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See also:SAINT CLAIR , a See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of Schuylkill See also:county, See also:Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill See also:Creek, 3 M. N. of See also:Pottsville, and about 40 M. by See also:rail N.N.W. of See also:Reading. Pop. (191o) 6455. Saint Clair is served by the Pennsylvania and the See also:Philadelphia & Reading See also:railways. It is engaged chiefly in the See also:mining (very largely See also:surface-stripping) and See also:shipping of See also:anthracite See also:coal, and in the manufacture of miners' supplies. Saint Clair was settled in 1825 and was incorporated as a borough in 185o.
ST CLAIR, a See also:lake and See also:river of See also:North See also:America, forming See also:part of the boundary between the See also:state of See also:Michigan, U.S.A., and the See also:province of See also:Ontario, See also:Canada. The lake is 29 M. See also:long and 20 broad. It contains numerous islands, receives from the See also:Canadian See also:side several See also:rivers, the largest of which is the See also:Thames, and is drained into Lake See also:Erie by the See also:Detroit river. At its See also:foot are the cities of Detroit (Michigan) and See also:Windsor (Ontario). On the north it receives the St Clair river, the outlet of Lake See also:Huron, The shores of both lake and river are See also:flat, and their See also:waters shallow; but, owing to the enormous See also:traffic which passes through, they have been in See also:great part canalized, and can accommodate the largest steamers.
ST See also:CLAUDE, a See also:town of eastern See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of See also:Jura, 42 M. S.S.E. of Lons-le-Saunier by rail. Pop. (Igoe) 9558. The town is beautifully situated 1300 ft. above See also:sea-level at the western See also:base of Mont See also:Bayard, among the heights of the eastern Jura at the confluence of the See also:Bienne and the Tacon. The latter river is crossed by a See also:fine suspension See also:bridge. The See also:cathedral of St See also:Pierre, once the See also:abbey-See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, a See also:building of the 14th to the 18th centuries, contains fine 15th-See also:century stalls and a See also:reredos of the See also:Renaissance See also:period. The town is the seat of a See also:bishop, See also:suffragan of See also:Lyons, and of a sub-See also:prefect. St Claude has been noted since the See also:close of the See also:middle ages for its See also:fancy articles in See also:horn, See also:tortoise-See also:- SHELL
- SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)
shell, hardwood, See also:ivory, &c., and there are manufactures of briar-See also:root pipes. See also:Diamond-cutting and See also:lapidary See also:work and the manufacture of See also:measures are also prosperous See also:industries.
The town derives its name from that of an See also:archbishop of See also:Besancon who died in the 7th century in the monastery founded here in the 5th century. This monastery subsequently acquired almost See also:independent See also:sovereignty in the locality, and held its retainers in a state of See also:serfdom till the Revolution. See also:Voltaire pleaded the cause of the See also:serfs, though unsuccessfully, before the See also:parlement of Besancon, and in memory of his services a statue was erected to him in 1887. St Claude was constituted a bishopric in 1762. The abbey-buildings and most of the town were destroyed by See also:fire in 1799.
ST See also:CLOUD, a town of See also:northern France, in the department of See also:Seine-et-See also:Oise, on the See also:left See also:bank of the Seine, 2 M. W. of the fortifications of See also:Paris by road. Pop. (1906) 7316. Picturesquely built on a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill-slope, St Cloud overlooks the river, the Bois de See also:Boulogne and Paris; and, lying amid the foliage of its magnificent See also:park and numerous See also:villa gardens, it is one of the favourite resorts of the Parisians. The See also:palace of St Cloud, which had been a summer See also:residence for See also:Napoleon I., See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII., See also:Charles X., Louis Philippe and Napoleon III., was burned by the Prussians in r87o along with part of the See also:village. In spite of the damage inflicted on the park at the same period its magnificent avenues and ornamental See also:water still make it one of the pleasantest spots in the neighbourhood of Paris. Every See also:year in See also:September, at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:pilgrimage of St Cloud, a See also:fair lasting four See also:weeks is held in the park. Within its precincts are situated the See also:national Sevres See also:porcelain manufactory and the See also:Breteuil See also:pavilion, the seat of the See also:international See also:commission on the See also:metre. St Cloud possesses a See also:modern church in the See also:style of the 12th century with an elegant See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone See also:spire; and here, too, is established the higher training See also:college for male teachers for the provincial training colleges of See also:primary instruction.
Clodoald or Cloud, See also:grandson of See also:Clovis, adopted the monastic See also:life and left his name to the spot where his See also:tomb was discovered
I019
after the See also:lapse of 1200 years, in a See also:crypt near the See also:present church. He had granted the domain to the bishops of Paris, who possessed it as a See also:fief till the 18th century. At St Cloud See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. and the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Navarre (Henry IV.) established their See also:camp during the See also:League for the See also:siege of Paris; and there the former was assassinated by Jacques See also:Clement. The See also:castle was at that time a See also:plain See also:country See also:house belonging to Pierre de Gondi, See also:arch-bishop of Paris; in 1658 it was acquired by the See also:duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, who was the originator of the palace which perished in 187o. See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter the Great of See also:Russia was received there in 1717 by the See also:regent, whose grandson sold the palace to See also:Marie Antoinette. It was at St Cloud that See also:Bonaparte executed the coup d'etat of 18th See also:Brumaire (1799); after he became See also:emperor the palace was his favourite residence, and there he celebrated his See also:marriage with Marie See also:Louise. In 1815 it was the See also:scene of the See also:signing of the See also:capitulation of Paris; and in 183o from St Cloud Charles X. issued the orders which brought about his fall. Napoleon III. was there when he received the senatusconsult which restored the See also:empire in his favour (1st See also:December 1852). Seized by the Prussians at the beginning of the investment of Paris See also:ill 187o, St Cloud was sacked during the siege.
ST CLOUD, a See also:city in Stearns, See also:Benton and Sherburne counties, See also:Minnesota, U.S.A., and the county-seat of Stearns county, about 65 m. N.W. of Minneapolis, on both See also:banks of the See also:Mississippi river, and about 970 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1900) 8663, of whom 1907 were See also:foreign-See also:born; (1910 U.S. See also:census) ro,600. It is served by the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railways. It is the seat of one of the State Normal See also:Schools (1869), and of the Minnesota State Reformatory (1887). In the city are a See also:Carnegie library, a Federal building, a See also:Roman See also:Catholic cathedral, St See also:Raphael's See also:Hospital (Roman Catholic), St See also:Clotilda's See also:Academy of See also:Music and two business colleges. The Mississippi has a considerable fall here, and provides valuable water-See also:power. Among the manufactures are See also:flour, barrels, bricks, and foundry and See also:machine-See also:shop products--the Great Northern maintains extensive See also:car and repair shops here. In 1905 the value of the city's factory product was $1,994,476, an increase of 27.8% since 190o. There are large See also:lumber yards, and excellent See also:grey and red granites (St Cloud is called " the See also:Granite City ") from neighbouring quarries are exported. The city lies in a large See also:grain-growing and stock-raising See also:district. St Cloud was settled in 1852, platted in 1854, incorporated as a village in 1868, and chartered as a city in 1889. Until reached by the Great Northern railway, St Cloud was the See also:Hudson's See also:Bay See also:Company's See also:terminus for the unloading of furs from the wooden ox-carts (" Red river " carts).
ST CROIX or See also:SANTA CRUZ, the largest See also:island in the Danish See also:West Indies. It lies 65 m. S.E. of Puerto Rico, in 17° 40' N. and 64° 14' W., is 22 M. long, varies in breadth from 1 m. to 6 m., and has an See also:area of 84 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 18,590. Parallel with the western See also:coast is a range of hills, culminating in See also:Mount See also:Eagle (1164 ft.). The narrower western part is also hilly, but on the S. See also:shore there are marshy tracts with lagoons of brackish water. See also:Sugar is the See also:staple product, and near Christiansted there is a central factory conducted by the See also:government. The planters are mostly See also:English, and their See also:language predominates. The capital, Christianstad (locally known as " Bassin "), is situated at the See also:head of an inlet on the N. coast, but its See also:harbour is to a large extent choked with mud. It is a picturesque town, and the seat of the Danish See also:governor during See also:half the year. The only other town, Frederickstad, stands on an open roadstead on the W. coast. It is locally known as " West End," and part of the town, wrecked by the blacks in 1878, lies in ruins. The See also:climate is healthy, the mean See also:annual temperature being 74° F. and the See also:average rainfall 45.7 in. per annum.
St Croix was discovered in 1493 by See also:Columbus, and was owned in turn by the Dutch, See also:British and See also:Spanish. In 1851 it was taken by France, and two years later was given to the Knights of See also:Malta by Louis XIV. In 1733 it was See also:purchased by See also:Denmark. See also:Slavery was abolished in 1848 after a violent insurrection which had broken out among the slaves.
See See also:Sir H. H. See also:Johnston, The See also:Negro in the New See also:World (r9To).
SAINT-CYRAN, a See also:French See also:Benedictine abbey in the province of See also:Berry, now comprised in the department of the Loiret. From 1620 to 1643 it was held by the famous Jansenist reformer, DuVergier (q.v.), who is consequently often spoken of by French
writers as the See also:Abbe de Saint-Cyran.
ST CYR-L'$See also:COLE, a town of northern France in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 3 M. W. of See also:Versailles at the end of the old park of Louis XIV. Pop. (1906) 2696. Its importance is due to the famous military school (ecole speciale militaire) in which See also:officers for the See also:cavalry and See also:infantry are trained. It was established in 1808 in the See also:convent which Madame de See also:Maintenon founded for the See also:education of See also:noble See also:young ladies in poor circumstances. See also:Racine's See also:Esther and Athalie were first acted here, having been written expressly for the pupils. Madame de Maintenon's tomb is still preserved in the See also:chapel. The convent was suppressed at the Revolution, and the gardens are now partly transformed into See also:parade-grounds.
ST DAVIDS (Tyddewi), a cathedral town of See also:Pembrokeshire, See also:Wales, situated near the sea to the S.E. of St See also:David's Head, the most See also:westerly promontory of See also:South Wales. Pop. (1901) 1710. St Davids is Io m. distant from the station of Letterston on the Great Western railway, and about 16 m. from See also:Fishguard to the N.E., and 16 m. from See also:Haverfordwest to the E. The little town, locally known as " the city," stands in a lofty position See also:east of the Cathedral Close, and consists of five streets, which converge on an open space called the See also:Cross Keys, formerly used as a See also:market-See also:place and distinguished by its High Cross, a single See also:shaft erect on a square base of six steps, restored in 1873. From the cross a See also:lane leads westward to the See also:Tower See also:Gate, flanked by two See also:ancient towers in a ruinous See also:condition. From this point is obtained a superb view of the close with the cathedral and ruined palace in the valley of the Alun below, to which the rocky outline of Carn Llidi forms an imposing background.
The cathedral church of SS. See also:Andrew and David, in spite of centuries of neglect and ill-advised alterations, remains the largest and most interesting See also:pile of ecclesiastical buildings in the Principality. It is largely built of a beautiful See also:purple-hued See also:sandstone, which is quarried locally. Its proportions are: length (exclusive of the Trinity and See also:Lady chapels), 2543 ft.; breadth of See also:nave and aisles, 513 ft.; breadth of transepts including tower, 116 ft.; and height of central tower, 116 ft. In spite of the antiquity of its See also:foundation, the earliest and See also:main portion of the existing fabric was erected under Bishop Peter de Leia (1176-1198) in the transitional See also:Norman-English style. See also:Bisi:op David See also:Martyn (129o-1328) built the Lady Chapel; Bishop Henry de See also:Gower (1328-1347), one of the greatest of ecclesiastical builders in Wales, made many additions in the Decorated style, including the stone See also:rood-See also:screen and See also:southern See also:porch; and Bishop See also:Edward See also:Vaughan (15o9-1522) erected the Trinity Chapel between the See also:choir and Lady Chapel. Under the last-named See also:prelate the magnificence of St Davids reached its height, but owing to the changes during the See also:Reformation and the unscrupulous rapacity of Bishop See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Barlow (1536-1548) the fabric suffered severely; nor was it spared later during the See also:Civil See also:Wars, when the Lady Chapel, the aisles of the See also:presbytery, and even the transepts were unroofed and partially dismantled. In 1793 the cathedral was repaired by See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Nash, who rebuilt the western front in a debased Perpendicular style. The work of much-needed restoration was carried out throughout the latter half of the 19th century, especially between 1862 and 1869, when Sir See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
Gilbert See also:Scott strengthened the building at a cost of over £43,000.
In 1873 Nash's incongruous work was replaced by a new See also:facade intended to harmonize with the See also:original See also:design of Bishop de Leia, and at the be-ginning of the 20th century the Lady Chapel and Bishop Vaughan's chapel were restored in memory of Bishop See also:Basil See also:- JONES
- JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
- JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
- JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
- JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
- JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
- JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
- JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
- JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
- JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
- JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
- JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
- JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
- JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
- JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
- JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)
Jones (d. 1897) and of Deans See also:- ALLEN, BOG OF
- ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
- ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
- ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
- ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
- ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)
Allen and See also:Phillips. The interior of the nave, separated by six wide bays from the aisles, is singularly imposing with its See also:triforium and See also:clerestory windows. It possesses an elaborate roof of Irish See also:oak, the See also:gift of Treasurer See also:Owen See also:Pole (c. 1500). The nave is divided from the choir by Bishop Gower's fine stone screen, whilst the choir itself contains the richly carved stalls erected by Bishop Tully (1460-1481), the episcopal See also:throne, and an elegant oaken screen that serves to See also:separate choir and presbytery. The painted roof (freely restored) exhibits the coats-of-arms of Bishops Tully and See also:Richard See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin, Treasurer Owen Pole and other benefactors. The eastern See also:wall of the choir has been greatly altered by the addition of modern Venetian See also:mosaic designs in the original See also:lower triplet of See also:lights, and by the insertion of See also:lancet windows in place of a large Perpendicular window of the 15th century. Bishop Vaughan's chapel contains fine Tudor See also:fan vaulting, and the Lady Chapel See also:good decorated See also:sedilia. The cathedral, before the Reformation, was remarkably See also:rich in sculptured tombs and monuments, but manyof these have perished and all the See also:brasses have disappeared. In the presbytery stands prominent the See also:altar tomb with modern brasses inserted of See also:Edmund Tudor, See also:earl of See also:Richmond (d. 1456), See also:father of King Henry VII. Among the other surviving monuments, all more or less injured and defaced, are the tombs of Bishop Gower and of several bishops of St Davids; the canopied See also:effigies popularly but erroneously attributed to See also:Prince Rhys (d. 1196) and his son Rhys; the stone base of the destroyed See also:shrine of St David; a See also:priest's effigy formerly believed to be that of the celebrated Giraldus Cambrensis; and the large Jacobean See also:monument of Treasurer Thomas See also:Lloyd (d. 1612). To the north of the cathedral is to be seen.the ruined shell of the beautiful chapel with an adjoining tower, forming part of the college of St See also:Mary, founded by See also:John of Gaunt and Bishop See also:Adam See also:Houghton in 1397.
On the west bank of the Alun stands the splendid and indeed unique ruin of the episcopal palace erected, by Bishop Gower (c. 1342). Built for the purpose of culture and entertainment rather than for See also:defence, Bishop Gower's ecclesiastical See also:mansion is " essentially a palace and not a castle; and it is hardly too much to affirm that it is altogether unsurpassed by any existing English edifice of its See also:kind." Built upon vaulted cellars, the palace occupies three sides of a quadrangle 120 ft. square, and though roofless and deserted for nearly three See also:hundred years it retains most of its See also:principal features. The great See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, 96 ft. by 33 ft., possesses a traceried See also:wheel-window; the See also:chief portal is still imposing; and the chapel retains its curious See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell-See also:turret; while the See also:peculiar but singularly graceful arcaded See also:parapet of the roof extends intact throughout the whole length of the building. Partially dismantled by Bishop Barlow (c. 154o) the half-ruined palace was occasionally occupied by succeeding bishops See also:prior to the Civil Wars, and in 1633 a See also:chapter was held within its walls under Bishop See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
Field.
The Close, 18 acres in extent and extra-parochial, contains the deanery and other residences of the cathedral See also:clergy, mostly occupying the sites of ancient buildings. It formerly owned four gateways, of which the South or Tower Gate alone remains. The whole of the See also:wild and See also:bleak but picturesque neighbourhood of St Davids teems with legendary and See also:historical associations, and cromlechs and ruined chapels are numerous, amongst the latter the chapels of St Justinian (See also:Capel Stinan) and St Non being the most remarkable.
See also:History.—At some unknown period in the 6th century the celebrated See also:patron saint of Wales, Dewi or David, removed the chief seat of South Welsh ecclesiastical life to Menevia or Menapia (Mynyw), which is traditionally reported to have been the saint's birthplace. The site chosen for this new foundation was the marshy valley of the Alun—the Vallis Rosina of See also:medieval historians—and this spot became known henceforth as Tyddewi or St Davids. The dread of an imminent Anglo-Saxon invasion of Gwent, the determination to remove his monastic clergy from See also:court See also:influence, and the See also:desire of opening closer communication with the See also:sister Churches of See also:Ireland, are among the various reasons suggested for David's remarkable policy, which made St Davids the leading religious centre in South Wales for nearly a thousand years. From the 7th to the rrth centuries the successors of St David occasionally ventured to exercise See also:metropolitan rights over South Wales, and even over all See also:land west of the See also:Severn, and the See also:character and extent of these ancient claims have frequently been made the subject of See also:speculation or controversy among historians, some of whom have not hesitated to designate the See also:early See also:Celtic holders of the see by the See also:title of " archbishop." These ill-defined claims were destroyed by St See also:Anselme's forcible See also:appointment of the Norman See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk See also:Bernard to the bishopric in 1115, from which date to the present time°St Davids has ranked as a suffragan see of See also:Canterbury; nor has its ancient See also:independence ever been seriously asserted, See also:save by the intrepid Gerald de Barri (Giraldus Cambrensis), who vainly strove from 1199 to 1203 to induce See also:Pope See also:Innocent III. to acknowledge the power of the cathedral chapter to elect its own bishops without reference to English king or See also:primate. St Davids early became popular as a place of pilgrimage, and amongst the many suppliants who visited St David's shrine were William the Conqueror, Henry II. and Edward I. with See also:Queen Eleanor. Probably with a view to conciliate the native clergy for Anselme's unpopular policy in Wales, Henry I. obtained from Pope See also:Calixtus II. the See also:canonization of St David about 1120, and in See also:local esteem two pilgrimages to St Davids were vulgarly supposed to be See also:equivalent to one See also:journey to See also:Rome itself: a sentiment preserved in the curious monkish See also:hexameter:
" See also:Roma semel quantum bis dat Menevia tantum."
From 1115 to the Reformation the see was held by prelates
(many of them natives of Wales) who did much to enrich' and beautify the vast See also:group of ecclesiastical buildings in the Close: But with the partial destruction of the palace and the removal of the episcopal residence to Abergwili, it was not long before St Davids sank into a See also:mere monument of its former splendour and importance. In 1539 Bishop Barlow even petitioned Thomas See also:Cromwell for permission to remove the see itself to See also:Carmarthen, a See also:request which tradition declares Henry VIII. refused to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant solely out of respect for the memory of his grandfather Edmund Tudor, whose tomb had recently been taken from the suppressed priory of Grey Friars at Carmarthen and set up before the high altar of the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries all the ancient buildings of the Close, except the cathedral (which served also as a See also:parish church for the village of St Davids), were allowed to fall into hopeless ruin. Amongst the 119 bishops who have held the see since its foundation by St David may be mentioned See also:Asser, the friend of King See also:Alfred (d. go6); See also:Samson (loth century), honoured by the Welsh chroniclers with the proud title of " Archbishop of the Isle of See also:Britain "; Rhyddmarch (d. 1og6), the first biographer of St David; Henry de Gower (d. 1347), the munificent patron of See also:art; See also:Robert See also:Ferrar, burned at Carmarthen in 1555 under Queen Mary; Richard See also:Davies (d. 1581), patriot and translator of the Welsh See also:Book of See also:Common See also:Prayer; Archbishop William See also:Laud, bishop of the see between 1621 and 1627; See also:George See also:Bull, divine (d. 1710); and Connop See also:Thirlwall, See also:scholar and historian (d. 1875). The See also:official title of the bishops of St Davids is Episcopus Menevensis. (H.M.V.)
ST See also:DENIS, an See also:industrial town of northern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Seine, 5 M. N. of Paris. Pop. (1906) 62,323. St Denis, an important junction on the northern railway, stands in a plain on the right bank of the Seine, which is here joined by the See also:canal of St Denis. It has numerous metallurgical See also:works, where railway material, See also:naval engines and the like are constructed, distilleries of See also:spirits, See also:glass-works, See also:potteries and manufactories of drugs, chemical products, See also:oils, See also:nickel See also:plate and pianos. The name and fame of the town are derived from the abbey founded by Dagobert I. on the spot where St Denis, the apostle of Paris, was interred. The abbey buildings, occupied by a school for daughters of members of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour, founded by Napoleon I., date from the 18th century.
The church exhibits the transition from the Romanesque to the See also:Gothic style. The west front was built between 1137 and 1140. The right-See also:hand tower is almost pure Romanesque; that on the left was Gothic, and its spire was carried to a height of 28o ft., but it was struck by See also:lightning in 1837 and reconstructed in so clumsy a manner that it had to be reduced to the level of the roof of the nave. The See also:rose window, now occupied by a See also:clock See also:face, See also:dates from the 13th century. Under one of the three rows of See also:arches above the main entrance runs an inscription recording the erection of the church by See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
Abbot See also:Suger (q.v.), See also:minister of Louis VI., with abbatial funds and its See also:consecration in 1140. The porch formed by the first three bays of the church contains some remains of the See also:basilica of See also:Pippin the See also:Short and See also:Charlemagne, by whom the church was rebuilt. The nave proper (235 ft. long and 57 wide) has seven bays, and dates, as well as most of the choir and transepts, from the reign of St Louis. The secondary See also:apse (rondpoint) and its semicircular chapels (consecrated in 1144) are considered as the first perfected See also:attempt at Gothic. The transepts have fine facades, the north of the 12th, the south of the 13th century, each with two unfinished towers; if the See also:plan had been fully carried out there would have been six towers besides a central spire in See also:lead. The church contains a See also:series of tombs of the See also:kings and princes of the royal houses of France. The most remarkable are those of Louis XII. and See also:Anne of See also:Brittany, executed from 1516 to 1532; of Henry II. and See also:Catherine de' See also:Medici, a masterpiece by Germain Pilon (1564-1583) ; of Louis of Orleans and See also:Valentine of See also:Milan, from the old church of the See also:Celestines at Paris (1502-1515) ; of See also:Francis I. and Claude of France, one of the most splendid tombs of the Renaissance, executed under the direction of Philibert See also:Delorme(1550-1560); and that of Dagobert, which, though considerably dilapidated, ranks as one of the most curious of medieval (13th-century) works of art. In the apse some stained glass of the time of Suger remains. The crypt dates partly from the loth or 11th century. In the centre is the vault where the See also:coffin of the king used to See also:lie until, to make See also:room for that of his successor, it was removed to its final resting-place. It is at present occupied by the coffin of Louis XVIII., the last See also:sovereign whose See also:body was See also:borne to St Denis. Besides fine statues, the crypt contains the See also:Bourbon vault, in which among other coffins are de-posited the remains of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette.
St Denis, the ancient Catulliacum, was a town of no pretensions till the foundation of its abbey, which became one of the most powerful in France. The rebuilding of the church, begun in the 12th century by Suger, was completed in the 13th century. Among the many domains of the abbey was the French Vexin. It was held during the later middle ages by the French kings and vassals of the abbey, and to this fact is due their See also:adoption of the oriflamme or red banner of St Denis as the royal See also:standard. St Louis caused mausoleums to be erected with figures of the princes already buried in the abbey; and from his time to that of Henry II. every monarch in See also:succession had his monument. Louis XIV. reduced the abbey to the See also:rank of a priory; and at the Revolution it was suppressed, the tombs being violated and the church sacked (1793). Two years later all the remains that could be recovered were placed in the museum of the Petits Augustins at Paris; but the See also:bronze tombs had been melted down, the stained-glass windows shattered, and large See also:numbers of interesting See also:objects stolen or lost. Louis XVIII. caused all the articles belonging to St Denis to be brought back to their original site, and added numerous other monuments from the suppressed abbeys. But it was not till after 1848 that, under the direction of See also:Viollet le Duc, the basilica recovered its original See also:appearance. St Denis, which was the See also:key of Paris on the north, was more than once pillaged in the Hundred Years' See also:War, suffering especially in 1358 and 1406. A sanguinary See also:battle, in which the Catholic See also:leader See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
Constable Anne de See also:Montmorency found victory and See also:death, was fought between See also:Huguenots and Catholics in the neighbourhood on the loth of See also:November 1567.
See F. de Guilhermy, Monographie de l'e'glise royale de St Denis (Paris, 1848).
ST See also:DIE, a town of eastern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of See also:Vosges, 38 in. N.E. of Epinal by rail. Pop. (1go6) town, 16,783; See also:commune, 22,136. St Die is situated on the Meurthe in a See also:basin surrounded by well-wooded hills. The town, part of which was laid out in a See also:uniform style after the fire of 1757, is built largely of red sandstone. Its cathedral has a Romanesque nave (12th century) and a Gothic choir; the portal of red stone dates from the 18th century. A fine See also:cloister (13th century), containing a stone See also:pulpit, communicates with the Petite-fglise or Notre-See also:Dame, a well-preserved specimen of Romanesque See also:architecture (12th century). The hotel-de-ville contains a See also:theatre, a library with some valuable See also:manuscripts, and a museum of antiquities. There is a monument by See also:Mercie to Jules See also:Ferry, born in the town in 1832. St Die is the seat of a bishop and of a sub-prefect. The town benefited from the See also:immigration of Alsatians after the Franco-See also:German War of 1870-71, and its industries include the See also:spinning and See also:weaving of See also:cotton, See also:bleaching, See also:wire-See also:drawing, See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal-See also:founding, and the manufacture of See also:hosiery, woodwork of various kinds, machinery, See also:iron goods and wire-See also:gauze.
St Die (Deodatum, Theodata, S. Deodati Fanum) See also:grew up See also:round a monastery founded in the 7th century by St Deodatus of See also:Nevers, who gave up his episcopal functions to retire to this place. In the loth century the community became a chapter of canons; among those who subsequently held the rank of See also:provost or See also:dean were Giovanni de' Medici, afterwards Pope See also:Leo X., and several princes of the house of See also:Lorraine. Among the extensive privileges enjoyed by them was that of coining See also:money. Though they co-operated in building. the town walls, the canons and the See also:dukes of Lorraine soon became rivals for the authority over St Die. Towards the end of the 15th century one of the earliest See also:printing-presses of Lorraine was founded at St Die. The institution of a town See also:council in 1628, and the See also:establishment in 1777 of a bishopric which appropriated part of their spiritual See also:jurisdiction, contributed greatly to diminish the influence' of the canons; and with the Revolution they were completely swept away. During the wars of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries the town was repeatedly sacked. It was also partially destroyed by fire in 1065, 1155, 1554 and 1757. Funds for the rebuilding of the portion of the town destroyed by the last fire were supplied by Stanislas, last duke of Lorraine.
ST DIZIER, a town of north-eastern France, in the department of Haute-See also:Marne, 45 M. N.N.W. of Chaumont by rail, on the Marne and the Haute-Marne canal. Pop. (1906) town, 10,316; commune, 14,661. The town is a very important centre of the iron See also:trade, with foundries, forges and See also:engineering
works, and has trade in grain and See also:timber. It dates from the 3rd century, when the See also:relics of Bishop St Didier (whence the name of the town) were brought thither after the destruction of See also:Langres by the Germans.
End of Article: SAINT CLAIR
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