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NEW SOUTH WALES
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NEW See also:SOUTH See also:WALES , a See also:state of the Australian See also:Common-See also:wealth. The name was given by See also:Captain See also:Cook, in his exploratory voyage in 1770, to the See also:southern portion of the eastern See also:coast of See also:Australia, from some imagined resemblance of its coast-See also:line to that of South Wales. The name was afterwards extended to the eastern See also:half of Australia, but now designates a much more restricted See also:area. New South Wales is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the E., by See also:Queensland on the N., by South Australia on the W. and by See also:Victoria on the S. It lies between 28° and 38° S. See also:lat., and 141° and 154° E. See also:long. The coast-line, which is about 700 M. in length, extends from Cape See also:Howe (37° 30')at the south-eastern corner of Australia to Point Danger in 28° 7' S. The See also:colony is approximately rectangular in See also:form, with an See also:average See also:depth from the coast of 65o m. and an average width from See also:north to south of 500 M. The superficial area is estimated at 310,700 sq. m., or about one-tenth of the whole of Australia. See also:Physical Configuration.—The See also:surface of the state is divided naturally into three distinct zones, each widely differing in See also:general See also:character and physical aspect, and clearly defined by the See also:Great Dividing Range See also:running from north to south. The tableland, which forms the See also:summit of the range, comprises one of the three zones and separates the other zones, viz. the coastal region, and the great See also:plain See also:district of the interior. The See also:main range follows the line of the coast, varying from 30 to 140 M. distant, being nearest at the south and receding the farthest at the See also:sources of the See also:Goulburn See also:river, the main tributary of the See also:Hunter. The See also:crest of this range is, in some places, narrow; in others it spreads out into a wide tableland. The eastern slopes are, as a See also:rule, rugged and precipitous, but the western versant falls gently to plains. The highest See also:part of the Dividing Range is in the south-eastern portions of the state, on the See also:borders of Victoria. Here some of the peaks rise to a height of over 7000 ft.; one of these, See also:Mount See also:Kosciusco, the highest See also:peak in Australia, attains an See also:elevation of 7328 ft. The tableland varies greatly in elevation, but nowhere does it fall below 1500 ft., and in places it reaches an average of 5000 ft. The great plain district, lying See also:west of the tableland, is part of a vast See also:basin which comprises portions of Queensland, South Australia and Victoria, as well as of New South Wales. The great plains are traversed by a few See also:rivers, whose long and uncertain courses carry their See also:waters to the river See also: The coastal See also:belt differs greatly from the other divisions of the state. The main range gives rise to numerous rivers flowing eastward to the South Pacific. Almost everywhere between the main range and the See also:sea the See also:country is hilly and serrated, more particularly in the southern portions of the state. In the See also:Illawarra district, 50 M. south of See also:Sydney, the mountains skirt the very edge of the coast, but farther north there is a wider coast-See also:land, with greater stretches of country available for tillage and pasture. Along the sea-See also:board are twenty-two well-defined headlands or capes and about a See also:score of bays or inlets, to See also:mark which for navigators there are See also:thirty-four lighthouses. There are four very See also:fine natural harbours, viz. Jervis See also:Bay, See also:Port See also:Jackson, Broken Bay and Port See also:Stephens, and several others of See also:minor Importance. Port Jackson, on which is situated the See also:city of Sydney, is one of the six greatest ports of the See also:British See also:empire. The port second of commercial importance to Sydney is See also:Newcastle, at the mouth of the Hunter river, which is the great See also:coal-See also:shipping port of the colony. Secondary harbours, available for See also:coasting steamers, south of Sydney are at Port Hacking, See also:Wollongong, Kiama, Shoalhaven, See also:Bateman's Bay, Ulladulla, Merimbula, and Twofold Bay. North of Sydney the secondary ports are at the mouths of the Hawkesbury, See also:Manning, See also:Hastings, Macleay, Nambucca, Bellingen, See also:Clarence, See also:Richmond and See also:Tweed rivers. The rivers of the sea-board are as just enumerated, the only other of importance being the Hunter. The Richmond drains an area of 2400 sq. in. and is navigable for 6o m. The Clarence is a fine stream draining an area of 8000 sq. m.; it has a course of 240 M. navigable for 67 m. The Macleay drains an area of 4800 sq. m., and empties at Trial Bay after a course of 200 m., of which 20 M. are navigable. The Hastings and Manning are both important rivers. The Hunter is one of the chief rivers of the state and embouches at Port Hunter or Newcastle See also:Harbour after a course of 200 m. It drains an area of r 1,000 sq. m., more than twice the area of the See also:Thames basin. Less commercially important than the Hunter, the Hawkesbury is nevertheless a fine stream; it has a course of 330 m., of which 70 M. are navigable. South of Sydney the rivers are of less importance; the See also:principal is the Shoalhaven, 26o m. long, draining an area of 3300 sq. m. See also:Climate.—The three See also:geographical regions above described constitute three distinct See also:climatic divisions. The coastal region, 28° to 370 S. lat., shows a difference between the average summer and See also:winter temperatures of only 24° See also:Fahrenheit. Sydney, which is situated midway between the extreme points of the state (330 51' S.), has a mean temperature of 63°, the mean summer temperature being 710 and that of winter 54°, showing a mean range of 17°; the highest temperature in the shade experienced at Sydney in 1896 was ro8.5°, and the lowest 35.6. The coastal district has an area of 38,000 sq. m., over which there is an average rainfall of 42 in. The rainfall is greatest at the sea-board, diminishing inland; the fall also diminishes from north to south. Sydney has an average fall of 50 in., while the Clarence Heads, in the north, has 58 in., and See also:Eden, in the south, 35.5 in. The tableland is a distinct climatic region. On the high southern See also:plateau, at an elevation of 4640 ft., stands the See also:town of Kiaridra, with a mean summer temperature of 56.4° and winter of 32.5°. See also:Cooma, in the centre of the Monaro plains, at an elevation of 2637 ft., has a mean summer temperature of 65.9° and winter, 41.7°; its summers are therefore as mild as those of See also:London or See also:Paris, while its winters are much less severe. On the New See also:England tableland, under See also:latitude 3o° S., the yearly average temperature is 56.5°, the mean summer 67.7° and the mean winter 44.3°. The tablelands See also:cover an area of 85,000 sq. m. and have an average rainfall of 32.6 in.; there is, however, a small area in the southern portion where an average fall of 64 in. is experienced. In the western See also:division, or great plains, severe See also:heat is experienced throughout the summer, and on occasional days the thermometer in the shade ranges above rots° Fahrenheit, but it is a dry heat and more easily See also:borne than a much less degree of temperature at the sea-board. The mean summer temperature ranges between 7 5° at See also:Deniliquin in the south and 84° at See also:Bourke. The mean range in winter is between 48° and 54.5°, and, accompanied as this is with clear skies, the See also:season is very refreshing. West of the tableland the amount of rainfall decreases as the distance from the Pacific increases, and in a large area west of the Darling the average See also:annual rainfall does not exceed to in. For the whole western division, embracing an area of 188,000 sq. m., the average rainfall is 19.8 in. (T. A. C.) See also:Geology.—New South Wales consists geologically as well as geographically of three main divisions which See also:traverse the state from north to south. The See also:highlands of eastern Australia form the See also:middle belt of the state, to the See also:east of which are the See also:low coastal districts and to the west the wide western plains. The highlands of New South Wales consist, geographically, of a See also:series of tablelands, now in the See also:condition of dissected peneplains; geologically, they are built of a See also:foundation of Archean and folded See also:Lower Palaeozoic rocks, covered in places by sheets of more See also:horizontal Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks; these deposits occur along the edge of the highlands, and are widely distributed on the See also:floor of the coastal districts. They have been lowered to this level by a monoclinal See also:fold, which has brought down the Mesozoic rocks, so that they extend eastward to the coast, where they See also:dip beneath the sea. The western plains contain isolated ridges of the old Archean and Lower Palaeozoic rocks; but in the main, they consist of plains of Cretaceous beds covered by See also:Cainozoic drifts. The stratified rocks in the high- See also:rich seams of coal. They occupy from 24,000 to 28,000 sq. m., lands strike north and south, as if they had been crumpled into folds, which are best exposed in the Hunter river and around Newcastle. in Upper Palaeozoic times, by pressure from east to west. The weak areas in the crust caused by the See also:earth movements were invaded by great masses of Devonian granites. They altered the Lower Palaeozoic rocks on their edges, and were once thought to have converted wide areas of Lower Palaeozoic rocks into See also:schists and gneisses. Most of these foliated rocks, however, are doubtless of Archean See also:age. The highland rocks no doubt once extended along the whole length of the state from north to south; but they are now crossed by a See also:band of Upper Palaeozoic sediments, which extend up to the valley of the Hunter river and See also:separate the See also:Blue Mountains and the Southern Highlands of New South Wales from the New England tableland to the north.
The See also:oldest rocks in New South Wales are referrable to the Archean See also:system, and consist of gneisses and schists, including the glaucophane-schists in the New England tableland, and hornblendeschists of Berthong. The Archean rocks are comparatively sparsely exposed in New South Wales. They enter the state from the south, being continuous with the Archean See also:block of north-eastern Victoria. They occupy a large area in the western districts of New South Wales, where a See also:projection from the Archean plateau of central Australia crosses into the state from South Australia; it is best exposed in the Barrier Ranges around Broken See also: The extent of the Ordovician will probably be increased by addition of areas, which cannot yet be separated from the Silurian. The Silurian system is the best-known constituent of the Lower Palaeozoic foundation of New South Wales. The rocks consist of sandstones, quartzites, slates and shales, associated with lenticular masses of See also:limestone. The typical Silurian rocks are richly fossiliferous, the shales containing See also:trilobites, the See also:sand-stones many brachiopods, and the limestones a rich See also:coral and bryozoan See also:fauna. There are also beds of chert, which are largely composed of See also:radiolaria. Caves have been dissolved in the limestones by under-ground streams; the Jenolan caves in the Blue Mountains. and those of Yarrangobilly and the Goulburn district are the most famous. The slates of the Silurian have been See also:bent into folds, and See also:saddle reefs occur along the See also:axis of the folds, as at Hargraves. Numerous See also:quartz reefs occur both in the Silurian and Ordovician rocks. In these reefs the chief See also:mineral is See also:gold. Some schists, attributed to the Silurian, but possibly older, contain See also:platinum ; and associated with the limestones are beds of See also:copper. The rocks of the Devonian system See also:rest unconformably upon the Silurian; but some beds of which the age is still uncertain are called Devono-Silurian. The Devonian beds are well See also:developed in the Blue Mountains, where the lower Devonian sediments at Mount Lambie are estimated to be 1o,00o ft. in thickness. They are extensively developed along the See also:Cox river and along the slopes of Mount Canoblas. They are also developed in the New South Wales highlands, to the south-east of Goulburn. Some of the best-known exposures are in the ranges which rise above the western plains, such as the Rankin Range on the Darling and the Kokopara Range to the north of the Murrumbidgee. The Devonian rocks at Yalwal are sharply folded and are associated with a series of rhyolites and basic lavas. The lower part of this series is probably Lower Devonian; and it is covered by shales and volcanic rocks belonging to the Upper Devonian. , In the extreme south-east of New South Wales, at the See also:head of the See also:Genoa river, are sandstones with Archaeopteris howilti, which are an See also:extension of the Lower Devonian beds of Victoria; while farther to the east, at Eden and Twofold Bay, are Upper Devonian sandstones. The Devonian system is separated from the Carboniferous by an See also:interval, during which there were powerful earth movements; they produced a lofty See also:mountain See also:chain, running north and south across New South Wales. The highlands are the worn down stumps of this mountain line. In Lower Carboniferous times these mountains were See also:snow-capped, and the valleys on their flanks were occupied by glaciers. The Lower Carboniferous beds are represented by conglomerates and sandstones with some shales and limestones. The sandstones are characterized by Lepidodendron (Bergeria) australe. It is associated with beds of See also:lava and volcanic ash, some of which contain copper ores. Granites and granodiorites were intruded at this See also:period into the older rocks, and altered the adjacent Devonian beds into slates and quartzites, and formed gold-quartz See also:veins, which have been worked in the Devonian rocks at Yalwal. The Lower Carboniferous rocks also occur in the Blue Mountains, along the Cox river and Capertee river; and a See also:northern continuation occurs along the western slope of the New England tableland, from the Macintyre river to the Queensland border. The Upper Carboniferous rocks are most important from their Farther south ,they beneath the Mesozoic sandstones, from which they again rise along the coast around See also:Lake Illawarra and near the mouth of the Shoalhaven river. The Coal See also:Measures have been reached under Sydney, by a deep See also:bore at See also:Balmain, which pierced a seam of coal to ft. thick, at the depth of 2917 ft. The Coal Measures are classified by See also:Professor T. W. See also:David as follows: Ft. 1. Upper or Newcastle Coal Measures, containing an aggregate of about See also:loo ft. of coal . . 1,150 2. Dempsey Series; See also:freshwater beds, containing no productive coal. This series thins out completely in certain directions . 2,000 3. Middle, or Tomago, or East See also:Maitland Coal Measures, containing an aggregate of about 40 ft. of coal . 570 4. Upper Marine Series; specially characterized by the predominance of Productus brachythaerus 5,000 5. Lower or Greta Coal Measures, containing an aggregate of about 20 ft. of coal . 130 6. Lower Marine Series; specially characterized by the predominance of Eurydesma cordata . 4,800 13,650 Geologically, perhaps, the most interesting rocks in the Carboniferous are the glacial conglomerates, containing See also:ice-scratched, erratic blocks. Some of the boulders are encrusted by marine organisms and must have been dropped by icebergs in the sea. The northern limit of the glacial beds is in dispute; they have been described as far north as See also:Ashford. The Carboniferous beds contain numerous sheets and flows of See also:basalt and See also:andesite. A See also:syenite See also:massif of this age occurs at Mittagong; and See also:leucite has been discovered in Carboniferous basalts by David. The Mesozoic rocks of New South Wales begin with the Narrabeen Shales; they are covered by the Hawkesbury Sandstones, which are well exposed around Sydney; and they in turn are covered by the Wianamatta Shales. The Triassic age of the Hawkesbury Sand-See also: The Cainozoic rocks are best developed in the western districts, as the silts of the Darling and Murray plains. They includesome See also:Miocene, or perhaps Oligocene marine sands, formed in the northern part of an inland sea, which occupied the basin of the Lower Murray. The most significant point in the See also:distribution of the marine Cainozoic rocks in New South Wales is their See also:complete See also:absence from the coastal districts; this fact indicates that while the Middle Cainozoic marine beds of Victoria and New See also:Guinea were being deposited, Australia extended far eastward into the See also:Tasman Sea. The Cainozoic series of New South Wales contains many interesting volcanic rocks, including leucite-basalts, See also:nepheline-basalts and See also:sodalite-basalts. In a basic See also:neck of this period at See also:Inverell, there are See also:eclogite boulders, containing diamonds in situ; and it is doubtless from these basic volcanic necks that the diamonds of the New England tableland have been derived. The volcanic rocks occur on the tableland of New South Wales, and contribute much to the fertility of their soils.
The most important mineral in New South Wales is coal, of which the state has probably a larger available See also:supply than any other country in the southern hemisphere. The coal-See also:fields occupy 24,000 sq. m. The coal is See also:present in such vast amount as to offer the possibility of very economical working of the abundant See also:iron ores of Australia. Kerosene shale occurs in the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney, in the Upper Carboniferous rocks. Gold is widely distributed through the highlands. It was first recorded by See also: The first See also:discovery of gold in See also:mining quantities was made by Hargraves in 1851, at the junction of See also:Lewis Ponds and Summerhill See also:Creek, in what was called the See also:Ophir Diggings, near Bathurst. The gold mines are very numerous and widely scattered, but individually they are mostly small and of no great depth. The See also:total value of the gold raised since 1850 is over £50,000,000. The output of alluvial gold is now increased by the employment of dredges. The gold-quartz veins are mainly in the Ordovician and Silurian rocks; but some also occur in the Devonian,and there are impregnations of gold in tufas of Devonian age. Deep leads beneath the basalts occur at Kiandra.
The See also:silver-See also:lead mines of New South Wales are famous owing to the importance of Broken Hill. The mines there occur in See also:gneiss and schists, which are probably of Archean age; the lode has in places been worked for a width of over 200 ft. The See also:zinc ores associated with the silver-lead long See also:lay unutilized, as the problem of their separation from the associated See also:rhodonite has only recently been overcome. See also:Tin is worked in the rivers of the New England tableland as at See also:Vegetable Creek. The chief copper See also: The geology of New South Wales has been described in the Mono-graphs, See also:Memoirs and Records of the See also:Geological Survey, which in the fullness and high scientific character form the most valuable contribution to Australasian geology. Pittman's See also:map of the state in two sheets, on the See also:scale of 16 m. to the See also:inch, was issued by the Survey in 1893. The economic geology has been admirably summarized in a See also:work by E. F. Pittman, The Mineral Resources of New South Wales (1901). Numerous geological memoirs have appeared in the See also:Rep. Austral. Assoc. for the See also:Advancement of See also:Science, the Journ. R. See also:Soc. N.S. Wales and the Proc. of the Linnaean Soc. N.S. Wales. A systematic See also:account of the minerals has been published by A. Liversidge, The Minerals of New South Wales (1888), and to him is due a valuable chemical study of the meteorites and gold nuggets. Contributions on the palaeontology of New South Wales are contained in the Rec. Austral. Museum, Sydney. A bibliography of the economic See also:geography has been issued by W. S. Dun, Rec. Geol. Surv. N.S. Wales, vol. vi., 1899, and of the Cretaceous geology, also by W.. S. Dun, in Journ. of Proc. Royal Soc. N.S. Wales, 1903, vol. See also:xxxvii. pp. 140–153. (J. W. G.) Artesian Water.—Before actual See also:boring proved that the belief was well founded, it had long been scientifically demonstrated that water would probably be obtained in the Cretaceous formation which underlies the whole of the north-west of New South Wales; and it is probable that the artesian water-bearing basin extends much farther south than was previously supposed. It may, indeed, be yet found to extend approximately along the course of the Lower Darling. Artesian water is also obtainable in other than Cretaceous rocks. This is shown by palaeontological evidence; and some of the most successful bores, such as those at Coonamble, Moree, Gil Gil and Euroka, have pierced rocks of Triassic age, corresponding with the See also:Ipswich Coal Measures. See also:Population.—The population on the 1st of See also:July 1906 was 1,504,700, viz. 799,260 See also:males and 705,440 See also:females. The total includes 105,000 See also:Chinese and 7500 See also:aborigines and half-castes. Since 186o New South Wales had added more largely to its population than any of the other Australian states. In 186o the population was 348,546; in 1890 the number was 1,121,860. From 1890 to 1901 the population increased 238,083, or at the See also:rate of 21.2%. By far the largest part of the increase is due to excess of births over deaths, for out of the increase of over I,000,000 since 1860, only 350,000 was due to See also:immigration. In 1905 there were 39,572 births and 14,98o deaths; these figures are equal to 26.78 and 10.13 per thousand respectively. The See also:birth-rate has fallen very much, especially since 1899. In 1861-1865 it was 42.71 per r000; in 1896–1899 it was 27.92, and in 1906 it had fallen still further to 26.78. The See also:marriage rate for 1905 was 7'4o per thousand, and the persons married 14.8o per thousand. The mean for 20 years was 7.39. The chief cities are Sydney and suburbs, population in 1906, S35,000; Newcastle and suburbs, 56,000; Broken Hill, 3o,000; in 1go1, See also:Parramatta, 12,568; Goulburn, so,61o; and Maitland (East and West), Io,o85. There are nine other towns with between 5000 and 1o,000 inhabitants each.
See also:Religion.—The proportions of the leading denominations in 1901 were:—See also: 
During the See also:calendar year 1906 a sum of £840,000 was expended on See also:primary instruction. The fees from pupils amounted to £82,000, making the actual cost of primary instruction £758,000. There are a university and a technical See also:college in Sydney. See also:Finance.—The See also:revenue of the state is derived from four main sources, viz. See also:taxation; See also:sale and See also:lease of lands; earnings of See also:railways, tramways and other services; and See also:share of surplus revenue returned by the See also:commonwealth. During 1906 the income derived under each of these heads was: from taxation £1,297,776; from lands £1,729,887; from railways and other services £5,856,826; from commonwealth £2,i42,770; these with See also:miscellaneous collections to the amount of £655,823 made up a total revenue of £12,283,082. The See also:direct taxation is represented by a tax of one See also:penny in the See also:pound on the unimproved value of land, sixpence in the pound on the annual income derived in the state from all sources, except the use and occupation of land and improvements thereon. There are also various See also:stamp duties. The land revenue is derived partly from the See also:alienation of the public See also:estate, either absolutely or under conditions, but mainly from the occupation of the public lands. There is also a small revenue from mining lands, See also:timber licences, &c. The state still holds 146 million acres out of a total of 196 million acres, having alienated about 5o million acres. The principal heads of expenditure were: See also:interest and charges on public See also:debt, £3,291,059; public instruction, £911,177; working expenses of railways and tramways, £2,954,777; other services working expenses, £208,242; other services, £3,900,726. The public debt in 1906 was £85,641,734, equal to £56, Is. per inhabitant; the great proportion of this debt has been incurred for See also:works that are revenue producing, only about £11,000,000 was not so expended. Of the total debt in 1903 about £66,000,o.o was held in London. The See also:net return from public works in excess of expenditure in 1906 amounted to nearly 3i% on the whole public debt, and the interest paid averages 3.6 %. Adininistration.—The See also:political constitution of New South Wales is that of a self-governing British colony, and rests on the provisions of the Constitution See also:Act. The See also:governor is appointed by the See also:crown, the See also:term of See also:office being generally for five years, and the See also:salary £5000. The governor is the See also:official See also:medium of communication between the colonial See also:government and the secretary for the colonies, but at the same time the colony maintains its own See also:agent-general in London, who not only See also:sees to all its commercial business but communicates with the colonial office. The See also:powers of the state See also:parliament have been since 19ot restricted by the See also:transfer of certain powers to the common-wealth of Australia. In the legislative See also:assembly there are 90 members. The principle adopted in distributing the See also:representation is that of equal electoral districts, modified in practice by a preference given to the distant and rural constituencies at the cost of the See also:metropolitan electorates. The See also:suffrage qualification is a See also:residence of twelve months and the attainment of the age of 21 years. See also:Women are entitled to the See also:franchise: there are the usual restrictions in regard to the pauper and criminal classes. An elector has only one See also:vote, which is attached to the district in which he resides. Members of the Legislative Assembly are allowed a salary of £300 a year. There were in 1906 about 700,000 See also:electors. Each electoral district returns one member. The Legislative See also:Council consists of persons nominated for See also:life by the governor, acting on the See also:advice of the Executive Council; the number of members is not fixed by law but in 'See also:god, it was 55. Parliaments are triennial. See also:Local government was extended in 1905 and Igo6 to the whole state, excepting the sparsely populated western division; formerly it was confined to an area of about 2800 sq. m. There are altogether about 55,000 M. of road communications, but not more than 15,000 m. are properly formed. The various local bodies are municipalities or shires, the former is the term applied to closely peopled areas of small extent endowed with complete local government, and the latter is the designation of the more extensive districts, thinly peopled, to which a less complete system of local government has been granted. Federal See also:Capital.—In Ig08 the Seat of Government Act provided that the federal territory and capital of Australia should be in the Yass-Canberra district of New South Wales, and that the territory should have an area of not less than 900 sq. m. and easy See also:access to the sea. In 1909 a Board appointed to consider the several possible sites within this district reported in favour of Canberra, on the Molonglo river, near Queanbeyan, as the site for the new city, and the basins of the Molonglo, Queanbeyan and See also:Cotter rivers were indicated as suitable to form the federal territory. Jervis Bay was recommended as offering a site for aport for the territory. Bills were passed in 1909 by the legislative assembly of New South Wales and by the federal parliament, transferring this territory to the federation. See also:Agriculture.—New South Wales might be described as essentially a See also:pastoral country, and the cultivation of the See also:soil has always been secondary to stock-raising. But the predominance of the pastoral See also:industry is not by any means so marked as it was even as See also:late as the last See also:decade of the 19th See also:century. The want of progress in agriculture was not to be ascribed to defects of climate or soil, but chiefly to the great distance of Australia from the markets of the See also:world. This difficulty has, for the most part, been removed by the See also:establishment of numerous important lines of steamers trading between Australia and See also:Europe, and See also:recent years have therefore seen considerable expansion in all forms of agriculture. In 1882 the area of land under cultivation was 733,582 acres, which is slightly less than I See also:acre per inhabitant. In 1900 the total area under cultivation was 2,439,639 acres, and in 1906 it had risen to 2,838,081 acres, which is a little See also:short of 2 acres per inhabitant. The area devoted to each of the principal crops was as follows: Acres. See also:Wheat 1,939,400 See also:Maize 189,000 Oats . 38,500 See also:Sugar See also:Cane 21,500 See also:Hay . 438,000 Vines 8,See also:ioo The average yield per acre of crops may be set down as follows:—Bushels. Wheat 10.5 Maize 30 Oats . 23 Sugar Cane 20 tons, cane Hay . 1 ton See also:Wine 185 gallons The total value of See also:production in the year 1906 may be set down at £6,543,000, which works out at £2, 6s. Id. per acre. Although the coastal districts are still important, as the crops yielding the largest returns per acre are grown there, as regards the total area under See also:crop these districts are of much less importance compared with the whole state than formerly. The area under crop on the coast districts is about 320,000 acres; on the tablelands 375,000 acres; on the western slopes, I,Ioo,000 acres; the See also:Riverina district, 750,000 acres; the western plains, chiefly in the central portion, 270,000 acres; and less than 20,000 acres in the western division, which comprises nearly half the total area of the state. The soil in that part of the country is, for the most part, suitable for cultivation, and there are large areas of rich land, but the rainfall is too See also:light and irregular for the purpose of agriculture. There were 76,000 occupiers of rural holdings in 1905, and the area occupied by them, exclusive of lands leased from the state, is 48,081,000 acres. The great majority, 8o% in 1905, of occupiers are freeholders; the practice of renting See also:farm lands is not followed to any considerable extent, except in the dairying lands on the coast district. New South Wales took up its position amongst wheat-exporting countries in 1900; the bulk of the See also:grain exported goes to the See also:United See also:Kingdom. Hay crops and maize See also:rank next in importance to wheat. The cultivation of See also:fruit is receiving increased See also:attention, but the growing of sugar cane and See also:tobacco and the production of wine, until recently so promising, are, if not declining, at least stationary, in spite of the suitability of the soil of many districts for these crops. Grazing and Dairying.—The grazing industry still holds a chief See also:place amongst the productive See also:industries of the state. In 1906 the number of horses was 507,000; of See also:sheep, 40,000,000; of See also:cattle, 2,340,000; and See also:swine, 311,000. There were considerable losses of sheep in 1902 owing to the drought of that year, but the flocks in 1906 were of better quality than at any previous period and little short of the number of 1898. The vast majority of the sheep are of the See also:merino breed, but there are about a million long-woolled sheep and between two and three million See also:cross-bred. Dairying made very great strides in the ten years preceding 1906, and ranks as one of the great industries of the state. There were 644,000 See also:dairy cows in 1906, and the See also:numbers are increasing year by year. The production of See also:wool was 300,000,000 lb, as in the grease; See also:tallow, 493,000 cwt.; See also:butter, 500,000 cwt. ; See also:cheese, 42,000 cwt. ; and See also: Minerals. Quantity. Value. Metallic- 274,267 £1,165,013 Gold oz. fine Silver 417,520 52,196 Silver, lead and ore ton 441,447 2,441,856 Lead, See also:pig, &c. 210 2,657 Zinc spelter and concentrates „ 103,532 221,155 Tin ingots and ore . ,, 1,957 226,110 Copper ingots and ore „ 8,592 527,403 Antimony and ore „ 388 5,221 Bismuth „ 55 20,763 Wolfram „ 86 7,361 See also:Scheelite „ 138 10,I22 See also:Molybdenite 19 2,507 Platinum oz. 398 825 Non-metallic- 6,632,138 2,003,461 Coal ton See also:Coke „ 162,961 100,306 Kerosene shale „ 38,226 21,247 See also:Alunite „ 2,702 6,75o Limestone See also:flux „ 14,941 9,519 Ironstone flux „ 6,8o1 4,525 See also:Marble 2,420 Diamonds See also:carat 6,354 3,745 Opal 59,000 Sundry minerals 2,919 Total £6,897,081 The value of gold won varies from year to year, but from 1894 to 1906 in only two years did it fall below £i,000,000. About one-See also:fourth of the gold won is alluvial. The yield of gold from quartz mines was in 1904 II dwt. 14 grs. per ton, which was somewhat below the average for the previous ten years. The Broken Hill silver lode is the largest as yet discovered; it varies in width from to ft. to 200 ft., and may be traced for several miles. The Broken Hill Proprietary See also:Company owns the principal mine, and at Port Pirie in the neighbouring colony of South Australia erected a complete smelting plant; the problem of the recovery of the zinc See also:con-tents of the ore having been satisfactorily solved, the company made extensive additions to the plant already erected, and in 1906 the manufacture of spelter was undertaken. From the commencement of mining operations on a large scale in 1885 to the end of 1905 the value of silver and lead ore won was £40,000,000. The production of tin rapidly declined after 1881, when the value of ore raised was £569,000: the production varies both with the See also:price and the occurrence of See also:rain, but the principal cause of the decreased production was the exhaustion of the shallow deposits of stream tin, from which most of the ore was obtained. The principal deposits of copper are in the central parts between the Macquarie, Bogan and Darling rivers. The copper lodes of New South Wales contain ores of a much higher grade than those of many well-known mines worked at a profit in other parts of the world, and, with a See also:fair price for copper, the production largely increases. Iron is widely diffused, principally in the form of See also:magnetite, See also: Establish- d. Plant and meats. Employe Machinery. 1895 2723 48,030 £5,255,000 1900 3077 60,779 5,708,000 1905 3700 72,175 7,920,000 About 5.3% of the males and io•6 % of the females employed are under sixteen years; the total number of male employees in 1905 was 56,117, and of females, 16,058. About two-thirds of the hands are employed in Sydney and the adjacent district. The total, value of the articles produced in manufactories, and the increased value of materials after undergoing treatment, was £30,028,000 in 1905, of which £17,500,000 represented value of materials used and £600,000 the value of See also:fuel: the total See also:wages paid was £5,200,000. See also:Commerce.-During 1905, 2725 vessels entered New South Wales ports from places outside the state; their See also:tonnage was 4,697,500;the value of goods imported was £29,424,008; and the value of exports was £36,757,002. The average value of imports per in-habitant was £20 and of exports £24, 175. The bulk of the See also:trade is carried on with the other Australian states; in 1905 the value of such trade was, imports, £14,938,885, and exports, £12,263,472; the British trade is also considerable, the imports direct from Great See also:Britain being valued at £8,602,288 and the exports £10,222,422. With all British countries the trade was, imports, £25,989,399, and exports, £25,994,563. New South Wales maintains a large trade with See also:foreign countries aggregating 43434,609 imports and £10,762,439 exports. See also:France, See also:Germany, See also:Belgium and the United States are the principal foreign countries with which the state trades. Wool is the See also:staple export, and represents, in most years, one-third the value of the exports. Gold See also:coin and See also:bullion form one of the principal items in the export See also:list, but only a small portion of the export is of local production, the See also:balance being Queensland and New See also:Zealand gold sent to Sydney for coinage. The course of trade from 188o to 1905 was as follows:- f The principal articles of export in 1905 were: Woo , £13,446,260; gold, £3,053,331; silver and concentrates, £2,407,142; lead, £1,072,858; butter, £817,820; coal, £1,565,602; copper, £1,280,599; breadstuffs, £1,345,589; See also:leather and skins, £1,559,033; meats, £761,235; tallow, £464,330; timber, £353,265; tin, £466,049. Banking.-The See also:banks of issue number thirteen; their paid-up capital amounts to £13,918,000 and the capital and reserves to £19,319,000, but of this sum only about £9,000,000 is used in the state. On the 30th of June 1906 the coin and bullion-in reserve amounted to £8,192,000 and the See also:note circulation to £1,462,000. The banks had on See also:deposit £23,325,730 bearing interest and £15,773,883 not bearing interest, representing a total of £39,100,000. The savings banks had on their books at the See also:close of 1905 about 355,714 depositors, with £13,500,000 to their See also:credit. This represents £9, Is. 6d. per inhabitant. The total deposits in all banks therefore amounted to £52,600,000. The progress from 1860 to 1905 was as follows:- Year. Amount on Average per Deposit. Inhabitant. L. s. d. 186o £5,721,208 8 3 187o 7,044,464 14 2 6 188o 19,958,880 26 13 8 1890 43,390,141 38 13 6 1900 43,135,000 31 17 0 1905 52,600,000 34 17 6 Postal and See also:Telegraph Service.-The postal business of 1905 was represented by the See also:carriage of 102,292,888 letters and postcards, 44,599,104 See also:newspapers and 23,077,094 parcels and books; the telegrams despatched numbered 3,837,962. To transact the postal business of the country, See also:mail conveyances travelled 12,000,000 M. The income of the postal and telegraph See also:department in 1905 was £1,065,618 and the expenditure £933,121, but there were some items of expenditure not included in the sum named, such as interest charges, &c., and cost of new buildings. The See also:administration of the See also:post office is under the commonwealth government Railways.-The railways are almost entirely in the hands of the state, for out of 3471 M. open in 1906 the state owned 3390 M. The capital expended on the state lines open for See also:traffic was £43,626,000, of which sum £7,400,000 was expended on rolling stock and equipment and £36,226,000 on construction of roads, stations and permanent ways. The net earnings amounted in 1906 to £1,926,407, which represents a return of 4.41 % upon the capital invested. The state pays, on an average, 3.69% for the See also:money borrowed to construct the lines, and there is therefore a considerable surplus to the See also:advantage of the revenue. The year 1906 was, how-ever, a very excellent one as regards railway working, the operations of the ten previous years showing an average loss of about a See also:quarter of 1%. (T. A. C.)
Year. Imports. Exports. ^
188o £14,176,063 £15,682,802
1885 23,737,461 16,750,107
1890 22,615,004 22,045,937
1895 15,992,415 21,934,785
1900 27,561,071 28,164,516
1905 29,424,008 36,757,002
See also:HISTORY
New South Wales was discovered by Captain Cook on board the " Endeavour," on 20th See also:April 1770. After he had observed
the transit of See also:Venus at See also:Tahiti, he circumnavigated See also:Barr r New Zealand and went in See also:search of the eastern coast history.
of the great See also:continent whose western shores had long
been known to the Dutch. He sighted the Australian coast at
Gippsland, Victoria, near Cape Everard, which he named Point See also:Hicks, and sailed along the east coast of Australia as far north as See also:Botany Bay, where he landed, and claimed See also:possession of the continent on behalf of See also: There were in addition five medical men and a few See also:mechanics. The live stock consisted of one See also:bull and four cows, a stallion and three mares, some sheep, goats, pigs and a large number of fowls. The expedition was well provided with seeds of all descriptions. The shores of Botany Bay were found to be unsuitable for residence or cultivation, and Captain Phillip transferred the See also:people under his command to Port Jackson, half a dozen miles away, near the site of the present city of Sydney. For some years the history of the See also:infant settlement was that of a large See also:gaol; the attempts made to till the soil at Farm See also:Cove near Sydney and near Parramatta were only partially successful, and upon several occasions the residents of the encampment suffered much privation. But by degrees the difficulties inseparable from the foundation of a remote colony were surmounted, several additional convict-ships landed their living See also:freight on the shores of Port Jackson, and in 1793 an emigrant-See also:ship arrived with See also:free settlers, who were furnished with provisions and presented with free grants of land. By the end of the 18th century the inhabitants of Sydney and its neighbourhood numbered 5000. Immediately after the arrival of the first fleet, surveys of the adjacent coast were made; the existence of a strait between Australia and Tasmania was discovered by Surgeon See also:Bass; and before the retirement of Governor King in 18o6 Australia had been circumnavigated and the principal features of its coast-line accurately surveyed by Captain See also:Flinders, R.N. The explorations landward were, however, not so successful, and for many years the Blue Mountains, which rise a few miles back from Sydney, formed an impenetrable barrier to the progress of colonization. Penal establishments were formed at Newcastle in New South Wales, at See also:Hobart and See also:Launceston in Tasmania, and an unsuccessful See also:attempt was made to colonize Port Phillip. The most note-worthy incident in the first decade of the 19th century was the forcible See also:deportation by the officers of the New South Wales See also:Corps, a See also:regiment raised in England for service in the colony, of the governor, Captain See also:Bligh, R.N., the See also:naval officer identified with the See also:mutiny of the " See also:Bounty." For some time the government was administered by the See also:senior officer of the New South Wales Corps, but in 1809 he was succeeded by Captain Macquarie, who retained the governorship for eleven years. During the regime of this able See also:administrator New South Wales was transformed from a penal settlement to a colony. Before captain the arrival of Macquarie schools and churches had mac- been erected, a newspaper, the Sydney See also:Gazette and auntie's New South Wales Advertiser, had been started, and governor- attempts had been made to acclimatize the See also:drama.
P. But he was the first governor to open up the country. He constructed permanent buildings at Sydney and Parramatta, formed roads and built See also:bridges in the districts along the coast, and commenced a track across the Blue Mountains, which had been crossed in 1813 by See also:Wentworth and others, thus opening up the rich interior to the inhabitants of Sydney. It was during
Captain Macquarie's administration that the first banking institution, the Bank of New South Wales, was founded. The final fall of See also:Napoleon in 1815 gave the people of the United Kingdom leisure to think about their possessions at the See also:Antipodes; and in 1817 free settlers commenced to arrive in considerable numbers, attracted by the success of Captain John M'Arthur, an officer in the New South Wales Regiment, who had demonstrated that the soil, grass and climate were well adapted for the growth of merino wool. But although the free settlers prospered, and were enabled to See also:purchase land on very easy terms, they were dissatisfied with the administration of See also:justice, which was in the hands of a See also:judge-See also:advocate assisted by military officers, and with the absence of a free See also:press and representative institutions. They also demanded permission to occupy the vast plains of the interior, without having to obtain by purchase or by See also: The explorations which followed the passage of the Blue Mountains opened up a large portion of south-eastern Australia. See also:Van See also:Diemen's Land was declared a separate colony in 1825, West Australia in 1829, South Australia in 1836 and New Zealand in 1839; so that before 1840 the See also:original area of New South Wales, which at first included the mainland of Australia and the islands in the South Pacific, had been greatly reduced. In 184o the press was free in every part of Australia, trial by See also:jury had been introduced, and every colony possessed a legislature, although in none of them except New South Wales had the principle of representation been introduced, and in that colony only to a very limited extent. The policy of granting land without See also:payment, originally in force in New South Wales, had been abandoned in favour of sales of the public lands by See also:auction at the upset price of twenty shillings per acre; and the system of squatting licences, under which colonists were allowed to occupy the See also:waste lands on payment of a small annual See also:licence, had been conceded. In 1851, when separate See also:autonomy was granted to Victoria, New South Wales had a population of 187,243, the annual imports were £2,078,338, the exports £2399,580, the revenue was £575,794, and the colony contained 132,437 horses, 1,738,965 cattle and 13,059,324 sheep.
Gold was discovered at Summerhill Creek, near Bathurst, in See also:February 1851, by See also:Edward See also:Hammond Hargraves; and at the end of June the first shipment, valued at £3500, left Sydney. This discovery made an important See also:change in the position of the colony, and transportation, which had been discontinued during the previous year, was finally abolished. The first mail steamer arrived in See also:August 1852, and in 1853 a See also:branch of the Royal See also:Mint was established at Sydney. The New Constitution See also:Bill, passed during the same year by the local legislature, provided for two deliberative See also:chambers, the assembly to be elected and the council nominated, and for the responsibility of the executive to the legislature. The Sydney University, founded in 1850, was enlarged in 1854, and the first railway in Respons-New South Wales, from Sydney to Parramatta, cons- ibie
menced in 185o, was opened in 1855. In the same govern-year the Imperial parliament passed the New Con- See also:meat. stitution Act; and in June 1856 the first responsible ~~ government in Australia was formed, during the governor-ship of Sir See also: The first administration lasted only for a few See also:weeks, and it was some years before constitutional government worked smoothly. The powers of the new parliament were utilized for extending representative institutions. Vote by See also:ballot was introduced; the number of members in the assembly was increased to 8o, and the franchise was granted to every adult male after six months' residence in any electoral area. Mean-while the material progress .of the colony was unchecked. A See also:census taken at the end of 1857 showed that the population of Sydney was, including the suburbs, 81,327. Telegraphic communication was established between Sydney, Melbourne, See also:Adelaide and Tasmania in 1859; and during the same year the Moreton Bay district was separated from New South Wales and was constituted the colony of Queensland. During the regime of Sir John See also:Young, afterwards See also:Lord Lisgar, who succeeded Sir William Denison in 1861, several important sir John events occurred. The land policy of previous govern-Young's ments was entirely revised, and the Land Bill, framed governor- by Sir John See also:Robertson, introduced the principle of ship. deferred payments for the purchase of crown lands, and made residence and cultivation, rather than a sufficient price, the See also:object to be sought by the crown in alienating the public estate. This measure, passed with great difficulty and by bringing considerable pressure to See also:bear upon the nominated council, was the outcome of a lengthened agitation throughout the Australian colonies, and was followed by similar legislation in all of them. It was during the governorship of Sir John Young that the distinction between the descendants of convicts and the descendants of free settlers, hitherto maintained with great strictness, was finally abandoned. In 1862 the agitation against the Chinese assumed importance, and the attitude of the miners at Lambing See also:Flat was so threatening that a large force, military and See also:police, was despatched to that See also:goldfield in See also:order to protect the Chinamen from See also:ill-treatment by the miners. At this time, the only See also:drawback to the general progress and prosperity of the country was the recrudescence of bushranging, or See also:robbery under arms, in the country districts. This See also:crime, originally confined to runaway convicts, was now committed by young men See also:born in the colony, See also:familiar with its mountains and forests, who were good horsemen and excellent shots. It was not until a large number of lives had been sacrificed, and many bushrangers brought to the See also:scaffold, that the offence was thoroughly stamped out in New South Wales, only to reappear some years afterwards in Victoria under somewhat similar conditions.
The See also:earl of Beimore became governor in 1868, and it was during his first year of office that H.R.H. the See also:duke of See also:Edinburgh visited the colony in command of the " Galatea." An attempt made upon his life, during a See also:picnic at Clontarf, caused great excitement throughout Australia, and his assailant, a See also:man named O'Farrell, was hanged. A measure which virtually made primary education free, compulsory and unsectarian came into operation. A census taken in 1871 showed that the population was 503,981; the revenue, £2,908,155; the expenditure, £3,006,J76; the imports, £9,609,508; and the exports, £11,245,032. Sir See also:Hercules See also:Robinson, afterwards Lord See also:Rosmead, was sworn in as governor in 1872. During his rule, which lasted till 1879, the See also:Fiji Islands were annexed; telegraphic communication with England and mail communication with the United States were established; and the long series of political struggles, which prevented any administration from remaining in office long enough to develop its policy, was brought town end by a See also:coalition between Sir See also: B. Dailey, who was acting Premier during the absence through ill-See also:health of Sir Alexander Stuart, made to the British government the offerof a contingent of the armed forces of New South Wales to aid the Imperial troops in the See also:Sudan. The offer was accepted; the contingent left Sydney in See also: The Rt. Hon. Sir William See also:Duff, who followed Lord Jersey as governor, died at Sydney in 1895, and was succeeded by Lord See also:Hampden. In 1896 a conference of Australian premiers was held at Sydney to consider the question of federation. The then Premier, Mr See also:Reid, was rather lukewarm, as he considered that the free-trade policy of New South Wales would be overridden- by its protectionist neighbours and its metropolitan position .tetltude towards interfered with. But his See also:hand was to a great extent federation. forced by a People's Federation See also:Convention held at Bathurst, and in the See also:early portion of 1897 delegates from New South Wales met those from all the other colonies, except Queensland, at Adelaide, and drafted the constitution, which with some few modifications eventually became law. The visit of the Australian premiers to England on the occasion of See also:Queen Victoria's See also:Diamond See also:jubilee gave an additional impetus to federation, and in See also:September 1897 the convention reassembled in Sydney and discussed the modifications in the constitution which had been suggested in the local parliaments. In January 1898 the bill was finally agreed to and submitted to a popular See also:referendum of the inhabitants of each colony. Those of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania agreed to the measure; but the majority in New South Wales, 5458, was not sufficient to carry the bill. The local parliament subsequently suggested certain amendments, one of them being that Sydney should be the federal capital. The general See also:election returned a majority pledged to federation, and after some opposition to the federal Bill by the legislative council it was again referred to the electors of the colony and agreed to by them, 107,420 votes being recorded in its favour, and 82,741 against it. One of the provisions of the bill as finally carried was that the federal See also:metropolis, although in New South Wales, should be more than too m. from Sydney. The Enabling Bill passed through all its stages in the British parliament during the summer of 'goo, all the Australian colonies assenting to its provisions; and on the 1st of January 1901 Lord Hopetoun, the governor-genera] of Australia, and the federal See also:ministry, of which the premier, Mr See also:Barton, and Sir William Lyne, See also:Home Secretary, represented New South Wales, were sworn in at Sydney amidst great rejoicings. Large contingents of troops from New South Wales were sent to South See also:Africa during 1899 and 'goo. (G. C. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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