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See also:OGYGES, or OGYGUS , in See also:Greek See also:mythology, the first See also: At See also:Cleveland and See also:Cincinnati the winds See also:Trumbull See also:county in the N.E. to Darke county, or about the See also:middle I See also:blow mostly from the S.E. of the W. border. See also:North of this water-parting the See also:rivers flow into See also:Lake See also:Erie; S. of it into the See also:Ohio See also:river. Nearly all of the streams in the N.E. See also:part of the state have a rapid current. Those that flow directly into the lake are See also:short, but some of the rivers of this region, such as the Cuyahoga and the See also:Grand, are turned by drift ridges into circuitous courses and flow through narrow valleys with numerous falls and rapids. Passing the See also:village of Cuyahoga Falls the Cuyahoga river descends more than 200 ft. in 3 M.; a part of its course is between walls of See also:sandstone roo ft. or more in height, and near its mouth, at Cleveland, its See also:bed has been cut down through 6o ft. of drift. In the middle N. part of the state the See also:Black, See also:Vermilion and See also:Huron rivers have their See also:sources in swamps on the water-parting and flow directly to the lake through narrow valleys. The till plains of north-western Ohio are drained chiefly by the Maumee and See also:San-dusky rivers. with their tributaries, and the See also:average fall of the Maumee is only 1.1 ft. per mile, while that of the See also:Sandusky decreases from about 7 ft. per mile at Upper Sandusky to 2.5 ft. per mile below See also:Fremont. See also:South of the water-parting the average length of the rivers is greater than that of those N. of it, and their average fall per mile is much less. In the S.W. the Great See also:Miami and Little Miami rivers have See also:uniform falls through basins that are decidedly See also:rolling and that contain the extremes of See also:elevation for the entire state. The central and S. middle part is drained by the Scioto river and its tributaries. The See also:basin of this river is formed mostly in Devonian shale, and is bounded on the W. by a See also:limestone rim and on the E. by preglacial valleys filled with glacial drift. In its middle portion the basin is about 40 M. wide and only moderately rolling, but toward the mouth of the river the basin becomes narrow and is shut in by high hills. In the E. part of Ohio the Muskingum river and its tributaries drain an See also:area of about 7750 sq. m. or nearly one-fifth of the entire state. Much of the unglacial or driftless portion of the state is embraced within its limits, and although the streams now have a See also:gentle or even sluggish flow, they have greatly broken the See also:surface of the See also:country. The upper portion of the basin is about too m. in width, but it becomes quite narrow below See also:Zanesville. The Ohio river flows for 436 M. through a narrow valley on the S. border of the state, and Lake Erie forms the N. boundary for a distance of 230 M. At the W. end of the lake are Sandusky and Maumee bays, each with a See also:good natural See also:harbour. In this vicinity also are various small islands of limestone formation which are attractive summer resorts. On Put-in--See also:Bay See also:Island are some interesting " hydration" caves, i.e. caves formed by the uplifting and folding of the rocks while See also:gypsum was forming beneath; followed by the partial collapse of those rocks when the gypsum passed into See also:solution.. Ohio has no large lakes within its limits, but there are several small ones on the water-parting, especially in the vicinity of See also:Akron and See also:Canton, and a few large reservoirs in the W. central See also:section. See also:Fauna.—Bears, wolves; bison, See also:deer, See also:wild turkeys and wild pigeons were common in the primeval forests of Ohio, but they See also:long ago disappeared. Foxes are still found in considerable See also:numbers in suitable habitats; opossums, skunks and raccoons are plentiful in some parts of the state; and rabbits and squirrels are still numerous. All the See also:song-birds and birds of See also:prey of the temperate See also:zone are plentiful. See also:Whitefish, See also:bass, See also:trout and pickerel are an important See also:food See also:supply obtained from the See also:waters of the lake, and some See also:perch, catfish and See also:sunfish are caught in the rivers and See also:brooks. See also:Flora.—Ohio is known as the " Buckeye State " on See also:account of the prevalence of the buckeye (Aesculus glabra). The state was originally covered with a dense See also:forest mostly of hardwood See also:timber, and although the merchantable portion of this has been practically all cut away, there. are still undergrowths of See also:young. timber and a great variety of trees. The See also: Nearly 6o% of it comes in the spring and summer. The average annual fall of See also:snow is about 37 in. in the N. and 22 in. in the S. The prevailing winds in most parts` are See also:westerly, but sudden changes, as well as the extremes of temperaturs, are caused
See also:Soil.—In the driftless area, the S.E. part of the state, the soil is largely a decomposition of the underlying rocks, and its fertility varies according to their See also:composition; there is considerable See also:lime-See also: 51,88o were worked by See also:share tenants, and 1969 were worked by negroes as owners, tenants or managers. There is a great variety of produce, but the See also:principal crops are See also:Indian See also:corn, See also:wheat, oats, See also:hay, potatoes, apples and See also:tobacco. In 1900 the acreage of cereals constituted 68.4. % of the acreage of all crops, and' the acreage of Indian corn, wheat and oats constituted 99.3% of the total acreage of cereals. The Indian corn See also:crop was 67,501,144 bushels in 1870; 152,055,390 bushels in 1899 and 153,062,000 in 1909, when it was grown on 3,875,000 acres and the state ranked seventh among th'e states of the Union in the See also:production of this cereal. The wheat crop was' 27,882,159 bushels in 187o; 50,376,800 bushels (grown on 3,209,014 acres) in 1899; and 23,532,000 bushels (grown on 1,480,000 acres) in 1909. The See also:oat crop was 25,347,549 bushels in 1870; 42,050,910 bushels '(grown on 1,115,149 acres) in 1899; and 56,225,000 bushels (grown on 1,730,000 acres) in 1909. The See also:barley crop decreased from 1,715,221 bushels in 1870 to .1,053,240 bushels in 1899 and 829,000 bushels in 1909. The number of See also:swine was 1,964,770 in 1850; 3,285,789 in 1900; and 2,047,000 in 1910. The number of See also:cattle was 1,358,947 in 185o; 2,117,925 in 1900; and 1,925,000 in 1910. In 1900 there were 868,832 and in 1910 947,000 milch cows in the state. The number of See also:sheep decreased slightly between 187o and 1900, when there were 4,030,021; , in 1910 there were 3,203,000 sheep in the state. The number of horses was 463,397 in 185o; 1,068,170 in 1900; and 977,000 in 1910. The cultivation of tobacco was of little importance in the state until about 1840; but the product increased from 10,454,449 lb in 1850 to 34,735,235 lb in 188o, and to 65,957,100 lb in 1899, when the crop was grown on 71,422 acres; in 1909 the crop was 83,250,000 lb, See also:gown on 90,000 acres. The value of all farm products in 1899 was 257,o65,826. Indian corn, wheat and oats are groan in all parts, but the W. See also:half of the state produces about three-fourths of the Indian corn and two-thirds of the wheat, and in the N. half, especially in the N.W. corner, are the best oat-producing counties. The N.E. See also:quarter ranks highest in the production of hay. Domestic animals are evenly distributed throughout the state; in no county was their total value, in See also:June 1900, less than $500,000, and in only three counties (Licking, Trumbull and See also:Wood) did their value exceed $2,000,000; in 73 counties their value exceeded ' $t,000,000, but was less than $2,000,000. Dairying and the production of eggs are also important See also:industries in all sections. Most of the tobacco is grown in the counties on or near the S.W. border. See also:Fisheries.—Commercial fishing is important only in Lake Erie. In 1903 the total catch there amounted to 10,748,986 lb, valued at $317,027. See also:Propagation facilities are being greatly improved, and there are stringent See also:laws for the See also:protection of immature See also:fish. Inland streams and lakes are well supplied with See also:game fish; state laws prohibit the See also:sale of game fish and their being taken, except with See also:hook and See also:line. See also:Mineral Products.—The mineral See also:wealth of Ohio consists largely of bituminous See also:coal and See also:petroleum, but the state also ranks high in the production of natural See also:gas, sandstone, limestone, grindstone, lime and gypsum. The coal See also:fields, comprising a total area of 1o,000 sq. m. or more, are in the E. half of the state. Coal was discovered here as See also:early as 1770, and the See also:mining of it was begun not later than 1828, but no accurate account of the output was kept until 1872, in which year it was 5.315,294 short tons; this was increased to 18,988,15o short tons in 1900, and to 26,270,639 short tons in 1908—in 1907 it was 32,142,419 short tons. There are 29 counties in which coal is produced, but 81.4% of it in 1908 came from See also:Belmont, See also:Athens, See also:Jefferson, See also:Guernsey, See also:Perry, Hocking, Tuscarawas and Jackson counties. Two of the most productive petroleum fields of the See also:United States are in part in Ohio; the Appalachian See also: At the close of 1908 there was a total mileage of 9,300.45 M. Among the railways are the Cleveland, Cincinnati, See also:Chicago & St See also: In 1900 and
in 1900. The value of the factory product was $748,670,855 in 1900 1910 it ranked See also:fourth in population among the states. Of the and $960,811,857 in 1905.1 The most important manufacturing , total population in 1900, 4,060,204 or 97.6% were white and See also:industry is that of iron and See also:steel. This industry was established 97,341 were coloured (96,901 negroes, 371 See also:Chinese, 27 See also:Japanese near See also:Youngstown in 1804. The value of the products increased and 42 See also:Indians). Of the same total 3,698,811 or 88.9% were from $65,206,828 in 1890 to $138,935,256 in 1900 and to $152,859,124 native-born and 458,734 were foreign-born; 93.8% of the
in 1905. Foundry and See also:machine-See also:shop products, consisting largely of foreign-born consisted of the following: 204,16o natives of engines, boilers, See also:metal-working machinery, wood-working machinery,
pumping machinery, mining machinery and stoves, See also:rank second See also:Germany, 65,553 of Great See also:Britain, 55,018 of Ireland, 22,767 among the state's manufactures; their value increased from of See also:Canada (19,864 See also:English See also:Canadian), 16,822 of See also:Poland, 15,131 $43,617,072 in 1890 to $72,J99,632 in 1900, and to $94,507,691 in of Bohemia, 11,575 of See also:Austria and 11,321 of See also:Italy. In 1906
1905, See also:Flour and grist See also: cultural implements ($12,891,197), See also:women's clothing ($12,803,582), See also:Administration.—Ohio is governed under the constitution of lumber and timber products ($12,567,992), See also:soap and candles 1851 Its amended in 1875, 1883, 1885, 1902, 1903, and 1905. An ($11,791,223), See also:electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies See also:amendment may be proposed at any See also:time by either See also:branch of the ($11,019,235), See also:paper and wood pulp ($10,961,527) and refined 1 petroleum ($10,948,864). I General See also:Assembly, and if after being approved by three-fifths of The great manufacturing centres are Cleveland, Cincinnati, the members of both branches it is also approved at a general Youngstown, Toledo, Columbus, Dayton and Akron, and in 1905 I See also:election by a See also:majority of those voting on the question it is declared the value of the products of these. cities amounted to 56.7% of 1 that for the entire state. A large portion of the iron and steel is adopted; a constitutional See also:convention may be called after a manufactured in Cleveland, Youngstown, See also:Steubenville, See also:Bellaire, I favourable two-thirds See also:vote of the members of 'each branch of See also:Lorain and Ironton. Most of the automobiles are manufactured , the Assembly and a favourable popular vote—a majority of those in Cleveland; most of the cash registers and calculating See also:machines in Dayton; most of the rubber and elastic goods in Akron; nearly one-half of the liquors and about three-fourths of the men's clothing in Cincinnati. See also:East See also:Liverpool leads in the manufacture of pottery; Toledo in flour and grist mill products; Springfield in agricultural { the See also:suffrage was limited to " white male " citizens of the implements; Cincinnati and Columbus in boots and shoes; Cleve- United States, but since the See also:adoption of the Fifteenth Amend-land in women's clothing. 1 The See also:statistics of 1905 were taken under the direction of the United States Census See also:Bureau, but products other than those of the factory See also:system, such, for example, as those of the See also:hand trades, were excluded. was discovered in the N.W. in 1884; in 1883 the output was only 47,632 barrels, four years later it was 5,022,632 barrels, and in 1896 it was 23,941,169 barrels, or 39% of the total output in the United States. For the next ten years, however, there was a decrease, and in 1908 the output had fallen to 10,858,797 barrels, of which 6,748,676 barrels (valued at $6,861,885) was obtained in the Lima See also:district, 4,109,935 barrels (valued at $7,315,667) from the south-east district, and 186 barrels (valued at $950), suitable for lubricating purposes, from the See also:Mecca-Belden district in Trumbull and Lorain counties. Natural gas abounds in the eastern, central and north-western parts of the state. That in the E. was first used in 1866, the N.W. field was opened in 1884, and the central field was opened in 1887. The value of the state's yearly flow increased steadily from $See also:ioo,000 in 1885 to $5,215,669 in 1889, decreased from the latter year to $I,171,777 in 1897, and then increased to $8,244,835 in 1908. Some of the best sandstone in the United States is obtained from Cuyahoga and Lorain counties; it is exceptionally pure in texture (about 97 % being pure See also:silica), durable and evenly coloured See also:light See also:buff, See also:grey or See also:blue grey. From the Ohio sandstone known as See also:Berea grit a very large portion of the country's grindstones and pulpstones has been obtained; in 1908 the value of Ohio's output of these stones was $482,128. Some of the Berea grit is also suitable for making oilstones and scythestones. Although the state has a great amount of limestone, especially in Erie and Ottawa counties, its dull See also:colour renders it unsuitable for most building purposes. It is, however, much used as a See also:flux for melting iron and for making See also:quick lime. The quantity of See also:Portland See also:cement 1908 the value of the clay working See also:pro acts was $26,622,490) and d sand suitable for making See also:glass. The total value of the state's mineral products in 1908 amounted to $134,499,335. Manufactures.—The total value of the manufactures increased from $348,298,390 in 188o to $641,688,064 in 189o, and to $832,438,113 voting on the question; and the question of calling such a convention must be submitted to a popular vote at least once every twenty years. Under the constitution of 1802 and 1851 Transportation and Commerce.—The most important natural ment to the Federal Constitution (1870), negroes vote, though means of transportation are the Ohio river on the S. border and Lake the constitution is unchanged. Since 1894 women who possess the usual qualifications required of men may vote for and be voted for as members of boards of See also:education. The constitution requires that all elections be by See also:ballot, and the Australian ballot system was adopted in 1891; See also:registration is required in cities having a population of 11,800 or more. The executive See also:department consists of a See also:governor, See also:lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer and attorney-general. As a result of the dispute between Governor See also:Arthur St Clair and the Territorial legislature, the constitution of 1802 conferred nearly all of the See also:ordinary executive functions on the legislature. The governor's See also:control over appointments was strengthened by the constitution of 1851 and by the subsequent creation of statutory offices, boards and commissions, but the right of See also:veto was not given to him until the adoption of the constitutional amendments of 1903. The See also:power as conferred at that time, however, is broader than usual, for it extends not only to items in See also:appropriation bills, but to See also:separate sections in other See also:measures, and, in addition to the customary See also:provision for passing a See also:bill over the governor's veto by a two-thirds vote of each See also:house it is required that the votes for repassage in each house must not be less than those given on the See also:original passage. The governor is elected in See also:November of even-numbered years for a See also:term of two years. He is commanderin-See also:chief of the state's military and See also:naval forces, except when they are called into the service of the United States. He grants pardons and reprieves on the recommendation of the state See also:board of pardons. If he See also:die in office, resign or be impeached, the See also:officers See also:standing next in See also:succession are the lieutenant-governor, the See also:president of the See also:Senate, and the See also:speaker of the House of Representatives in the See also:order named. Members of the Senate and House of Representatives are elected for terms of two years; they must be residents of their respective counties or districts for one year preceding election, unless absent on public business of the state or of the United States. The ratio of See also:representation in the Senate is obtained by dividing the total population of the state by See also:thirty-five, the ratio in the House by dividing the population by one See also:hundred. The membership in each house, however, is slightly above these figures, owing to a system of fractional representation and to the constitutional amendment of 1903 which allows each county at least one representative in the House of Representatives. The constitution provides for a reapportionment every ten years beginning in 1861. Biennial sessions are held beginning on the first See also:Monday in January of the even-numbered years. The See also:powers of the two houses are equal in every respect except that the Senate passes upon the governor's appointments and tries See also:impeachment cases brought, before it by the House of Representatives. The constitution prohibits See also:special, See also:local and retroactive legislation, legislation impairing the See also:obligation of contracts, and legislation levying a See also:poll tax for county or state purposes or a tax on state, municipal and public school bonds (amendment of 1905), and it limits the amount and specifies the See also:character of public debts which the legislature may See also:contract. The judicial department in 1910 was composed of a supreme See also:court of six See also:judges, eight See also:circuit courts,' of three judges each, ten districts (some with sub-divisions) of the common pleas court, the See also:superior court of Cincinnati, See also:probate courts, courts of insolvency in Cuyahoga and Hamilton counties, juvenile courts (established in 1904), See also:justice of the See also:peace courts and municipal courts. Under the constitution of 1802 judges were chosen by the legislature, but since 1851 they have been elected by See also:direct popular vote—the judges of the supreme court being chosen at large. They are removable on complaint by a See also:con-current See also:resolution approved by a two-thirds majority in each house of the legislature. The constitution provides that the terms of supreme and circuit judges shall be such even number of years not less than six as may be prescribed by the legislature—the statutory provision is six years—that of the judges of the common pleas six years, that of the probate judges four years, that of other judges such even number of years not exceeding six as may be prescribed by the legislature—the statutory provision is six years—and that of justices of the peace such even number of years not exceeding four as may be thus F rescribed—the statutory provision is four years. Local Government.—The county and the township are the See also:units of the rural, the city and the village the units of the urban local sass ' The provision for circuit courts was first made in the constitution by an amendment of 1883.government. The chief county authority is the board of commissioners of three members elected for terms of two years. The other officials are the See also:sheriff, treasurer and See also:coroner, elected for two years; the auditor, See also:recorder, clerk of courts, prosecuting attorney, surveyor and infirmary See also:directors, elected for two years; and the board of school examiners (three) and the board of county visitors (six, of whom three are women); appointed usually by the probate judge for three years. The chief township authority is the board of 'trustees of three members, elected by popular vote for two years. In the parts of the state settled by See also:people from New England township meetings were held in the early days, but their functions were gradually transferred to the trustees, and by 1820 the meetings had been given up almost entirely. The other township officials are the clerk, treasurer, See also:assessor, supervisor of roads, justices of the peace, constables, board of education and board of See also:health. Under the constitution of 1802, municipal corporations were established by special legislation. The constitution of 1851, however, provided for a general See also:law, and the legislature in 1852 enacted a " general municipal corporations act," the first of its See also:kind in the United States. The system of See also:classification adopted in time became so elaborate that many municipalities became isolated, each in a separate class, and the evils of special legislation were revived. Of the two chief cities, Cleveland (under a special act providing for the government of Columbus and Toledo, also) in 1892–1902 was governed under the federal See also:plan, which centralized power in the hands of the See also:mayor; in Cincinnati there was an almost hopeless See also:diffusion of responsibility among the See also:council and various executive boards. The supreme court in June 1902 decided that practically all the existing municipal legislation was special in character and was therefore unconstitutional. (State ex. rel. Kniseley vs. See also: The mayor's appointments are many, and are seldom dependent on the consent of the council. A municipal civil service See also:commission of three members (holding office for three years) is chosen by the president of the board of education, the president of the city council, and the president of the board of sinking fund commissioners; the pay (if any) of these commissioners is set by each city. The city auditor, treasurer and solicitor are elected, as under the code. In 1908 a direct See also:primary law was passed providing for party primaries, those of all parties in each district to be held at the same time (annually) and See also:place, before the same election board, and at public expense, to nominate candidates for township and municipal offices and members of the school board; nominations to be by See also:petition signed by at least 2 % of the party voters of the political See also:division, except that for United States senators s of i % is the minimum. The law does not make the nomination of candidates for the United States Senate by this method mandatory nor such choice binding upon the General Assembly. Laws.—The See also:property rights of See also:husband and wife are nearly equal; a wife may hold her property the same as if single, and a widower or a widow is entitled to the use for See also:life of one-third of the real See also:estate of which his or her deceased See also:consort was seized at the time of his or her See also:death. Among the grounds on which a See also:divorce may be obtained are See also:adultery, extreme See also:cruelty, See also:fraud, See also:abandonment for three years, See also:gross neglect of See also:duty, habitual See also:drunkenness, a former existing See also:marriage, procurement of divorce without the state by one party, which continues marriage binding on the other, and imprisonment in a See also:penitentiary. For every See also:family in which there is a wife, a See also:minor son, or an unmarried daughter, a See also:homestead not exceeding $1000 in value, or See also:personal property not exceeding $500 in value, is exempt from sale for the See also:satisfaction of debts. In 1908 an act was passed providing for local See also:option in regard to the sale of intoxicating liquors, by an election to be called an initiative petition, signed by at least 35 % of the See also:electors of a county. Charitable and Penal Institutions.—The state charitable and penal institutions are supervised by the board of charities of six members (" not more than three . . . from the same political party ") appointed by the governor, and local institutions by boards of county visitors of six members appointed by the probate judge. Each state institution in addition has its own board of trustees appointed by the governor, and each county infirmary is under the See also:charge of three ?nfirmary directors chosen by popular vote. There are hospitals for the insane at Athens, Columbus, Dayton, Cleveland, See also:Carthage (10 m. from Cincinnati; Longview See also:Hospital), See also:Massillon, Toledo and Lima; a hospital for epileptics at See also:Gallipolis, opened in 1893; institutions for feeble-minded, for the See also:blind (opened 1839) and for the See also:deaf (opened 1829) at Columbus; a state See also:sanatorium for tuberculous patients at Mt. See also:Vernon (opened 1909) ; an institution for crippled and deformed See also:children (authorized in 1907) ; a soldiers' and sailors' orphans' See also:home at See also:Xenia (organized in 1869 by the Grand See also:Army of the See also:Republic); a home for soldiers, sailors, See also:marines, their wives, mothers and widows, and army nurses at See also:Madison (established by the National Women's See also:Relief See also:Corps; taken over by the state, 1904); and soldiers' and sailors' homes at Sandusky (opened 1888), supported by the state, and at Dayton, supported by the United States. The state penal institutions are the boys' See also:industrial school near See also:Lancaster (established in 1854 as a Reform Farm), the girls' industrial home (1869) at Rathbone near See also:Delaware, the reformatory at See also:Mansfield (authorized 1884, opened 1896) and the penitentiary at Columbus (1816).
Education.—See also:Congress in 1785 set apart 1 sq. m. in each township of 36 sq. m. for the support of education The public school system, however, was not established until 1825, and then it See also:developed very slowly. The office of state See also:commissioner of common See also:schools was created in 1837, abolished in 184o and revived in 1843. School districts fall into four classes—cities, villages, townships and special districts—each of which has its own board of education elected by popular vote. Laws passed in 1877, 1890, 1893 and 1902 have made education compulsory for children between the ages of eight and fourteen. The school revenues are derived from the sale and rental of public lands granted by Congress, and of the salt and swamp lands devoted by the state to such purposes, from a uniform See also:levy of one mill on each See also:dollar of taxable property in the state, from local levies (averaging 7'2 See also:mills in township districts and 10.07 mills in separate districts in 1908), from certain fines and licences, and from tuition fees paid by non-See also:resident pupils. The total receipts from all sources in 1908 amounted to $25,987,021; the See also:balance from the preceding year was $1I,714,135, and the total expenditures were $24,695,157. Three institutions for higher education are supported in large measure by the state: Ohio University at Athens, founded in 1804 on the proceeds derived from two townships granted by Congress to the Ohio See also:Company; Miami University (chartered in 1809) at See also:Oxford, which received the proceeds from a township granted by Congress in the Symmes See also:purchase; and Ohio State University (1873) at Columbus, which received the proceeds from the lands granted by Congress under the act of 1862 for the See also:establishment of agricultural and See also:mechanical colleges, and reorganized as a university in 1878. Wilber-force University (1856), for negroes, near Xenia, is under the control of the See also:African Methodist Episcopal See also: Among the numerous other colleges and universities in the state are Western Reserve University (1826) at Cleveland, the university of Cincinnati (opened 1873) at Cincinnati, and See also:Oberlin See also:College (1833) at Oberlin. See also:Finance.—The revenues of the state are classified into four funds; the general See also:revenue fund, the sinking fund, the state common school fund and the university fund. The chief sources of the general revenue fund are taxes on real and personal property, on liquors and cigarettes, on corporations and on inheritances; in 1909 the See also:net receipts for this fund were $8,043,257, the disbursements $9,103,301, and the cash balance at the end of the fiscal year $3,428,705. There is a tendency to reduce the See also:rate on real property, leaving it as a basis for local See also:taxation. The rate on See also:collateral inheritances is 5 %, on direct inheritances 2 %, on the excess above $3000. There are state, county and municipal boards of equalization. A special tax is levied for the benefit of the sinking fund—one-tenth of a mill in 1909. The commissioners of the fund are the auditor, the secretary of state and the attorney-general. The public See also:debt, which began to accumulate in 1825, was increased by the canal expenditures to $16,88o,00o in 1843. The constitution of 1851 practically deprived the legislature of the power to create new obligations. The funded debt was then gradually reduced until the last installment was paid in 1903. There still remains, however, an irredeemable debt due to the common schools, Ohio University and Ohio State University, in return for their public lands. About one-half of the annual common school fund is derived from local taxes; the state levy for this fund in 1909 was one mill, and the total receipts were $2,382,353. The university fund is derived from special taxes levied for the four institutions which receive aid from the state; in 1909 the levy was 0.245 mills and the total receipts were $582,843. Several See also:banks and trading houses with banking privileges were incorporated by special statutes between 1803 and 1817. Resentment was aroused by the establishment of branches of the See also:Bank of the United States at See also:Chillicothe and Cincinnati in 1817, and an attempt was made to tax them out of existence. State officials See also:broke into the vaults of the Chillicothe branch in 1819 and took out Sloo,000 due for taxes. The Federal courts compelled a restoration of the See also:money and pronounced the taxing law unconstitutional. In 1845 the legislature chartered for twenty years the State Bank of Ohio, based on the See also:model of the29
State Bank of Indiana of 1834. It became a See also:guarantee of conservative banking, and was highly successful. There were at one time thirty-six branches. Most of the state institutions secured Federal charters after the establishments of the national banking system (1863-1864), but the high See also:price of government bonds and the large amount of capital required led to a reaction, which was only partially checked by the reduction of the minimum capital to $25,000 under the currency act of the 14th of See also: From the middle to the close of the 17th century the See also:French were establishing a claim to the territory between the 'Great Lakes and the Ohio river by See also:discovery and occupation, and although they had provoked the hostility of the See also:Iroquois Indians they had helped the Wyandots, Miamis and Shawnees to banish them from all territory W. of the Muskingum river. Up to this time the English had based their claim to the same territory on the discovery of the See also:Atlantic See also:Coast by the Cabots and upon the Virginia, See also:Massachusetts and See also:Connecticut charters under which these colonies extended westward to the Pacific Ocean. In 1701, New York, seeking another claim, obtained from the Iroquois a See also: The result was that New York ceded its claim to the United States in 178o, Virginia in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785 and Connecticut in 1786. Connecticut, however, excepted a strip bordering on Lake Erie for 120 M. and containing 3,250,000 acres. This district, known as the Western Reserve, was ceded in 1800 on condition that Congress would guarantee the titles to land already granted by the state. Virginia reserved a See also:tract between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers, known as the Virginia Military District. for her soldiers in the War of Independence. When the war was over and these cessions had been made a great number of war veterans wished an opportunity to repair their broken fortunes in the West, and Congress, hopeful of receiving a large revenue from the sale of lands here, passed an See also:ordinance on the loth of May 1785 by which the See also:present national system of land-surveys into townships 6 m. sq. was inaugurated in what is now S.W. Ohio in the summer of 1786. In March 1786 the second Ohio Company (q.v.), composed chiefly of New England officers and soldiers, was organized in See also:Boston, Massachusetts, with a view to See also:founding a new state between Lake Erie and the Ohio river. The famous North-West Ordinance was passed by Congress on the 13th of July 1787. This See also:instrument provided a temporary government for the Territory with the understanding that, as soon as the population was sufficient, the representative system should be adopted, and later that states should be formed and admitted into the Union. There were to be not less than three nor more than five states. Of these the easternmost (Ohio) was to be bounded on the N., E. and S. by the Lakes, Pennsylvania and the Ohio river, and on the W. by a line See also:drawn due N. from the mouth of the Great Miami river to the Canadian boundary, if there were to be three states, or to its intersection with an E. and W. line drawn through the extreme S. See also:bend of Lake Michigan, if there were to be five. See also:Slavery was forbidden by the sixth See also:article of the ordinance; See also:Laurens (See also:Bolivar) in Tuscarawas county to Fort Recovery in See also:Mercer county, practically the whole E. and S. Ohio. The See also:Jay Treaty was ratified in the same year, and in 1796 the British finally evacuated Detroit and the Maumee and Sandusky torts. By cessions and purchases in 1804, 18o8 and 1817-1818 the state secured all' of the lands of the Indians except their immediate homes, and these were finally exchanged for territory W. of the See also:Mississippi. The last remnant migrated in 1841. General Wayne's victory was followed by an extensive See also:immigration of New Englanders, of Germans, Scotch-Irish and See also:Quakers from Pennsylvania, and of settlers from Virginia and See also:Kentucky, many of whom came to See also:escape the evils of slavery. This rapid increase of population led to the establishment of the organized Territorial government in 1799, to the restriction of that government in Ohio in 1800, and to the See also:admission of the state into the Union in 1803. The Congressional Enabling Act of the 3oth of April 1802 followed that alternative of the North-West Ordinance which provided for five states in determining the boundaries, and in consequence the Indiana and Michigan districts were detached. A rigid adherence to the boundary authorized in 1787, however, would have resulted in the loss to Ohio of 470 sq. m. of territory in the N.W. part of the state, including the lake See also:port of Toledo. After a long and See also:bitter dispute—the Toledo War (see ToLEno) and the third article read: " See also:Religion, morality and knowledge , the present line, which is several See also:miles N. of the S. bend of Lake being necessary to good government and the happiness of See also:man- Michigan, was definitely fixed in 18.37, when Michigan came into kind, schools and the means of education shall for ever be i the Union. (For the See also:settlement of the eastern boundary, see encouraged." After the adoption of the North-West Ordinance PENNSYLVANIA.) the See also:work of settlement made rapid progress. There were four After having been temporarily at Marietta, Cincinnati, Chilli main centres. The Ohio Company founded Marietta at the cothe and Zanesville the capital was established at Columbus mouth of the Muskingum in 1788, and this is regarded as the in 1816.
See also:oldest permanent settlement in the state. An association of Since Congress did not pass any formal act of admission there New Jerseymen, organized by See also: The first Territorial government was established at of 1836 and 184o, partly because of the See also:financial panic and Marietta in July 1788, and General Arthur St Clair (1784- partly because their See also:candidate, See also: A detachment of the Confederate See also:cavalry under General John See also:Morgan invaded the state in 1863, but was badly defeated in the battle of Buffington's Island (July 18th). Democratic See also:governors were elected in 1873, 1877, 1883, 1889, 1905, 1908 and 191o. Five presidents have come from Ohio, William Henry Harrison, See also:Rutherford B. See also:Hayes, James A. See also:Garfield, William See also:McKinley, Jr., and William See also:Howard See also:Taft.
East of the Rocky Mountains (See also:Washington, 1891), and his See also:Report on the See also:Mound Explorations of the Bureau of See also:Ethnology in the 12th Report (1894) of that- Bureau, supplementing his earlier bulletins, Problem of the Ohio Mounds and the Circular, Square and Octagonal Earthworks of Qhio. (1889) ; and W. K. Moorehead, See also:Primitive Man in Ohio (New York, 1892). The best history is See also:Rufus King, Ohio; First Fruits of the Ordinance of 1787 (Boston and New York, 1888), in the
See also:American Commonwealths " series. See also: A. Hinsdale, The Old North-west (2nd ed., New York, 1899), is good for the period before 1803. Of the older histories See also:Caleb Atwater, History of the State of Ohio, Natural and Civil (Cincinnati, 1838), and James W. See also: E. Chaddock, Ohio before 185o (New York, 1908). There is considerable material of value, especially for local history, in the Ohio Archaeological and See also:Historical Society Publications (Columbus, 1887), and in Henry See also:Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (1st ed., Cincinnati, 1847; Centennial edition [enlarged], 2 vols., Columbus, 1889-1891). T. B. See also:Galloway, " The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute," in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. iv. pp. 199-230, is a good treatment of that complicated question. W. F. Gephart's Transportation and Industrial Development in the Middle West (New York, 1909), in the Columbia University Studies in History, See also:Economics and, Public Law, is a commercial history of Ohio. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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