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See also:

EAST ST Louts, a See also:city of St Clair See also:county, See also:Illinois, U.S.A., on the E. See also:bank of the See also:Mississippi, lies opposite St See also:Louis, See also:Missouri. Pop. (188o), 9185; (1890), 15,169; (1900), 29,655, of whom 3920 were See also:foreign See also:born (mostly See also:German and Irish); (1910 See also:census) 58,547. It is one of the See also:great railway centres of the See also:country. Into it enter from the east sixteen lines of railway, which See also:cross to St Louis by the celebrated See also:steel See also:arch See also:bridge and by the Merchants' Bridge. It is also served by three inter-See also:urban electric See also:railways. The site of East St Louis is in the " See also:American Bottom," little above the high-See also:water See also:mark of the See also:river. This " bottom " stretches a See also:long distance up and down the river, with a breadth of to or 12 m. It is intersected by manysloughs and See also:crescent-shaped lakes which indicate former courses of the river. The manufacturing interests of East St Louis are important, among the manufactories being packing establishments, See also:iron and steel See also:works, See also:rolling-See also:mills and foundries, See also:flour-mills, See also:glass works, paint works and See also:wheel works. By far the most important See also:industry is slaughtering and See also:meat packing: both in 1900 and in 1905 East St Louis ranked See also:sixth among the cities of the See also:United States in this industry; its product in 1900 was valued at $27,676,818 (out of a See also:total for all See also:industries of $32,460,957), and in 1905 the product of the slaughtering and meat-packing establishments in and near the limits of East St Louis was valued at $39,972,245, in the same See also:year the total for all industries within the corporate limits being only $37,586,198. The city has a large See also:horse and See also:mule See also:market.

East St Louis was laid out about 1818, incorporated as a See also:

town in 1859, and chartered as a city in 1865. Consult the See also:Encyclopaedia of the See also:History of St Louis (4 vols., St Louis, 1899); J. T. See also:Scharf, History of St Louis City and County including See also:Biographical Sketches (2 vols., See also:Philadelphia, 1883); E. H. Shepherd, See also:Early History of St Louis and Missouri . . . 1763-1843 (St Louis, 1870) ; F. Billon, See also:Annals of St Louis . . . 1804 to 1821 (2 vols., St Louis, 1886-1888) ; G. See also:Anderson, See also:Story of a Border City during the See also:Civil See also:War (See also:Boston, 19o8); The See also:Annual Statement of the See also:Trade and See also:Commerce of St Louis .

. . reported to the Merchants' See also:

Exchange, by its secretary. ST LOUIS, the See also:capital of the See also:French See also:colony of See also:Senegal, See also:West See also:Africa, with a See also:population (1904) of 24,070, or including the suburbs, 28,469. St Louis, known to the natives as N'See also:dar, is 163 m. by See also:rail N.N.E. of See also:Dakar and is situated on,an See also:island I I a m. above the mouth of the Senegal river, near the right bank, there separated from the See also:sea by a narrow See also:strip of See also:sand called the Langue de Barbaric. This strip of sand is occupied by the villages of N'dar Toute and Guet N'dar. Three See also:bridges connect the town with the villages; and the See also:Pont See also:Faidherbe, 2132 ft. long, affords communication with Bouetville, a suburb on the See also:left bank, and the See also:terminus of the railway to Dakar. The houses of the See also:European See also:quarter have for the most See also:part See also:flat See also:roofs, balconies and terraces. Besides the See also:governor's See also:residence the most prominent buildings are the See also:cathedral, the great See also:mosque, the See also:court-See also:house, the See also:barracks and military offices, and the docks. The See also:round beehive huts of Guet N'dar are mainly inhabited by native fishermen. N'dar Toute consists of villas with gardens, and is a summer watering-See also:place. There is a pleasant public See also:garden, and N'dar Toute is approached by a magnificent See also:alley of See also:palm-trees. The See also:low-lying position of St Louis and the extreme See also:heat render it unhealthy, whilst the sandy nature of the See also:soil causes intense inconvenience. The mouth of the Senegal being obstructed by a shifting See also:bar of sand, the steamships of the great European lines do not come up to St Louis; passengers embark and See also:land at Dakar, on the eastern See also:side of Cape Verde.

See also:

Ships for St Louis have often to wait outside or inside the bar for days or See also:weeks, and partial unloading is frequently necessary. From See also:July to the end of September—that is during See also:flood-time—the water over the bar is, however, deep enough to enable vessels to reach St Louis without difficulty. St Louis is believed to have been the site of a European See also:settlement since the 15th See also:century, but the See also:present town was founded in 1626 by See also:Dieppe merchants known as the Compagnie normande. It is the See also:oldest colonial See also:establishment in Africa belonging to See also:France (see SENEGAL). Its See also:modern development See also:dates from 1854. The town, however, did not receive municipal See also:government till 1872. All citizens, irrespective of See also:colour, can See also:vote. From 1895 to 1903 St Louis was not only the capital of Senegal, but the residence of the governor-See also:general of French West Africa. In See also:November of the last-named year the governor-general removed to Dakar, Small forts defend St Louis from the land side—the surrounding country, the Cayor, being inhabited by a warlike See also:race, which previously to the See also:building (1882–1885) of the St Louis-Dakar railway was a continual source of trouble. The town carries on a very active trade with all the countries watered by the Senegal and the See also:middle See also:Niger. St Louis is connected with See also:Brest by a See also:direct See also:cable, and with See also:Cadiz via the See also:Canary Islands. ST See also:LUCIA, the largest of the See also:British Windward Islands, West Indies, in 14° N., 61° W., 24 M.

S. of See also:

Martinique and 21 M. N.E. of St See also:Vincent. Its See also:area is 233 sq. m., length 42 m., maximum breadth 12 .m., and its See also:coast-See also:line is 15o M. long. It is considered one of the loveliest of all the West See also:Indian islands. It is a See also:mass of mountains, rising sheer from the water, their summits bathed in perpetual mist. Impenetrable forests alternate with fertile plains, and deep ravines and frowning precipices with beautiful bays and coves. Everywhere there is luxuriant vegetation. See also:Les Pitons (2720 and 268o ft.) are the See also:chief natural feature—two immense pyramids of See also:rock rising abruptly from the sea, their slopes, inclined at an See also:angle of 6o°, being clad on three sides with densest verdure. No connexion has been traced between them and the See also:mountain See also:system of the island. In the S.W. also is the See also:volcano of Soufriere (about 4000 ft.), whose See also:crater is 3 acres in See also:size and covered with See also:sulphur and cinders. The See also:climate is humid, the See also:rain-fall varying from 70 to 120 in. per annum, with an See also:average temperature of 80° F. The soil is deep and See also:rich; the See also:main products are See also:sugar, See also:cocoa, See also:logwood, See also:coffee, nutmegs, See also:mace, See also:kola-nuts and See also:vanilla, all of which are exported.

See also:

Tobacco also is grown, but not for export. The urine or central factory system is established, there being four government sugar-mills. See also:Snakes, formerly prevalent, have been almost exterminated by the introduction of the mongoose. Only about a third of the island is cultivated, the See also:rest being See also:crown land under virgin See also:forest, abounding in See also:timber suitable for the finest See also:cabinet See also:work. The main import trade up to 1904 was from Great See also:Britain; since then, owing to the increased See also:coal imports from the United States, the imports are chiefly from other countries. The See also:majority of the exports go to the United States and to See also:Canada. In the ten years 1898–1907 the imports averaged £322,000 a year; the exports £195,000 a year. Bunker coal forms a large See also:item both in imports and exports. Coal, sugar, cocoa and logwood See also:form the chief exports. See also:Education is denominational, assisted by government grants. The large majority of the See also:schools are under the See also:control of the See also:Roman Catholics, to whom all the government See also:primary schools were handed over in 1898. There is a government agricultural school.

St Lucia is controlled by an See also:

administrator (responsible to the governor of the Windward Islands), assisted by an executive See also:council. The legislature consists of the administrator and a council of nominated members. See also:Revenue and See also:expenditure in the See also:period 1901-1907 balanced at about foo,000 a year. The See also:law of the island preserves, in a modified form, the See also:laws of the French See also:monarchy. Castries, the capital, on the N.W. coast, has a magnificent land-locked See also:harbour. There is a See also:concrete See also:wharf 65o ft. long with a See also:depth alongside of 27 ft., and a wharf of See also:wood 552 ft. in length. It is the See also:principal coaling station of the British See also:fleet in the West Indies, was strongly fortified, and has been the military headquarters. (The troops were removed and the military works stopped in 1905.) It is a See also:port of registry, and the facilities it offers as a port of See also:call are widely recognized, the See also:tonnage of ships cleared and entered rising from 1,555,000 in 1898 to 2,627,000 in 1907. Pop. (1901) 7910. Soufriere, in the See also:south, the only other town of any importance, had a population of 2394. The Canbs have disappeared from the island, and the bulk of the inhabitants are negroes.

Their See also:

language is a French See also:patois, but See also:English is gradually replacing it. There is a small colony of East Indian coolies, and the See also:white inhabitants are mostly creoles of French descent. The total population of the island (1901) is 49,833. History.—St Lucia is supposed to have been discovered by See also:Columbus in 1502, and to have been named by the Spaniards after the See also:saint on whose See also:day it was discovered. It was inhabited by Caribs, who killed the majority of the first white See also:people (Englishmen) who attempted to See also:settle on the island (16o5). For two centuries St Lucia was claimed both by France and by See also:England. In 1627 the famous See also:Carlisle See also:grant included St Lucia among British possessions, while in 1635 the. See also:king of France granted it to two of his subjects. In 1638 some 130 English from St Kitts formed a settlement, but in 1641 were killed or driven away by the Caribs. The French in 1650 sent settlers from Martinique who concluded a treaty of See also:peace with the Caribs in 166o. See also:Thomas See also:Warner, natural son of the governor of St Kitts, attacked and overpowered the French settlers in 1663, but the peace of See also:Breda (1667) restored it to France and it became nominally a dependency of Martinique. The British still claimed the island as a dependency of Barbadoes, and in 1722 See also:George I. made a grant of it to the See also:duke of Montague. The year following French troops from Martinique compelled the British settlers to evacuate the island.

In 1748 both France and Great Britain recognized the island as " neutral." In 1762 its inhabitants surrendered to See also:

Admiral See also:Rodney and General Monckton. By the treaty of See also:Paris (1763), however, the British acknowledged the claims of France, and steps were taken to develop the resources of the island. French planters came from St Vincent and See also:Grenada,See also:cotton and sugar plantations were formed, and in 1772 the island was said to have a population of 15,000, largely slaves. In 1778 it was captured by the British; itsharbours were a See also:rendezvous for the British squadrons and See also:Gros Ilet See also:Bay was Rodney's starting-point before his victory over the See also:Comte de See also:Grasse (See also:April 1782). The peace of See also:Versailles (1783) restored St Lucia to France, but in 1794 it was surrendered to Admiral Jervis (See also:Lord St Vincent). See also:Victor See also:Hugues, a See also:partisan of See also:Robespierre, aided by insurgent slaves, made a strenuous resistance and recovered the island in See also:June 1795. See also:Sir See also:Ralph See also:Abercromby and Sir See also:John See also:Moore, at the See also:head of 12,000 troops, were sent in 1796 to reduce the island, but it was not until 1797 that the. revolutionists laid down their arms. By the treaty of See also:Amiens St Lucia was anew declared French. See also:Bonaparte intended to make it the capital of the See also:Antilles, but it once more capitulated to the British (June 1803) and was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1814. In 1834, when the slaves were emancipated, there were in St Lucia over 13,000 See also:negro slaves, 2600 See also:free men of colour and 2300 whites. The development of the island—half ruined by the revolutionary war—has been retarded by epidemics of See also:cholera and smallpox, by the decline of the sugar-See also:cane industry and other causes, such as the low level of education. The depression in the sugar trade led to the See also:adoption of cocoa cultivation.

Efforts were also made to plant settlers on the crown lands—with a See also:

fair amount of success. The colony success-fully surmounted the See also:financial stringency caused by the withdrawal of the imperial troops in 1905. See also:Pigeon Island, formerly an important military port, lies off the N.W. end of St Lucia, by Gros Ilet Bay. See Sir C. P. See also:Lucas, See also:Historical See also:Geography in the British Colonies, vol. ii., " The West Indies " (2nd ed. revised by C. Atchley, See also:Oxford, 1905), and the works there cited; also the annual reports on St Lucia Issued by the Colonial See also:Office. ST See also:MACAIRE, a town of south-western France, in the See also:department of See also:Gironde, on the See also:Garonne, 29 M. S.E. of See also:Bordeaux by rail. Pop. (1906), 2085. St Macaire is important for its See also:medieval remains, which include a triple line of ramparts with old See also:gate-ways.

There are also several houses of the 13th and 14th centuries. The imposing See also:

church of St Sauveur (11th to 15th centuries) has a See also:doorway with beautiful 13th-century See also:carving and interesting mural paintings. St Macaire (anc. Ligena) owes its name to the saint whose See also:relics were preserved in the monastery of which the church of St Sauveur is the principal remnant. ST MAIXENT, a town of western France, in the department of Deux-Sevres, on the Sevre Niortaise, 15 M. N.E. of See also:Niort by rail. Pop. (1906), 4102. The town has a See also:fine See also:abbey church built from the 12th to the 15th century, but in great part destroyed by the Protestants in the 16th century and rebuilt from 167o to 1682 in the flamboyant See also:Gothic See also:style. The chief parts anterior to this date are the See also:nave, which is Romanesque, and a lofty 15th-century See also:tower over the west front. The See also:crypt contains the See also:tomb of Saint See also:Maxentius, second See also:abbot of the monastery, which was founded about 46o. The town has a communal See also:college, a chamber of arts and manufactures, and an See also:infantry school for non-commissioned See also:officers preparing for the See also:rank of sub-See also:lieutenant.

It was the birthplace of See also:

Colonel Denfert-Rochereau, defender of See also:Belfort in 1870-1871, and has' a statue to him. The industries include See also:dyeing and the manufacture of See also:hosiery, See also:mustard and See also:plaster. The prosperity of the town was at its height after the promulgation of the See also:edict of See also:Nantes, when it numbered 12,000 inhabitants. ST MALO, a seaport of western France, capital of an See also:arrondissement in the department of Ylle-et-Vilaine, 51 m.N.N.W. of See also:Rennes by rail. Pop. (1906) town, 8727; See also:commune, 10,647. St Malo is situated on the English Channel on the right bank of the See also:estuary of the See also:Rance at its mouth. It is a See also:garrison town surrounded by ramparts which include portions dating from the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, but as a whole were rebuilt at the end of the 17th century according to See also:Vauban's plans, and restored in the 19th century. The most important of the See also:gates are that of St Vincent and the Grande See also:Porte, defended by two massive 15th-century towers: The See also:granite island on which St Malo stands communicates with the mainland on the See also:north-east by a See also:causeway known as the " Sillon " (furrow), 65o ft. long, and at one See also:time only 46 ft. broad, though now three times that breadth. In the sea round about See also:lie other granite rocks, which have been turned to See also:account in the defences of the coast; on the islet of the See also:Grand See also:Bey is the tomb (1848) of See also:Francois Auguste, vicomte de See also:Chateaubriand, a native of the town. The rocks and See also:beach are continually changing their See also:appearance, owing to the violence of the tides; See also:spring-tides sometimes rise 50 ft. above low-water level, and the sea sometimes washes over the ramparts. The harbour of St Malo lies south of the town in the See also:creek separating it from the neighbouring town of St See also:Servan.

Including the contiguous and connected basins belonging more especially to St Servan, it comprises an See also:

outer See also:basin, a tidal harbour, two wet-docks and an inner See also:reservoir, affording a total length of quayage of over 2 M. The wet-docks have a minimum depth of 13 to 15 ft. on See also:sill, but the tidal harbour is dry at low water. The vessels entered at St Malo-St Servan in 1906 numbered 1004 of 279,217 tons; cleared 1023 of 298,720 tons. The great bulk of trade is with England, the exports comprising large quantities of See also:fruit, See also:dairy-produce, early potatoes and other vegetables and See also:slate. The chief imports are coal and timber. The See also:London and South-Western railway maintains a See also:regular service of steamers between See also:Southampton and St Malo. The port carries on See also:shipbuilding and equips a fleet for the See also:Newfoundland See also:cod-See also:fisheries. The industries also include iron-and See also:copper-See also:founding and the manufacture of portable forges and other iron goods, See also:cement, rope and artificial See also:manures. The town is the seat of a sub-See also:prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce. Communication between the quays of St Malo and St Servan is maintained by a travelling bridge. St Malo is largely frequented for sea-bathing, but not so much as See also:Dinard, on the opposite side of the Rance. The town presents a tortuous See also:maze of narrow streets and small squares lined with high and sometimes See also:quaint buildings (e.g. the 16th-century house in which Rene Duguay-Trouin was born).

Above all rises the See also:

stone See also:spire (1859) of the cathedral, a building begun in the 12th century but added to and rebuilt at several subsequent periods. The See also:castle (15th cent.), which defends the town towards the " Sillon," is flanked with four towers, one of which, the great keep, is an older and loftier structure, breached in 1378 by the duke of See also:Lancaster. St Malo has statues to Chateaubriand, Duguay-Trouin and the See also:privateer See also:Robert Surcouf (1773-1827), natives of the town. The museum contains remains of the See also:ship " La Petite Hermine," in which Jacques See also:Cartier sailed to the St See also:Lawrence (q.v.), and a natural history collection. In the 6th century the island on which St Malo stands was the See also:retreat of Abbot See also:Aaron, who gave See also:asylum in his monastery to Malo (Maclovius or Malovius), a See also:Cambrian See also:priest, who came hither to See also:escape the episcopal dignity, but afterwards became See also:bishop of Aleth (now St Servan); the see was transferred to St Malo only in the 12th century. Henceforth the bishops of St Malo claimed the temporal See also:sovereignty over the town, a claim which was resolutely disputed by the See also:dukes of See also:Brittany. The policy of the citizens themselves, who thus gained substantial See also:powers of self-government, was directed by consistent hostility to England and consequently to the dukes. They took the side of Bishop Josselin de See also:Rohan and his successor in their See also:quarrel with dukes John IV. and John V., and it was not till 1424 that John V., by the agency of See also:Charles VI. of France and with the See also:sanction of the See also:pope, finally established his authority over the town. In 1488 St Malo unsuccessfully resisted the French troops on behalf of the duke. During the troubles of the See also:League the citizens hoped to establish a republican government, and on the rlth of See also:March 1590 they exterminated the royal garrison and imprisoned their bishop and the canons.' But four years later they surrendered to See also:Henry IV. of France. During the following century the maritime See also:power of St Malo attained some importance. In November 1693 and July 1695 the English vainly bombarded it.

The people of St Malo had in the course of a single war captured upwards of 1500 vessels (several of them laden with See also:

gold and other treasure) and burned a considerable number more. Enriched by these successes and by the See also:wealth they See also:drew from the New See also:World, the shipowners of the town not only supplied the king with the means necessary for the famous Rio de Janeiro expedition conducted by Duguay-Trouin in1711, but also See also:lent him large sums for carrying on the war of the See also:Spanish See also:Succession. In June 1758 the English sent a third expedition against St Malo under the command of Charles See also:Spencer, third duke of See also:Marlborough, and inflicted great loss on the royal See also:shipping in the harbour of St Servan. But another expedition undertaken in the following See also:September received a See also:complete check. In 1778 and during the See also:wars of the See also:Empire the St Malo privateers resumed their activity. In 1789 St Servan was separated from St Malo and in r80i St Malo lost its bishopric. During the Reign of Terror the town was the See also:scene of sanguinary executions. See M. J. Poulain, Histoire de Saint-Malo ... d'apres les documents inedits (2nd ed., See also:Lille, 1887). SAINT-MARC See also:GIRARDIN (18o1-1873), French politician and See also:man of letters, whose real name was MARC GIRARDIN, was born in Paris on the 22nd of See also:February 18or. After a brilliant university career in Paris he began in 1828 to contribute to the See also:Journal See also:des Debats, on the See also:staff of which he remained for nearly See also:half a century.

At the See also:

accession of Louis Philippe he was appointed See also:professor of history at the See also:Sorbonne and See also:master of See also:requests in the Conseil d'Etat. ' Soon afterwards he exchanged his See also:chair of history for one of See also:poetry, continuing to contribute See also:political articles to the Debals, and sitting as See also:deputy in the chamber from 1835 to 1848. He was charged in 1833 with a See also:mission to study German methods of education, and issued a See also:report advocating the See also:necessity of newer methods and of technical instruction. In 1844 he was elected a member of the See also:Academy. During the revolution of February 1848 Girardin was for a moment a See also:minister, but after the establishment of the See also:republic he was not re-elected deputy. After the war of 1870-71 he was returned to the Bordeaux See also:assembly by his old department—the Haute See also:Vienne. His Orleanist tendencies and his objections to the republic were strong, and though he at first supported See also:Thiers, he afterwards became a See also:leader of the opposition to the See also:president. He died, however, on the 1st of April 1873 at Morsang-sur-See also:Seine, before Thiers was actually driven from power. His chief work is his Cours de litterature dramatique (1843-1863), a See also:series of lectures better described by its second See also:title De l'usage des passions clans le drame. The author examines the passions, discussing the mode in which they are treated in See also:ancient and modern See also:drama, poetry and See also:romance. The See also:book is really a See also:defence of the ancients against the moderns, and Girardin did not take into account the fact that only the best of ancient literature has come down to us. Against the Romanticists he waged untiring war.

Among his other works may be noticed Essais de litterature (2 vols. 1844), made up chiefly of contributions to the Debats; his Notices sur l'Allemagne (1834), and many volumes of collected Souvenirs, Reflexions, &c., on foreign countries and passing events. His latest works of See also:

literary importance were La See also:Fontaine et les Fabulistes (1867) and an Etude sur J.-J. See also:Rousseau (187o) which had appeared in the Revue des deux mondes. See Ch. Labitte, " Saint-Marc Girardin," in the Revue des deux mondes (Feb. 1845) ; Tamisier, Saint-Marc Girardin; etude litteraire (1876); Hatzfield and See also:Meunier, Les Critiques litteratues du XIX° siecle (1894) SAINT-See also:MARTIN, LOUIS See also:CLAUDE DE (1743-1803), French philosopher, known as " le philosophe inconnu," the name under which his works were published, was born at See also:Amboise of a poor but See also:noble See also:family, on the 18th of See also:January 1743. By his See also:father's See also:desire he tried first law and then the See also:army as a profession. While in garrison at Bordeaux he came under the See also:influence of Martinez de Pasquales, usually called a Portuguese See also:Jew (although later See also:research has made it probable that he was a Spanish See also:Catholic), who taught a See also:species of See also:mysticism See also:drawn from cabbalistic See also:sources, and endeavoured to found thereon a See also:secret cult with magical or theurgical See also:rites. In 1771 Saint-Martin left the army to become a preacher of mysticism. His conversational powers made him welcome in Parisian salons, but his zeal led him to England, where he made the acquaintance of See also:William Law (q.v.), the English mystic, to See also:Italy and to See also:Switzerland, as well as to the chief towns of France. At See also:Strassburg in 1788 he met See also:Charlotte de Boecklin, who initiated him into the writings of See also:Jacob See also:Boehme, and inspired in his See also:breast a semi-romantic See also:attachment.

His later years were devoted almost entirely to the See also:

composition of his chief works and to the See also:translation of those of Boehme: Although he was not subjected to any persecution in consequence of his opinions, his See also:property was confiscated after the Revolution because of his social position. He was brought up a strict Catholic, and always remained attached to the church, although his first work, Of Errors and Truth, was placed upon the See also:Index. He died at Aunay, near Paris, on the 23rd of See also:October 1803. His chief works are—Lettre a un ami sur la Revolution Frangaise; Eclair sur l'association humaine; De l'esprit des choses; Ministere de l'homme-esprit. Other See also:treatises appeared in his cEuvresposthumes (1807). Saint-Martin regarded the French Revolution as a See also:sermon in See also:action, if not indeed a See also:miniature of the last See also:judgment. His ideal society was " a natural and spiritual See also:theocracy," in which See also:God would raise up men of mark and endowment, who would regard themselves strictly as " divine commissioners " to See also:guide the people. All ecclesiastical organization was to disappear, giving place to a purely spiritual See also:Christianity, based on the assertion of a See also:faculty See also:superior to the reason—moral sense, from which we derive knowledge of God. God exists as an eternal See also:personality, and the creation is an over-flowing of the divine love, which was unable to contain itself. The human soul, the human See also:intellect or spirit, the spirit of the universe, and the elements or See also:matter are the four stages of this divine See also:emanation, man being the immediate reflection of God, and nature in turn a reflection of man. Man, however, has fallen from his high See also:estate, and matter is one of the consequences of his fall. But divine love, united to humanity in See also:Christ, will work the final regeneration.

See J. B. Gence, See also:

Notice biographique (1824); L. I. See also:Moreau, Le Philosophe inconnu (185o); E. M. See also:Caro, Essai sur la See also:vie et la See also:doctrine de Saint-Martin (1852); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, x .190; A. J. Matter, Saint-Martin, le philosophe inconnu (1862) ; A. See also:Franck, La Philosophie mystique en France a la fin du See also:dix-huitieme siecle (1866) ; A. E. See also:Waite, The See also:Life of Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1901).

There are English See also:

translations of The See also:Ministry of Man the Spirit (1864) and of Select See also:Correspondence (1863) by E. B. See also:Penny. ST MARTIN, an island in the West Indies, about 5 m. S. of the British island of See also:Anguilla in 18° N. and 63° W. It is 38 sq. in. in area and nearly triangular in form, composed of conical hills, culminating in See also:Paradise See also:Peak (1920 ft.). It is the only island in the Antilles owned by two European powers; 17 sq. in. in the N., belonging to France, form a dependency of See also:Guadeloupe, while the rest of the island, belonging to See also:Holland, is a dependency of See also:Curacao. Sugar, formerly its See also:staple, has been succeeded by See also:salt. The chief town of the French area is Marigot, a free port on the W. coast; of the Dutch, Philipsburg, on the S. St Martin was first occupied by French freebooters in 1638, but ten years later the See also:division between France and Holland was peaceably made. The inhabitants, mostly English-speaking negroes, number about 3000 in the French part, and in the Dutch the population in 1908 was 3817. ST See also:MARY (See also:Santa Maria), an island in the See also:Atlantic Ocean, belonging to See also:Portugal and forming part of the See also:Azores (q.v.).

Pop. (1900), 6383; area, 4o sq. m. St Mary is the southernmost and easternmost of the Azores, lying south of the larger island of St See also:

Michael's, through the See also:medium of which its trade is See also:con-ducted, as it has no See also:good harbours of its own. It produces See also:wheat in abundance, of which a considerable quantity is exported. Various volcanic rocks are the predominant formations, but beds of See also:limestone also occur, giving rise to numerous stalactite grottoes all over the island. The chief town is See also:Villa do See also:Porto (2506). ST MARYLEBONE (commonly called MARYLEBONE), a north-western See also:metropolitan See also:borough of London, England, bounded N. by See also:Hampstead, E. by St Pancras and See also:Holborn, S. by the City of See also:Westminster, and W. by See also:Paddington. Pop. (1901), 133,301. It is mainly a rich residential quarter; the most fashionable part is found in the south, in the vicinity of See also:Cavendish and Portman Squares, but there are numerous fine houses surrounding See also:Regent's See also:Park and in the north-western See also:district of St John's Wood. Oxford See also:Street, with its handsome shops, See also:bounds the borough on the south, See also:crossing Regent Street at Oxford See also:Circus; Edgware Road on the west; Marylebone Road crosses from east to west, and from this Upper See also:Baker Street gives See also:access to Park, See also:Wellington, and See also:Finchley Roads; and Baker Street leads south-See also:ward. Poor and squalid streets are found, in See also:close proximity to the wealthiest localities, between Marylebone Road and St John's Wood Road, and about High Street in the south, the site of the See also:original See also:village.

The formation of the Great Central Railway, the Marylebone terminus of which, in Marylebone Road, was opened in 1899, caused an extensive demolition of streets and houses in the west central district. St Marylebonewas in the See also:

manor of See also:Tyburn, which takes name from the Tyburn, a stream which flowed south to the See also:Thames through the centre of the present borough. The church was called St Mary at the See also:Bourne. The name Tyburn (q.v.) was notorious chiefly as applied to the gallows which stood near the existing junction of Edgware Road and Oxford Street (See also:Marble Arch). The manor at the Domesday Survey was in the See also:possession of the nunnery at See also:Barking, but the borough includes several estates, such as the manor of Lyllestone in the west, the name of which is preserved in Lisson See also:Grove. From 1738 to 1776 Marylebone Gardens (which had existed under other names from the close of the 17th century) became one of the most favoured evening resorts in London. They extended east of High Street as far as Harley Street, but by 1778 the ground was being built over. Another historic site is See also:Horace Street near Edgware Road, formerly See also:Cato Street, from which the See also:conspiracy which See also:bore that name was directed against the ministry in 1820. The borough includes almost the whole of Regent's Park, with a portion of See also:Primrose See also:Hill north of it. These have altogether an area of 472 acres. The park, originally Marylebone Park, was enclosed by See also:James I., and received its modern name from the See also:Prince Regent, afterwards George IV. It contains the Zoological Gardens, one of the most noteworthy institutions of its See also:kind, attracting numerous visitors to its splendid collections of living animals.

Here are also the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society, incorporated in 1839. They are enclosed and beautifully laid out, and contain hot-houses and a museum. Exhibitions are held each year. The Toxophilite Society, founded in 1781, has also occupied grounds here since 1883. The picturesque See also:

lake is supplied by the ancient Tyburn. The Regent's See also:Canal skirts the north side of the park. Another famous enclosure is Lord's See also:Cricket Ground, St John's Wood Road. The founder, Thomas Lord (1814), at first established a cricket ground in the present See also:Dorset Square, but it was soon moved here. Lord's, as it is called, is the headquarters of the M.C.C. (Marylebone Cricket See also:Club), the governing See also:body of the See also:game; here are played the See also:home matches of this club and of the See also:Middlesex County Cricket Club, the Oxford and See also:Cambridge, See also:Eton and See also:Harrow, and other well-known See also:fixtures. The See also:Wallace See also:Art Collection, See also:Hertford House, See also:Manchester Square, was bequeathed by Sir See also:Richard Wallace to the nation on the See also:death of his wife in 1897. The waxwork See also:exhibition named after Madame See also:Tussaud, who founded it in Paris in 1780, occupies large buildings in Marylebone Road.

The See also:

Parkes Museum of the Sanitary See also:Institute is in See also:Margaret Street. The See also:Queen's See also:Hall, See also:Langham Place, is used for concerts, including a notable annual series of orchestral See also:promenade concerts. StMarylebone contains a great number of hospitals, among which are the Middlesex, See also:Mortimer Street; See also:Throat. See also:Hospital and Dental Hospital and School, Great See also:Portland Street; Lying-in and Ophthalmic Hospitals, Marylebone Road; Samaritan Hospital for See also:women, See also:Seymour Street; See also:Consumption Hospital, Margaret Street; and the Home for incurable See also:children, St John's Wood Road. There are also several See also:industrial homes. Harley Street, between Marylebone Road and Cavendish Square, is noted as the residence of medical practitioners. Educational institutions include the Trinity and the See also:Victoria Colleges of See also:Music, in Manchester Square and See also:Berners Street respectively; the See also:Bedford College for women, and the Regent's Park Baptist College. The See also:parliamentary borough of Marylebone has east and west divisions, each returning one member. The borough council consists of a See also:mayor, to aldermen and 6o councillors. Area, 1472.8 acres.

End of Article: EAST ST

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