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SOUTH CAROLINA
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See also:SOUTH CAROLINA , a South See also:Atlantic See also:state of the See also:United States of See also:America, and one of the See also:original thirteen, lying between latitudes 32° 2' and 350 17' N. and between longitudes 78° 3o' and 83° 2o' W. It is bounded N. by See also:North Carolina, E. by North Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean, S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S.W. and W. by the See also:Savannah, Tugaloo and Chattooga See also:rivers, which See also:separate it from See also:Georgia. Its See also:total See also:area is 30,989 sq. m., and of this 494 sq. m. are See also:water See also:surface. Surface Features.—South Carolina is mainly in the Coastal See also:Plain and See also:Piedmont See also:Plateau regions, but in the north-See also:west it extends slightly into the Appalachian See also:Mountain region. Locally the Coastal Plain region is known as the See also:low See also:country, and the Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountain regions are known as the up-country. The See also:coast, about 200 M. in length, is generally low. For 6o m. south-west of the North Carolina border it is unbroken and lined with a smooth, hard See also:beach of See also:light-coloured See also:sand, but below this it becomes increasingly broken by estuaries and is lined with See also:flat and low See also:sea-islands that increase in See also:size and number toward the Georgia border. For about io m. back from the coast the Coastal Plain region is occupied very largely by See also:salt marshes. Then, although still continuing flat, the surface rises at the See also:rate of about 21 ft. per mile for 4o m. or more; beyond this it rises more rapidly, reaches a maximum See also:elevation in See also:Lexington See also:county of about 700 ft. above the sea, and becomes increasingly broken into See also:rolling plateaus and deep valleys to the Fall See also:Line, which marks the boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Plateau. This line, at which the south-See also:east flowing rivers fall from higher levels in the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau down to somewhat See also:lower levels in the softer rocks of the Coastal Plain, passes in a See also:general south-west direction from the North Carolina border north-east of Cheraw through See also:Camden and See also:Columbia to the Savannah See also:river opposite See also:Augusta, Georgia. The Piedmont Plateau region, rising gradually from an elevation of about 500 ft. along the Fall Line to See also:I000 ft. or more in the north-west, is a plateau broken into undulating ridges and deeply cut valleys. In the small See also:section of South Carolina which is traversed by the Appalachian Mountain region a few mountains of the See also:Blue See also:Ridge rise abruptly from the See also:foot-hills to 3413 ft. in Mt See also:Pinnacle, 3218 ft. in Caesars See also:Head, and 3157 ft. in Table See also:Rock. The highest point in the state is Sassafras Mountain (3548 ft.) in the Blue Ridge and on the North Carolina state line. The mean elevation of the entire state is about 350 ft. The See also:principal rivers rise in the Appalachian Mountains and flow south-east into the Atlantic Ocean. In the See also:middle section the Santee river is formed by the confluence of the Wateree, which is known in North Carolina as the See also:Catawba, and the Congaree, which is in turn formed by the Broad and the Saluda, and the See also:basin of this See also:system embraces about one-See also:half the area of the state. In the north-east the See also:Great Pedee and its tributaries—the Little Pedee, Waccamaw and Lynches—are wholly within the Coastal Plain, but the See also:main stream is a continuation below the Fall Line of the Yadkin river, which rises in the mountains of North Carolina. On the Georgia border the Chattooga river, rising in the Blue Ridge, becomes tributary to the Tugaloo, which in turn becomes tributary to the Savannah. The Combahee and the Edisto, in the south-east, and the See also:Black, north of the Santee, are the principal rivers that rise within the Coastal Plain and flow See also:direct to the ocean. In the Piedmont Plateau region the current of the rivers is usually See also:swift, and not infrequently there are falls or rapids; but in the Coastal Plain region the current becomes sluggish, and in times of high water the rivers spread over wide areas. See also:Fauna.—The principal animals and birds in South Carolina are See also:deer, rabbits, squirrels, opossums, See also:musk-rats, raccoons, minks, geese, ducks, See also:wild turkeys, " See also:partridge " (See also:quail or bobwhite), See also:woodcock and See also:snipe. Foxes, bears, wolves, See also:lynx (wild See also:cats) and otters are very rare, and pumas (panthers) and beavers See also:long ago disappeared. See also:Common among birds of See also:prey are owls, See also:hawks and kites, and there are many See also:turkey buzzards. See also:Song birds are numerous and of many varieties; among them are thrushes, mocking birds, blue birds, See also:robins, wrens, chickadees, warblers, vireos, sparrows, bobolinks (See also:reed birds or See also:rice birds), meadow larks and orioles. In the bays and lower courses of the rivers are porpoises, See also:whiting, sea See also:bass, channel bass, See also:shad, See also:sturgeon, See also:mullet, See also:drum, bluefish, snappers, See also:sheepshead, weakfish or squeteague, groupers, and several other kinds of See also:fish. Oysters, crabs, See also:shrimp and terrapins are also abundant here, and in the inland streams are some See also:pike, See also:perch, See also:trout and catfish.
See also:Flora.—From the number of palmettoes along the coast South Carolina has become popularly known as the See also:Palmetto state. Scarcely less conspicuous for some distance from the ocean are the magnolias, the live oaks draped with long See also: See also:Climate.—Along the coast the climate is comparatively mild and equable. At See also:Charleston, for example, the mean See also:winter temperature is 51 ° F., the mean summer temperature 81 ° F., the mean See also:annual temperature 66° F., and the range of extremes from 104° F. to 7° F. or 97° F. Toward the north-west the mean winter temperature decreases to 47° F. at Columbia and to 400 F. at See also:Greenville; the mean summer temperature decreases only to 8o° F. as far as Columbia, but from there to Greenville decreases to 75° F.; and the mean annual temperature decreases to 62° F., at Columbia and to 58° F. at Greenville. The range of extremes increases to 108° F. (106° to -2°) at Columbia, and then decreases to 102°F. (97° to -5°) at Greenville. The greatest range of extremes in the state is from II° F. at Santuck,See also:Union county, in See also:February 1899, to 106° F. at Columbia in See also:August 1900. For the whole state the mean annual temperature is about 63° F., the mean summer temperature 79° F., and the mean winter temperature 44° F. In nearly all sections See also:January is the coldest See also:month and See also:July the warmest. The mean annual rainfall for the state is about 49 in., and its See also:distribution is excellent. Extremes for the various sections range only from 53.4 in. at Charleston to 44.4 in. at Stateburg, in See also:Sumter county. Seventeen inches, or more than one-third, falls during the summer, and for the other seasons the range is only from ioi in. for autumn to 11.6 in. for winter. See also:Snow is uncommon in the south-east of the state, and whenever there is a snow-See also:storm the snow usually melts as it falls; but in the centre and north-west occasionally covers the ground to a See also:depth of several inches. The prevailing winds are from the south-west along the coast, from the north-east in the north-central section, and from the west in the west section. See also:Tornado winds sometimes occur in the west section, and the east section occasionally suffers from West See also:Indian hurricanes. Soils.—In general the soils of the Piedmont Plateau regionare such as have been formed by the disintegration of the under-lying rocks. These consist mostly of See also:granite and See also:gneiss, but in the north-central section there is See also:trap-rock, and in the south-east section some See also:slate. On the more level areas of the Piedmont Plateau the granitic soil is a See also:grey mixture of sand and See also:clay, but on the hillsides of the river basins it is a heavy clay of reddish See also:colour, the sand having been washed down to See also:form the soils of the Coastal Plain. In all sections of the Piedmont Plateau the subsoil is a reddish or yellowish clay. In the upper section of the Coastal Plain region the soil is for the most See also:part a loose sand, but lower down it becomes finer, more tenacious, and consequently more fertile. See also:Agriculture.—The number of farms in South Carolina was 93,864 in 188o, 115,008 in 1890 and 154,166 in 1900—the number for the two last named years not including farms of less than 3 acres and of relatively small productivity. The total acreage in farms in 188o was 13,457,613 acres, of which 4132 acres were improved; in 189o, 13,184,652 acres, of whicn 5,255,237 acres were improved; and in 1900, 13,985,014 acres, of which 5,755,741 acres were improved. The total value of See also:farm See also:property, with improvements, machinery and livestock, was $84,079,702 in 188o; $119,849,272 (See also:average value per farm, $1042) in 189o; and $153,591,159 (average value, $989) in 1900; while the average value per See also:acre of farm-See also:land increased from $9.09 in 189o, to $10.98 in 1900. Of farms of moo acres and more there were 1635 in 1880 and Iwo in 1900; of between 500 acres and I000 acres there were 3693 in 1880 and 2314 in 1900; of 50 acres and less than Too acres there were 13,612 in 188o and 29,944 in 190o; of 20 acres and less than 5o acres there were 3688 in 1880 and 5261 in 1900. Farms worked by owners numbered 46,645 in 188o and 60,471 in 19o0; by See also:cash tenants, 21,974 in 188o and 57,046 in 1900; by See also:share tenants, 25,245 in 188o and 37,838 in 1900. Of the 155,355 farms in the state in 1900, 85,381 were worked by negroes of whom 22.2 % were owners of their farms, 49.7 % cash tenants and 27.9 % share tenants. The state long out-ranked all other states in the growing of rice, but this See also:industry has declined, and South Carolina is now surpassed by both See also:Louisiana and See also:Texas. See also:Cotton is the state's most valuable See also:crop. The cotton product of the state in 1889 was 747,190 See also:bales, in 1899 it was 881,422 bales, and in 1909, 1,095,000 bales. The principal cereals, with the amounts and values of the crops in 1899 and 1909 are: Indian See also:corn, 17,429,610 See also:bush. ($9,149,808) in 1899 and 37,041,000 bush. ($33,337,000) in 1909; See also:wheat, 1,017,319 bush. ($958,158) in 1899 and 3,810,000 bush. ($5,563,000) in 1909. Oats, 2,661,670 bush. ($1,226,575) in 1899 and 4,431,000 bush. ($3,190,000) in 1909. Rice, 47,360,128 lb ($1,366,528) in 1899, on 23,726 farms, nearly half of the total number (48,155) of rice farms in the United States, which, however, decreased to 476,000 bush. ($433,000) in 1909. The See also:rye crop was 19,372 bush. ($18,405) in 1899, and 39,000 bush. ($55,000) in 1909. Other important clops are: See also:tobacco 19,895,970 lb ($1,297,293) in 1899, and 32,000,000 lb ($2,336,000) in 1909; See also:hay and See also:forage, 213,249 tons ($2,304,734) in 1899, and of hay alone 81,00o tons ($1,256,000) in 1909; potatoes, 3,369,957 bush. ($1,G38,205) in 1899 and 765,000 bush. ($880,0oo)in1909. See also:Mining.—The value of the See also:mineral product of the state was $1,834,134 in 1902, $2,305,203 in 1907 and $2,081,001 in 1908. The total value of the products of manufacturing See also:industries based on mining was $18,565,682 in 1900, or 17.2 % of the total value of the product of all manufacturing industries. The most valuable single mineral is phosphate rock, which is found in a See also:belt 70 m. long by 30 M. wide, extending from the mouth of the Broad river near See also:Port Royal in the south-east to the headwaters of the Wando river in the north-east. The See also:chief deposits are found in See also:Berkeley, See also:Dorchester, Charleston, Colleton and See also:Beaufort counties, at the bottom of rivers, 20 to 30 ft. in depth, and on land at an elevation but little above mean See also:tide. Its commercial value for the manufacture of fertilizer was established in 1867, and the mining of it began soon afterwards in the See also:Ashley River region. The amount See also:mined in 1868 was 12,262 long tons; in 1902, 313,365 long tons; and in 1908, 225,495 long tons, valued at $989,881. The value of other minerals produced in 1908 was as follows: Granite, $297,874; clay, $110,636; and See also:monazite, $13,4 4. The product and value of mineral See also:waters was 786,754 gals. ($195,182) in 1907 and 271,572 gals. ($70,937) in 1908. Minerals which were not mined commercially in 1902 include See also:asbestos, which occurs in See also:Spartanburg and See also:Pickens counties; fullers'-See also:earth: See also:graphite in Spartanburg and Greenville counties; See also:iron ores in the north and north-west portions of the state; iron See also:pyrites in Spartanburg and See also:York counties; See also:talc, See also:bismuth, ochre, pyrites, See also:galena, See also: More than half of the manufacturing establishments were engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods, of See also:lumber and See also:timber, of fertilizers, of cotton-See also:seed oil and cake, of lumber and planing-See also: ($5,344,146) in 1905; twills and sateens, 11,3 9 712 sq. yds. ($485,484) in 1900 and 45,220,488 sq. yds. ($2,175,651 in 1905. The value of the products of other industries in 1900 and 1905 were as follows: Lumber and timber, $4,942,362 in 1900 and $6,791,451 in 1905; cotton-seed oil and cake, $3,103,425 in 1900 and $5,462,818 in 1905 ; fertilizers, $4,882,506 in 1900 and $3,637,576 in 1905; lumber and planing-mill products, including See also:sash, doors and blinds, $I,016,328 in 1900 and $1,478,581 in 1905; hosiery and knit goods, $392,237 in 1900 and $1 ,o78,682 in 1905; cars and general shop construction and See also:repairs by See also:steam railway companies, $691,361 in 1900 and $1,080,990 in 1905. Forests.—The principal lumber resource of South Carolina is yellow (or " See also:southern ") pine, and there is also a small quantity of See also:cypress. The stand of yellow pine in the state in 188o was estimated at 5316 million ft.; and in 1905 it. was estimated at 8363 million ft. The value of the lumber product increased from $I,Io8,88o in 185o to $5,207,184 in 1900. Some use is also made of the See also:forest resources of the state in the manufacture of See also:veneer, See also:paper pulp, See also:turpentine and other chemicals. See also:Fisheries.—The total yield of the state's fisheries in 1902 was 8,174,463 lb, valued 'to the fishermen at $263,023, which is an in-crease over that of 1897 of 2,894,017 lb and of $52,567 in value. The number of persons employed in 1902 was 3713, an increase over 1897 of 1574; the amount of capital invested in 1902 was $320,723, an increase over 1897 of $146,369. The See also:oyster See also:fishery represented in 1902 about 45 % of the entire value of the state's fisheries, the catch in that See also:year being 689,700 bush., valued at $118,460, an increase over 1897 of 474.80o bush. and $73,100. The amount and value of other catches in 1902 were as follows: whiting, 6o6,300 lb ($3o,118); sea bass, 709,5 4.5 lb ($27,364) ; shad, 434,113 lb ($20,782) ; clam, 28,133 bush. ($12,94C); shrimp 306,500 lb ($12,452); terrapin, 27,521 lb $5,580); mullet, 138,000,16 ($3782) ; jewfish, 79,500 lb ($3738) ; channel bass, 102,000. lb ($3550) ; squeteague, 85,700 lb ($3059); See also:shark, 90,000 lb ($, 800). Other fish taken include the sheepshead, drum, grouper, striped bass and croaker.
Transport ation: The chief railway systems of South Carolina are the Southern, the Seaboard See also:Air line and the Atlantic Coast line. The railway mileage of the state was 3335.48 M. on the 1st of January 1909. Inland water communication is furnished by several navigable rivers. Between 1816 and 1826 the state expended upon See also:internal improvements $1,712,626, a large part of which was appropriated for See also:building, canals See also:round the rapids of five rivers;
IIn this class are included the manufactures of only four cities, Charleston, Columbia, Greenville and Spartanburg, which in 1900 had populations of 8000 or more.between 1878 and 1900 the United States See also:government expended $6,063,692 upon seven rivers and three harbours. The Savannah River is navigable from Savannah to Augusta, Georgia (202 m.), where its mean low water depth is 3 ft., and from Augusta to See also:Peters-See also:burg, Georgia, for flatboats. Other navigable streams are the Waccamaw, to Bucksville (50 M.); the Great Pedee to See also: Of the inhabitants born in the United States, 29,521 were natives of North Carolina, and 13,544 were natives of ' Georgia, and of the foreign-born 2075 were Germans, and 1131, were natives of See also:Ireland. Of the total population, 17,628 were of foreign parentage—i.e. either one or both parents were foreignborn—and 2503 were of See also:German and 1607 of Irish parentage on both the See also:father's and the See also:mother's See also:side. In 1906 there were in the state 655,933 members of different religious denominations, of whom the Baptist bodies were the strongest with 341,456 communicants; the Methodist bodies had 249,169 members; 35,533 were Presbyterians; 12,652 were See also:Lutherans; 10,317 were See also:Roman Catholics; and 8557 were See also:Protestant Episcopalians. From 1890 to 'goo the urban population (i.e. in places with 4000 inhabitants) increased from 84,459 to 157,111; the semi-urban population (i.e. population of incorporated places), or the approximate See also:equivalent, having less than 4000 inhabitants) increased from 93,551 to 104,352; while the rural population (i.e. population outside of incorporated places) increased from 973,139 to 1,078,853. The principal cities are Charleston, Columbia (the capital), Spartanburg, Greenville, Sumter, See also: Under the permanent See also:plan, however, this distinction will gradually disappear. Those who should apply for registration after the 1st of January 1898 must be able to read and write any section of the constitution submitted to them by the registration officer, or must show that they have paid all taxes for the previous year on property See also:worth $300 or more. Other requirements for voters 2 According to previous censuses the population was as follows: 1790, 249,073; 1800, 345,591; 1810, 415,115; 1820, 502,741 ; 1830, 581,185; 184o, 594,398; i85o, 668,507; 1860, 703,708; 1870, 705,606. are : See also:residence in the state for two years (except that ministers in See also:charge of organized churches and teachers of public See also:schools need have a residence in the state of six months only), in the county for one year, and in the polling See also:precinct for four months, and the See also:payment six months before election-See also:time of a See also:poll-tax. Idiots, insane persons, paupers, convicts and persons convicted of certain crimes (enumerated in the constitution) and not pardoned by the See also:governor are disqualified from registering or voting. Under the constitution of 1895 the governor holds See also:office for two years and is eligible for re-election. The governor and the See also:lieutenant-governor must be See also:thirty years old and must have been citizens of the United States and citizens and residents of the state for five years. The governor has a See also:veto See also:power, extending to the separate items in See also:appropriation bills, which may be overcome by a two-thirds majority in each house of the General Assembly; three days (excluding See also:Sunday) are allowed to the governor for vetoing bills or See also:joint resolutions passed by the General Assembly, or only two days if the General Assembly adjourn before three days have elapsed. The lieutenant-governor is the presiding officer of the See also:senate, and succeeds the governor if the governor is removed from office by See also:impeachment, See also:death, resignation or otherwise. Other administrative See also:officers of the state, each elected for two years, are a secretary of state, a See also:comptroller-general, an See also:attorney-general, a treasurer, an See also:adjutant and inspector-general, and a See also:superintendent of See also:education. The state legislature is officially styled the General Assembly, and is composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The House of Representatives is composed of 124 members elected every two years and apportioned among the counties according to population; the Senate of one member from each county, elected for a See also:term of four years, the term of one-half of the senators ending every two years. Annual sessions of the General Assembly are held, beginning on the second Tuesday in January. In 1904 the legislature submitted an amendment providing for biennial sessions and it was ratified by a popular vote, but inasmuch as the constitution requires a subsequent ratification by the legislature, the question came 'up again in the session of 1905. See also:Attention was then called to the fact that the new amendment would make other changes in the constitu- tion necessary, and the See also:matter was referred to a legal See also:commission. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme See also:Court and two See also:circuit courts, a court of common pleas having See also:civil See also:jurisdiction, and a court of general sessions having criminal jurisdiction. The supreme court consists of a chief See also:justice and three associates, elected by a joint viva voce vote of the General Assembly for a term of eight years. In each of the eight circuits is a circuit See also:judge elected in a similar manner for four years. The magistrates or justices of the See also:peace are appointed by the governor—a See also:wise See also:provision, because under the constitution of 1868 negroes were frequently elected who could neither read nor write. See also:Local Government.—The unit of local government in South Carolina is the county, which, the state constitution provides, " shall be a See also:body politic and corporate." The constitution also provides for the See also:establishment of a new county, " whenever one-third of the qualified electors within the area of each section of an old county proposed to be cut off to form a new county shall See also:petition the governor for the creation of a new county," whereupon the governor " shall See also:order an election within a reasonable time there-after," and if two-thirds of the voters vote "yes," the General Assembly at the next session shall establish the new county, provided that no section of a county shall be cut off without the consent of two-thirds of those voting in such section; that no new county " shall contain less than one one See also:hundred and twenty-See also:fourth part of the whole number of inhabitants of the state, nor shall it have less assessed taxable property than one and one-half millions of dollars, nor shall it contain an area of less than four hundred square See also:miles "; and that " no old county shall be reduced to less area than five hundred square miles, to less assessed taxable property than two million dollars, nor to a smaller population than fifteen thousand inhabitants." The General Assembly may alter county lines at any time, provided the proposed See also:change is sanctioned by two-thirds of the voters in the section proposed to be cut off. The General Assembly may also provide for the consolidation of two or more counties if a majority of the voters concerned approve, " but such election shall not be held oftener than once in four years in the same counties." Counties are divided into townships andunder the constitution each " shall constitute a body politic and corporate," but in 1910 there were no separate township governments, the existing See also:division of counties into townships being for the purpose of convenience in adjusting taxes. Municipal government machinery is prescribed by a general state See also:law which provides for the acquirement by municipalities of waterworks and See also:lighting. plants, the levying and collection of taxes and the issuing of licences, and regulates bonded debts. Cities and towns are per. mitted to exempt, by See also:ordinance, certain classes of manufactories from all taxes except for school purposes, provided such ordinances are ratified by a majority of the electors. See also:Miscellaneous See also:Laws.—The elaborate precautions taken to prevent lynching are a peculiarity of the constitution of 1895. Any officer—state, county or municipal—who, through See also:negligence or connivance, permits a prisoner to be seized and lynched, forfeits his office and becomes ineligible to hold any office of See also:trust or profit in the state unless pardoned by the governor. The county in which the See also:crime occurs 1s, without regard to the conduct of the officers, liable in See also:damages of not less than $2000 to the legal representative of the See also:person lynched; the county is authorized, however, to recover this amount from the persons engaged in the lynching. A fourth unusual feature is that South Carolina has applied the principle of direct See also:primary nominations to all elective officials from governor down. United States senators are in practice elected by the people, for the legislature merely registers the result of the primary. Since an See also:absolute majority of the votes See also:cast is required, it is often necessary to hold a second primary in which only the two leading candidates are considered (see See also:act of the 22nd of See also:December 1888, and ex See also:paste See also:Sanders, 53 S.C. 478). South Carolina is the only state in which See also:divorce is not allowed in any circumstances; this is a constitutional provision. Divorces were not permitted before 1868 and the provisions of the constitution of that year and of an act of 1872, permitting divorce (for See also:adultery or for wilful desertions for two years) were repealed in 1878. A married woman may hold, acquire and dispose of property as if she were single, and the descent of the See also:estate of a See also:husband dying intestate is the same as that of a wife dying intestate, the survivor being entitled to one-third of the estate if there are one or more See also:children, and to one-half of the estate if there are no children or other lineal descendants. Tenancy by See also:courtesy was abolished in 1883, but the right of See also:dower still obtains; the widow's See also:acceptance of a distributive share in her husband's estate, however, bars her dower. A See also:homestead in lands to the value of $r000, the products of the same, and See also:personal property to the value of $500 which belong to the head of a See also:family or to the husband and wife jointly are exempt from See also:attachment, See also:levy or sale except for taxes, See also:purchase See also:money or debts contracted in making improvements or repairs. The exemption of the See also:home-See also:stead continues for the benefit of the widow or for the children alone, whether minors or not, provided it is occupied by some of them, and it may be partitioned among the children regardless of debts. The number of See also:hours' labour for operatives and employes in cotton and woollen mills is limited to sixty a See also:week and must not exceed eleven in any one See also:day, except for making up lost time to the extent of sixty hours in any one year. A See also:prohibition See also:bill introduced in the legislature of 1892 was, through the See also:influence of the Tillman Reform See also:faction, replaced by a substitute measure, which established a dispensary system, based upon the See also:Gothenburg plan. This system went into effect in July 1893 and was in force for thirteen years. Under it the state bought liquors, graded them in accordance with a chemical See also:analysis, and sold therfi to consumers in packages of not less than one half-See also:pint; the dispensaries were open from sunrise to sunset, no sales were made to minors or drunkards, and no liquor was drunk on the premises; there was a state dispensary See also:commissioner and a state See also:board of See also:control; and the profits were divided between the state, the counties and the municipalities, the share of the state being devoted to educational purposes. The state dispensary was opposed by the old conservative faction, by the See also:saloon keepers, and by the See also:radical prohibitionists. The Supreme Court of the state by a vote of two to one decided in See also:April 1894 that the law was unconstitutional., but in See also:October a change in the personnel of the court brought about a reversal. The Supreme Court of the United States held on the 18th of January 1897 that the provisions of the See also:statute forbidding the importation of liquor by anyone except certain state officials were in violation of the interstate See also:commerce clause of the constitution (See also:Scott v. Donald, 165 U.S. 58). Under the Brice bill, passed in 1904 and amended in 1905, which gave the people of each county the choice between dispensary and prohibition, with the proviso that if they adopt the latter they must pay the extra taxes necessary to enforce it, several counties adopted prohibition; and in 1907 the state dispensary system was abolished, all impure liquors were declared See also:contraband, each county was required to vote to prohibit the sale of liquors or to establish a dispensary, the sale of intoxicating liquors was forbidden outside of cities and towns, and sales may be made only through county dispensaries, which may not sell at See also:night or on Sunday, or to inebriates or minors. The constitution of 1895 forbade a restoration of the saloon system in its original form. An act of 1909 made it a See also:misdemeanour to solicit orders for liquor in the state. Education.—As See also:early as 1710 public school education was provided for indigent children. The See also:present See also:free-school system was established in 1868. The educational system is under the super-See also:vision of the state superintendent of education, with the assistance of a board composed of the governor and not exceeding seven other persons appointed by the governor. The constitution of 1895 ordered a three-mills levy. The present high-school system See also:dates from an act of 1907; and in 1909–1910 there were 131 high schools, six of which required a full four-years' course. The per capita See also:expenditure according to enrolment was $4.98 for each white See also:pupil and $1.42 for each negro pupil in 1899; in 1909 it was $10.34 for each white pupil and $1.70 for each negro. The schools are supported by See also:taxation; they formerly received the profits from the dispensary. The maximum local tax levy is eight-mills for elementary schools and two-mills for high schools. In 1908–1909 the total expenditures for 5066 public schools '(2712 for whites, 2354 for negroes) in the state was $1,898,886, of which $1,590,733 was for whites. The average yearly See also:salary in 1908–1909 in white schools was $479.79 for men and $219.13 for See also:women teachers; in negro schools the corresponding salaries were $118.17 and $91.45. The state sup-ports wholly or in part, the university of South Carolina (before 1906 South Carolina See also:College), established at Columbia in 18o1; the South Carolina Military See also:Academy (locally called " The Citadel ") established at Charleston in 1845, Clemson Agricultural College (1889), at Clemson, Oconee county, with departments of agriculture, See also:chemistry, See also:mechanics and See also:electricity, textiles and military, and See also:academic and preparatory courses; See also:Winthrop Normal and See also:Industrial College for Girls (1895) at Rock Hill, and the Coloured Normal, Industrial, Agricultural and See also:Mechanical College (1896) at See also:Orangeburg. Among the other higher institutions of learning are the college of Charleston (1790, non-sectarian), See also:Newberry College (1858, Lutheran) at Newberry, the Presbyterian College of South Carolina (1880) at See also:Clinton, See also:Erskine College (1839, See also:Associate Reformed Presbyterian) at Due West, Furman University (1852, Baptist) at Greenville, and Wofford College (1854, Methodist Episcopal South) at Spartanburg; for women, Converse College (1890, non-sectarian) at Spartanburg, the College for Women (1890, Presbyterian) at Columbia, Columbia College (1859, non-sectarian) near Columbia, Greenville See also:Female College (1854, Baptist) at Greenville, See also:Lander Female College (1872, until 1903 at See also:Williams-ton, and until 1904 the Williamston Female College, Methodist Episcopal South) at See also:Greenwood, and the Due West Female College (1859, Associate Reformed Presbyterian) at Due West; and for negroes, See also:Claflin University (1869, Methodist Episcopal) at See also:Orange-burg, See also:Allen University (1881, See also:African Methodist Episcopal) at Columbia, and several normal and industrial schools. There are theological seminaries at Columbia (1828, Presbyterian), at Due West (1837, Associate Reformed Presbyterian), and at See also:Mount Pleasant (1898, Lutheran). Charities, &c.—The state has no board of public charities, and under the present constitution the county commissioners are over-seers of the poor, except in Charleston and Columbia whose poor are provided for by the municipal authorities. The county commissioners of each county have charge of the poor-house of the county, appoint its superintendent, physician and other officials, and See also:report annually to the judge of the Court of General Sessions, who submits this report to the See also:grand See also:jury. Each poor-house must have sufficient tillable land to give employment to all paupers who are able to See also:work. There is an institution for the See also:deaf, dumb and See also:blind (1849, since 1857 a state institution) at See also:Cedar Springs, and a state See also:hospital for the insane, founded in 1821 at Columbia by See also:Samuel Farrow (1760–1824) and opened in 1828. The state See also:penitentiary is also at Columbia. See also:Finance.—The revenues of the state are derived mainly from the general property tax, fees, licences, dispensary profits and phosphate royalties. At the beginning of the Civil See also:War the public See also:debt was $3,814,862.91 and the See also:credit of the state was See also:sound. The obligations contracted in support of the war, amounting to about 83,000,000 were of course nullified by the Fourteenth Amendment. There were so many irregularities and so much corruption connected with the See also:bond issues of reconstruction days that it is impossible to discover their exact amount. Estimates of the total debt in 1872 vary from $28,000,000 to $33,000,000. The first step towards repudiation was taken by the " See also:carpet-bag " legislature of 1873, when it provided for the issue of consolidated bonds to replace the outstanding obligations at the rate of fifty cents on the See also:dollar. Nearly six million dollars worth were declared null and voic' because issued without authority of law. After the return of the Democrats to power in 1877 a further investigation was made and the government finally assumed responsibility for $6,406,606. The greater part of this was funded under an act of October 1892, and provision was made for a sinking fund, derived mainly from the See also:royalty on phosphate beds. In 1909 the funded debt amounted to S6,526,885. The legislature is forbidden to create any further debt except for the ordiiaary current business of the state, unless the proposition be submitted to the voters of the state and approved by a two-thirds majority. After the abolition of the state dispensary system in 1907 a State Dispensary Commission was createdfor winding up the business of the dispensary and distributin, about $900,000 (of which $See also:ioo,000 was still due) of dispensary funds. Two companies brought suit for moneys owed for liquor sold to the state dispensary; the commission resisted the suit on the ground that as a court and as a representative of the state it could not be sued; the circuit court and the circuit court of appeals overruled this plea and put the funds into the hands of a See also:receiver; but in April 1909 this famous cause was closed by the decision of the Federal Supreme Court, upholding the commission and re-storing to it the fund. See also:Banks are subject to the supervision of an examiner and in addition are required to make weekly reports to the comptroller-general.
See also:History.—The history of South Carolina may be divided into four main periods: the period of See also:discovery and exploration (1520–1663); the period of proprietary rule (1663–1719); the period of royal rule (1719–1776); and the period of statehood (from 1776). The first Europeans to visit the coast were a party of Spaniards from See also:Cuba in 1520. In 1562 some See also:French Protestants under See also:Jean Ribaut made an unsuccessful See also:attempt to establish a See also:colony near the mouth of the Broad river (see PORT ROYAL). In 1629, See also: A second charter in 1665 extended the limits to 29° and 36° 30'. The proprietors were to legislate for the colony " by and with the See also:advice, assent and approbation of the freemen." They were empowered, though not required, to See also: The area of settlement was gradually extended along the coast in both directions, but did not penetrate far into the interior. The See also:province was soon divided into three coast counties: Berkeley, extending from the Stono river to the Sewee and including Charleston; See also:Craven to the north of the Sewee; and Colleton to the south of the Stono. In addition to those settlers who came direct from See also:England there were many Englishmen from Barbadoes and French Protestants, both of which classes exercised considerable influence upon the history of the colony. It was largely due to the Barbadian connexion that South Carolina was for many years more closely associated with the See also:island than with the See also:continental colonies. Her See also:political history during the colonial era is the See also:story of a struggle between popular and See also:prerogative interests, first between the people and the lords proprietors, later between the people and the Crown. From 1670 to 1700 the principal questions at issue were the refusal of the settlers to subscribe to the numerous See also:editions of the Fundamental Constitutions and disputes over the collection of quit-rents. Concessions were finally made which brought the government more directly under popular control. In 1692 the legislature was divided into two houses, and in 1693 the See also:commons house, elected by the people, secured the See also:privilege of initiating legislation. The truce was followed by a controversy
between Churchmen and Dissenters. A test act requiring members of the assembly to conform to the See also: Acting on the advice of Chief Justice See also:Nicholas Trott (1663—1740) the proprietors adopted a reactionary policy, vetoed several popular laws, and refused to afford protection from the attacks of the Indians. The people rebelled, overthrew the existing government and elected their See also:leader See also: In other words, whether they were conscious of the fact or not, the South Carolinians throughout the colonial era were tending towards independence. The demands of the See also:British government after 176o were not especially unreasonable or tyrannical, but they were made upon a people who were too long accustomed to having their own way. As the spirit of See also:rebellion See also:developed the sentiment in favour of colonial union gained in strength. See also: Clinton returned, however, early in 178o, and, as he surrounded the city on all sides with an overwhelming force, General See also:Benjamin See also:Lincoln, who was defending it with about 7000 men, surrendered (May 12) to avoid certain destruction. The British thereupon overran the whole state, and until near the See also:close of the war a new American See also:army, first under Horatio See also:Gates and later under See also:Nathanael See also:Greene, was engaged in See also:driving them out. Theprincipal engagements fought within the state were Camden (Aug. 16, 178o), See also: In 1832 there was a majority from each section in favour of See also:Nullification (q.v.), and the legislature called the famous Nullification Convention, which met at Charleston the 19th of November, and five days later passed the Ordinance of Nullification declaring that certain acts of Congress imposing import duties " are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States and violate the true meaning and See also:intent thereof, and are null and void and no law, nor binding upon this state, its officers or citizens." See also:President See also:Jackson was ready to use force against the state; and the See also:tariff, over which the whole disagreement had arisen, was changed in such a way as to effect a See also:compromise with the state. From about 1828 to 1861 South Carolina superseded Virginia as the leader of the South. She stood for states' rights and free See also:trade. John C. See also:Calhoun was her political philosopher and See also:George See also:McDuffie her political economist. Her See also:secession, on the loth of December 186o, was followed by the formation of the Southern Confederacy, the See also:bombardment of Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) and the Civil War (1861—65). Although few battles were fought within her limits, because of the distance from the frontier, South Carolina made many sacrifices in the interest of her section. With a white population of 291,300 at the beginning of the conflict, the state put into the See also: Orr (1822—1873) was chosen governor. Congress reversed this policy (1867), disfranchised the majority of the whites and transferred political power to negroes, Northern adventurers and disreputable native whites. There followed an See also:orgy of crime and corruption. The Assembly See also: The See also:triumph of the Reformers culminated in the See also:founding of Clemson Agricultural College (1889), the establishment of the state dispensary system for the sale of intoxicating liquors (1893), the election of Benjamin R. Tillman (b. 1847) to the United States Senate (1894) over M. C. See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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