospered; the parliamentary boroughs once more began to return members, the towns increased in See also:size, many halls were built by the gentry and trade increased. In 1617 James I. visited Lancashire, and in consequence of a See also:petition presented to him at Hoghton, complaining of the restrictions imposed upon See also:Sunday amusements, he issued in 1618 the famous Book of See also:Sports. Another of James's See also:works, the Daemonologie, is closely connected with the See also:gross superstitions concerning witches which were specially prevalent in Lancashire.

The great centre of this See also:

witchcraft was Pendle See also:Forest, in the See also:parish of See also:Whalley, and in 1612 twelve persons from Pendle and eight from Samlesbury were tried for witchcraft, nine of whom were hanged. In 1633 another batch of seventeen witches from Pendle were tried and all sentenced to be executed, but the king pardoned them. This was the last important See also:case of witchcraft in Lancashire. In the See also:assessment of See also:ship See also:money in 1636 the county was put down for £1000, towards which Wigan was to raise £50, Preston £40, Lancaster £30, and Liverpool £25, and these figures compared with the assessments of £140 on See also:Hull and £200 on See also:Leeds show the See also:comparative unimportance of the Lancashire boroughs. On the See also:eve of the Great Rebellion in 164r parliament resolved to take command of the See also:militia, and Lord See also:Strange, Lord Derby's eldest son, was removed from the lord lieutenancy. On the whole, the county was Royalist, and the moving spirit among the Royalists was Lord Strange, who became Lord Derby in 1642. Manchester was the headquarters of the Parliamentarians, and was besieged by Lord Derby in September 1642 for seven days, but not taken. Lord Derby himself took up his head-quarters at Warrington end garrisoned Wigan. At the opening of 1643 Sir Thomas See also:Fairfax made Manchester his headquarters. Early in See also:February the Parliamentarians from Manchester successfully assaulted Preston, which was strongly Royalist; thence the Parliamentarians marched to Hoghton Tower, which they took, and within a few days captured Lancaster. On the Royalist side Lord Derby made an unsuccessful attack on Bolton from Wigan. In See also:March a large See also:Spanish ship, laden with See also:ammunition for the use of parliament, was driven by a See also:storm on Rossall Point and seized by the Royalists; Lord Derby ordered the ship to be burned, but the parliament forces from Preston succeeded in carrying off some of the guns to Lancaster See also:castle.

In March Lord Derby captured the town of Lancaster but not the castle, and marching to Preston regained it for the king, but was repulsed in an attack on Bolton. In See also:

April Wigan, one of the chief Royalist strongholds in the county, was taken by the parliament forces, who also again captured Lancaster, and the guns from the Spanish ship were moved for use against Warrington, which was obliged to surrender in May after a See also:week's See also:siege. Lord Derby also failed in an See also:attempt on Liverpool, and the See also:tide of See also:war had clearly turned against the Royalists in Lancashire. In See also:June Lord Derby went to the Isle of See also:Man, which was threatened by the king's enemies. Soon after, the Parliamentarians captured See also:Hornby castle, and only two strong-holds, Thurland castle and Lathom See also:house, remained in Royalist hands. In the summer, after a seven See also:weeks' siege by See also:Colonel See also:Alexander See also:Rigby, Thurland castle surrendered and was demolished. In February 1644 the Parliamentarians, under Colonel Rigby, Colonel Ashton and Colonel See also:Moore, besieged Lathom house, the one See also:refuge See also:left to the Royalists, which was bravely defended by Lord Derby's heroic wife, See also:Charlotte de la Tremoille. The siege lasted nearly four months and was raised on the approach of See also:Prince See also:Rupert, who marched to Bolton and was joined on his arrival outside the town by Lord Derby. Bolton was carried by storm; Rupert ordered that no quarter should be given, and it is usually said at least 1500 of the See also:garrison were slain. Prince Rupert advanced without delay to Liverpool, which was defended by Colonel Moore, and took it after a siege of three weeks. After the battle of See also:Marston See also:Moor Prince Rupert again appeared in Lancashire and small engagements took place at Ormskirk, Upholland and Preston; in See also:November Liverpool surrendered to the Parliamentarians. Lathom house was again the only strong place in Lancashire left to the Royalists, and in See also:December 1645 after a five months' siege it was compelled to surrender through lack of provisions, and was almost entirely destroyed.

For the moment the war in Lancashire was over. In 1648, however, the Royalist forces under the duke of See also:

Hamilton and Sir Marmaduke Langdale marched through Lancaster to Preston, hoping to reach Manchester; but near Preston were defeated by See also:Cromwell in See also:person. The remnant retreated through Wigan towards Warrington, and after being again defeated at Winwick surrendered at Warrington, In 1651 Charles II.advanced through Lancaster, Preston and Chorley on his south-See also:ward march, and Lord Derby after gathering forces was on his way to meet him when he was defeated at Wigan. In 1658, after Cromwell's death, a Royalist rebellion was raised in which Lancashire took a prominent part, but it was quickly suppressed. During the Rebellion of 1715 Manchester was the chief centre of Roman Catholic and High Church Toryism. On the 7th of November the Scottish See also:army entered Lancaster, where the Pretender was proclaimed king, and advanced to Preston, at which place a considerable See also:body of Roman Catholics joined it. The rebels remained at Preston a few days, apparently unaware of the advance of the See also:government troops, until See also:General See also:Wills from Manchester and General See also:Carpenter from Lancaster surrounded the town, and on the 13th of November the town and the See also:rebel garrison surrendered. Several of the rebels were hanged at Preston, Wigan, Lancaster and other places. In 1745 Prince Charles Edward passed through the county and was joined by about 200 adherents, called the Manchester See also:regiment and placed under the command of Colonel See also:Townley, who was afterwards executed. The first See also:industry established in Lancashire was that of See also:wool, and with the See also:founding of Furness abbey in 1127 wool farming on a large See also:scale began here, but the bulk of the wool grown was exported, not worked up in England. In 1282, however, there was a See also:mill for fulling or See also:bleaching wool in Manchester, and by the middle of the 16th century there was quite a flourishing trade in worsted goods. In an act of 1552 Manchester " rugs and frizes " are specially mentioned, and in 1566 another act regulated the fees of the aulnager who was to have his deputies at Manchester, Rochdale, Bolton, Blackburn and Bury; the See also:duty of the aulnagers was to prevent " cottons frizes and rugs " from being sold unsealed, but it must be noted that by cottons is not meant what we now understand by the word, but woollen goods.

The 17th century saw the See also:

birth of the class of clothiers, who See also:purchased the wool in large quantities . or kept their own See also:sheep, and delivered it to weavers who worked it up into See also:cloth in their houses and returned it to the employers. The earliest mention of the manufacture of real See also:cotton goods is in 1641, when Manchester made fustians, vermilions and dimities, but the industry did not develop to any extent until after the invention of the See also:fly See also:shuttle by John See also:Kay in 1733, of the See also:spinning jenny by James Hargreaves of Blackburn in 1765, of the See also:water See also:frame throstle by Richard See also:Arkwright of Bolton in 1769, and of the See also:mule by See also:Samuel Crompton of Hall-in-the-Wood near Bolton in 1779. So rapid was the development of the cotton manufacture that in 1787 there were over See also:forty cotton See also:mills in Lancashire, all worked by water power. In 1789, however, See also:steam was applied to the industry in Manchester, and in 1790 in Bolton a cotton mill was worked by steam. The increase in the import of raw cotton from 3,870,000 lb in 1769 to 1,083,600,000 in 186o shows the growth of the industry. The rapid growth was accompanied with intermittent periods of depression, which in 1819 in particular led to the formation of various See also:political See also:societies and to the See also:Blanketeers' See also:Meeting and the Peterloo See also:Massacre. During the See also:American Civil War the five years' cotton See also:famine caused untold misery in the county, but public and private See also:relief mitigated the evils, and one See also:good result was the introduction of machinery capable of dealing with the shorter See also:staple of See also:Indian cotton, thus rendering the trade less dependent for its supplies on See also:America. During the 18th century the only town where maritime trade increased was Liverpool, where in the last See also:decade about 4500 See also:ships arrived annually of a See also:tonnage about one-fifth that of the See also:London See also:shipping. The prosperity of Liverpool was closely See also:bound up with the slave trade, and about one-See also:fourth of its ships were employed in this business. With the increase of trade the means of communication improved. In 1758 the duke of See also:Bridgewater began the Bridgewater See also:canal from Worsley to Salford and across the Irwell to Manchester, and before the end of the century the county was intersected by canals. In 1830 the first railway in England was opened between Manchester and Liverpool, and other See also:railways rapidly followed.

` The first recorded instance of parliamentary See also:

representation in Lancashire was in 1295, when two knights were returned for the county and two burgesses each for the boroughs of Lancaster, Preston, Wigan and Liverpool. The See also:sheriff added to this return " There is no city in the county of Lancaster." The boroughs were, however, excused one after another from parliamentary representation, which was See also:felt as a See also:burden owing to the compulsory See also:payment of the members' See also:wages. Lancaster ceased to send members in 1331 after making nineteen returns, but renewed its privileges in 1529; from 1529 to 1547 there are no parliamentary returns, but from 1547 to 1867 Lancaster continued to return two members. Preston similarly was excused after 1331, after making eleven returns, but in 1529 and from 1547 onwards returned two members. Liverpool and Wigan sent members in 1295 and 1307, but not again till 1547. To the See also:writ issued in 1362 the sheriff in his return says: " There is not any City or Borough in this County from which citizens or burgesses ought or are accustomed to come as this Writ requires." In 1559 Clitheroe and Newton-le-Willows first sent two members. Thus in all Lancashire returned fourteen members, and, with a brief exception during the See also:Commonwealth, this continued to be the parliamentary representation till 1832. By the Reform Act of 1832 Lancashire was assigned four members, two for the northern and two for the See also:southern division. Lancaster, Preston, Wigan and Liverpool continued to send two members, Clitheroe returned one and Newton was disfranchised. The following new boroughs were created: Manchester, Bolton, Blackburn, Oldham, returning two members each; Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, Rochdale, Salford and \Varrington, one each. In 1861 a third member was given to South Lancashire and in 1867 the county was divided into four constituencies, to each of which four members were assigned; since 1885 the county returns twenty-three members. The boroughs returned from 1867 to 1885 twenty-five members, and since 1885 See also:thirty-four.

Antiquities.—The Cistercian abbey of Furness (q.v.) is one of the finest and most extensive ecclesiastical ruins in England. Whalley abbey, first founded at Stanlawe in Cheshire in 1178, and removed in 1296, belonged to the same See also:

order. There was a priory of Black Canons at Burscough, founded in the time of Richard I., one at Conishead dating from Henry II.'s reign, and one at Lancaster. A See also:convent of Augustinian friars was founded at Cartmel in 1188, and one at \Varrington about 1280. There are some remains of the See also:Benedictine priory of Upholland, changed from a college of See also:secular priests in 1318; and the same order had a priory at Lancaster founded in 1o94, a See also:cell at Lytham, of the reign of Richard I., and a priory at Penwortham, founded shortly after the time of the Conqueror. The See also:Premonstratensians had Cockersand abbey, changed in 1190 from a See also:hospital founded in the reign of Henry II., of which the See also:chapter-house remains. At Kersal, near Manchester, there was a cell of Cluniac monks founded in the reign of John, while at Lan-caster there were convents of See also:Dominicans and See also:Franciscans, and at Preston a priory of See also:Grey Friars built by Edmund, earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III. Besides the churches mentioned under the several towns, the more interesting are those of Aldingham, See also:Norman See also:doorway; Aughton; Cartmel priory church (see FuRNEss); Hawkshead; Heysham, Norman with traces of earlier date; See also:Hoole; Huyton; Kirkby, rebuilt, with very See also:ancient See also:font; Kirkby Ireleth, See also:late Perpendicular, with Norman doorway; Leyland; Melling (in Lonsdale), Perpendicular, with stained-See also:glass windows; Middleton, rebuilt in 1524, but containing part of the Norman church and several monuments; Ormskirk, Perpendicular with traces of Norman, having two towers, one of which is detached and surmounted by a See also:spire; Overton, with Norman doorway; Radcliffe, Norman; Sefton, Perpendicular, with See also:fine See also:brass and recumbent figures of the Molyneux family, also a See also:screen exquisitely carved; Stidd, near Ribchester, Norman arch and old monuments; See also:Tunstall, late Perpendicular; Upholland priory church, Early English, with See also:low massy tower; See also:Urswick, Norman, with embattled tower and several old monuments; Walton-on-the-See also:hill, anciently the parish church of Liverpool; Walton-le-Dale; See also:Warton, with old font; Whalley abbey church, Decorated and Perpendicular, with Runic See also:stone monuments. The See also:principal old castles are those of Lancaster; Dalton, a small See also:rude tower occupying the site of an older See also:building; two towers of Gleaston castle, built by the lords of Aldingham in the 14th century; the ruins of Greenhalgh castle, built by the first earl of Derby, and demolished after a siege by order of parliament in 1649; the ruins of Fouldrey in Piel See also:Island near the entrance to Barrow See also:harbour, erected in the reign of Edward III., now most dilapidated. There arc many old See also:timber houses and mansions of See also:interest, as well as numerous See also:modern seats. See See also:Victoria History of Lancashire (1906–1907) ; E. See also:Baines, The History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster (1888) ; H.

Fishwick, A History of Lancashire (1894); W. D. See also:

Pink and A. B. Beavan, The Parliamentary Representation of Lancashire (1889).

End of Article: NORTHERN DIVISION

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