See also:

• AMERICAN

His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

Before he reached the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

To the home government the purely military problem, although assuming larger dimensions and more difficulties, still seemed to admit of a See also:

• SIMPLE

Following up the occupation of New York, Howe proceeded in 1777 to capture Philadelphia. Complete success again crowned his movements. Taking his army by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

The misfortune cost the British 10oo men. Equally unfortunate was the See also:

• FATE

In June 1778 he evacuated Philadelphia, with the intention of concentrating his force at New York. Washington, who had passed the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Howe, heavily reinforced from home, sailed on the loth from Halifax to New York and on the 5th of July encamped on Staten Island. Washington, anticipating this move, had already marched from Boston and fortified the city. His See also:

• LEFT

On the 15th of September Howe crossed the East river above the city, captured 300 of the militia defending the lines and occupied the city. Washington had withdrawn his main army to the upper part of the island. A skirmish, fought the next day, opposite the west front of the present See also:

• COLUMBIA

An isolated attack on See also:

• CHARLESTON

Marching upon Charleston, Clinton ton. cut off the city from relief, and after a brief siege compelled Lincoln to surrender on the 12th of May. (See CHARLESTON.) The loss of this place and of the 5000 troops included in the surrender was a serious blow to the American cause. The apparent submission of South Carolina followed. In June Clinton returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command, with instructions to reduce North Carolina also. Meanwhile an active and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

Before Cornwallis could be brought to See also:

• BAY

C:; near the North Carolina line, by bands of riflemen under Colonels See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Instead of remaining in Carolina he determined to march into Virginia, justifying the move on the ground that until Virginia was reduced he could not firmly hold the more southern states he had just overrun. This decision was subsequently sharply criticized by Clinton as unmilitary, and as having been made contrary to his instructions. To Cornwallis he wrote in May: Had you intimated the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

Cornwallis, meantime, pursued his Virginia project. Leaving Wilmington, N.C., on the 25th of April 1781, he reached See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

The reasons of Great Britain's mis-^ fortunes and failure may be summarized as follows:—Misconception by the home government of the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

(H. P. J.*) The naval operations of the War of Independence See also:

• DIVIDE

The Americans were not yet in a position to provide a See also:

• FLEET

The French government, which by the See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

Howe received no help from Byron, whose badly appointed fleet was damaged and scattered by a See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

Admiral Byron, who had returned, sailed in hopes of saving the island, but arrived too late. An indecisive action was fought off Grenada on the 6th of July. The war now died down in the West Indies. Byron returned home in August. D'Estaing, after co-operating unsuccessfully with the Americans in an attack on Savannah, in September also returned to See also:

• EUROPE

The British government, not feeling strong enough to See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

But the allies made no further progress. At the close of 1779 Sir George See also:

• RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES RODNEY, BARON (1718—1792)

The Spanish fleet was in See also:

• BAD, BCD

In the West Indies Rodney, having received news of the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

Admiral Thomas Graves, Arbuthnot's successor, who had been joined by Hood from the West Indies, endeavoured to drive off the French fleet. But the feeble battle he fought on the 5th of September failed to shake the French hold on the Chesapeake, and Grasse having been reinforced, Graves sailed away. Yorktown fell on the 19th of October, and the war was settled as far as the coast of North America was concerned. The French admiral, having rendered this vital service to his ally, now returned to the West Indies, whither he was followed by Hood, and resumed the attacks on the British islands. In January and February 1782 he conquered St See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

But the French were too weak in these seas for offensive movements, and therefore remained quiescent at See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)