See also:

• SERVIA

Sooner or later, indeed, all the Servian rivers reach the Danube. The Save, which is also navigable, meets it at Belgrade, after being joined, at Racha, by the Drina, a Bosnian river, which rises on the Montenegrin border, 155 M. S. by W. Near Obrenovats the Kolubara also enters the Save, after traversing 45 M. from its source in the Sokoiska Gora. Apart from frontier rivers, the most important stream is the Morava, which, rising on the western slopes of the Kara Dagh, a little beyond the Servian frontier, enters the country with a north-easterly course near the extreme S.E., and then turns N.N.W. and flows almost in a straight See also:

• LINE

See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

They are worked by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

See also:

• FAUNA

Much of the finest See also:

• TIMBER

The creation of state See also:

• VINE

The native horses, though strong, are, like the cattle, of small size. Land See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

The houses are mostly very small wooden structures, serving for little else but sleeping places. But that of the staryeshina is often of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

To meet this difficulty, a See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

Commerce.—The following table shows the value of Servian imports and exports for five years: Cotton and woollen fabrics, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

. . £150,000. Lottery loan of 1881 (2 %) . . 989,000 Loan of the Uprava Fondova (5%) . 291,000 See also:

• PRIMARY

The estimated revenue and expenditure for five years are shown below: See also:

• YEAR

In circulation there are gold pieces of 10 and 20 dinars; silver of 5o paras, and 1, 2 and 5 dinars; nickel of 5, io and 20 paras; and See also:

• BRONZE

Besides the frontier streams on the north and west, the only river of any importance for See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

The gipsies occasionally See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

A moderate amount of work enables them to live well enough, and to pass their evenings at the village wine-See also:

• SHOP

During the cold months, both sexes wrap themselves in thick woollen coats or sheepskins, with the fleece inwards; both are also shod with corded sandals, called opanke. The Rumanian women retain their native See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

By this instrument the government of Servia is an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

Every department is divided into districts (srez), administered by the sub-prefect (sreski nachalnik); and the districts are sub-divided into communes or municipalities, each having its salaried mayor (kmet or knez), who presides over a council elected on a basis of population. Within the smaller See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

The defensive force of the country, as reorganized in 1901, consists of the national army (=retina voyska) and the See also:

• LANDSTURM

In 1910 there were 54 monasteries, but only See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

The communes and municipalities pay the entire cost of primary education, except the salaries of teachers, which, with the cost of higher education, are paid by the state. In See also:

• FEBRUARY

(Belgrade, 1908) ; J. M..Zhuyovich (Zujovic), Geologiya Srbiye (with See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

The Croats, however, are Roman Catholics and use the Latin See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

The more powerful Zhupan was tempted to subjugate and absorb the neighbouring less powerful Zhupaniyas. If successful, he would take the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

Vlastimir successfully defended the western provinces of Servia against the Bulgarian attacks, although the eastern provinces (Branichevo, Morava, Timok, Vardar, Podrimlye) were occupied by the Bulgars. The Bulgarian danger, and probably the energetic and successful operations of the Greek emperor Basil the Macedonian (867-886), determined the Servian Zhupans to acknowledge again the suzerainty of the Greek emperors. One of the important consequences of this new vassalship to the Byzantine empire was that the entire Servian people embraced See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

But after the See also:

• DEATH

As such he established eight bishoprics and encouraged schools and learning. He is regarded as the great patron and See also:

• PROTECTOR

Three years later he convoked the Saber (See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

" He tried to stop the further disruption of the Serb empire and worked to organize a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

The sultan was forced to conclude peace, re-storing to George all the countries previously taken from him. For the remainder of his life George was rather estranged from his former See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

The Serbs cleared their country altogether of the Turks, and began to organize it as a modern European state. In 1807 the sultan offered to grant the Serbs self-government, and to acknowledge Karageorge as the chief of the nation with the title of prince. On the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

In compliance with that treaty the sultan by the Hatti-Sherif of 183o formally granted full autonomy to the Serbs, retaining at the same time Turkish garrisons in the Servian fortresses. Servia an Autonomous State: 183o-1879.—Milosh, declared hereditary prince of Servia, worked hard for the internal organization and for the economic and educational progress of his country. But his attempts to make Servia independent of Russian See also:

• PROTECTION

This change of the reigning dynasty was effected without the slightest disorder or loss of life. Milosh returned to power at the beginning of 1859, but died in i86o. His son Michael then ascended the throne for the second time. He was a man of refinement who had learned much during his long exile (1842–1859). His political See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

A See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

The Russians themselves advised him to appeal to Austria and to try to obtain her support. The utter neglect of the Servian interests by Russia at San Stefano, and her evident inability at the Berlin Congress to do anything for Servia, determined Prince Milan to change the traditional policy of his country, and instead of continuing to seek support from Russia, he tried to come to an understanding with Austria-Hungary concerning the conditions under which that power would give its support to Servian interests. This- new departure was considered, by the Russians—especially by those of the Panslavist party—almost as an See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

Deficits appeared, which had to be covered temporarily by new loans, and which forced the government to establish monopolies on salt, tobacco, matches, mineral See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

King Alexander: The Regency.—The leading man of the regency was Jovan Ristich, who had already been See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

The regents thereupon dismissed the Radical cabinet and called the Liberals to the government (August 1892). The Liberal cabinet dissolved the Radical national assembly, and at the general elections used very great pressure to secure a Liberal majority. In this they did not succeed, and the situation became hopelessly entangled by the fact that the national assembly was Radical, the government Liberal, and the regency practically in all its tendencies Conservative. The legislative machinery as well as the administration of the country was thus completely paralysed. Then the young king Alexander suddenly proclaimed himself of age (although at that time only in his seventeenth year), dismissed the regents and the Liberal cabinet, and formed his first cabinet from among the moderate Radicals (13th See also:

• APRIL

The ex-King Milan's Return.—In such circumstances King Alexander thought best to invite his father the ex-King Milan (who was living in Paris) to his side, and to use his great know-ledge of men and his political experience. In the beginning of January 1894 King Milan arrived in Belgrade. The Radical cabinet resigned Ind was replaced by a cabinet composed of politicians See also:

• STANDING

He threw himself into the arms of Russia, forbade his father Milani to reside in Servia, and followed Russian guidance in all questions of foreign policy. To strengthen his position in the country he promulgated a new constitution in April 1901, establishing for the first time in the history of Servia a parliament with two houses (skupshtina and See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

The skupshtina and senate assembled, restored the constitution of 1889 instead of the reactionary constitution promulgated by King Alexander on the 19th of April 1901, and ratified the election of Prince Peter, who entered Belgrade as king on the 24th of June 1903. See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

The See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

The books by Stead, Mallat and Hogge, mentioned above, contain important historical matter. See also the bibliography to the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

Mijatovich, A Royal Tragedy (London, 1906).. (X.) LANGUAGE The Servian language belongs to the family of Slavonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

There can be little doubt that this absorption softened and enriched the Serbo-Croatian dialects, a process to which See also:

• CLIMATIC

All the national songs which he transcribed from the recitations of the bards were written and published by him in that dialect, into which the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

ML) LITERATURE Formation of a Servian- Slavonic Language.—Servian literature begins with the biblical and liturgical books, written in " Old Slavonic," or " Church Slavonic," into which " the Slavonic apostles " See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

The most important literary work of St Sava (d. 1237) was The Life of St Simeon, in which he described the life of his father, Stephen Nemanya, the first See also:

• SOVEREIGN

A characteristic example of the literary and also, as it appears, of the official language of the Servians in the middle ages is the Codex of Tsar Dushan (Zakonik Tsara Dushana), which was promulgated at the Servian parliament (Sabor) in Skoplye (Uskiib) in 1349 and 1354. Very interesting material for the study of the Servian literary language during the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries is to be found in several collections of old charters and letters of that period (F. See also:

• MIKLOSICH, FRANZ VON (1813–1891)

Dalmatian Literature-While among the Servians belonging to the Eastern Church all literary work had practically stopped from the middle of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th, the Roman Catholic Servians of Dalmatia, and more especially those of the semi-independent See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Gyorgyich's best work Is considered to be his See also:

• TRANSLATION

4. The Revival of Servian Literature: Obradovich and Karajich. —As long as the countries inhabited by the Orthodox Servians were under the deadening immediate rule of the Turks, they produced no serious literature. But when the Austrian wars of the 17th century began to See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

All this suddenly changed when Dositey (Dositheus) Obradovich (1739–1811) appeared on the scene. In boyhood he had entered the monastery of Hoppovo in south Hungary and had become a monk. But as very soon he found that the monastery could not satisfy his aspirations, he left it and started to travel, acquiring a knowledge of classical and modern languages and literatures. An ardent Servian patriot, he proclaimed the principle that books ought to be written for the people and therefore in the language which the people understood and spoke. His first book, The Life and the Adventures of See also:

• DEMETER

It was believed that the vernacular could not be raised to the dignity of a literary language, and that literature and science needed words and expressions which were entirely lacking in the common language. But Vuk Stefanovich Karajich, a self-taught writer, proved the See also:

• FALLACY (Lat. fall-ax, apt to mislead)

Their three greatest poets are Sima Milutinovich Sarayliya (1791–1847), Peter Petrovich Nyegosh (1813–1851), prince-bishop of Montenegro, and "Zmay " Yovan Yovanovich (1.833–1904). Sarayliya's most important work is Serbiyanka (Leipzig, 1826), in which he describes the rising of the Servians against the Turks in 1804 and 1815. His See also:

• IMAGINATION

Dr Yovan Yovanovich, called by his admiring countrymen Zmay (the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

Appointed See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

Servien, etude sur sa See also:

• VIE