VETERINARY See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Varro (116–28 B.c.) Amongst may be considered the first See also:

• ROMAN

Of most of the ancient veterinary writers we know little beyond what can be gathered from the citations and extracts in the two great collections of See also:

• HIP

The knowledge so introduced became popularized, and assumed a See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

See also:

• SIR

The position he had acquired, added to his profound and varied knowledge, made him most useful to France during the period of the Revolution. It is chiefly to him that it is indebted for the celebrated See also:

• RAMBOUILLET
• RAMBOUILLET, CATHERINE DE VIVONNE, MARQUISE DE (1588-1665)

The school was to be commenced and maintained by private subscription. In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

The See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Beginning at See also:

• EDINBURGH

After the death of Dick in 1866, the See also:

• DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

After the See also:

• CRIMEAN

The See also:

• INDIAN

It makes original investigations as to the nature, cause and prevention of communicable diseases of live stock, and takes measures for their repression, frequently in conjunction with state and territorial authorities. It prepares tuberculin and mallein, and supplies these substances See also:

• FREE

Canada. For some years the Montreal school formed a department of McGill University, but in 1902 the veterinary See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Department in 1901 established at Cairo a new veterinary school for the instruction of natives. Ten qualified veterinary surgeons are employed in the sanitary service. Each of the colonies See also:

• NATAL

Every advance made in human medicine affects the progress of veterinary science, and the invaluable investigations of Davaine, See also:

• PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

In the United Kingdom veterinary science has gained distinction by the eradication of contagious animal diseases. For many years See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

In the training of the physician great benefit would be derived from the study of disease in animals—a fact which has been strangely overlooked in England, as those can testify who understand how closely the health of man may depend upon the health of the creatures he has domesticated and derives subsistence from, and how much more advantageously morbid processes can be studied in animals than in our own species. Although as yet few chairs of comparative pathology have been established in British universities, on the European See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Diseases of Domestic Animals. Considerations of space forbid a complete or detailed description of all the diseases, medical and surgical, to which the domesticated animals are liable. Separate articles are devoted to the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

The See also:

• SURFACE

The following list comprises the usual laxative foods employed: See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Linseed oil, in quantities of from t oz. to 6 oz. daily, may be mixed with the food ; it keeps the bowels in a lax condition, has a good effect on the skin and air-passages, and is useful as an article of See also:

• DIET

Much care is required in administering medicines in the form of See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

An See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

For applying poultices to the feet, a piece of sacking, or better a See also:

• POULTICE

The quantity injected will depend on the nature of the malady and the size of the horse; from 2 or 3 quarts to several gallons may be used. Enemata or clysters. The epizootic diseases affecting the horse are not numerous, and may generally be considered as specific and infectious or contagious Epizootic in their nature, circumstances of a favourable kind leading and See also:

• CON

Acute glanders is always rapidly fatal, and chronic glanders may become acute or it may terminate by apparent recovery. The symptoms of acute glanders are initial fever with its accompaniments, thirst, loss of appetite, hurried See also:

• PULSE

In some horses suspicion of glanders may be excited by lameness and sudden swelling of a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

See also:

• FORAGE

Strangles is a specific contagious eruptive fever peculiar to horses, and is more especially incidental to young animals. It is particularly characterized by the formation of abscesses in the Strangles, lymphatic glands, chiefly those between the branches of the lower jaw (submaxillary). Various causes have been ascribed for its See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

Good nursing is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Perhaps one of the most widespread outbreaks recorded was that of 1872, on the American continent. It usually radiates from the See also:

• DISTRICT

In this disease good nursing is the chief See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

Bromide of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

If the mare happen to be pregnant, See also:

• ABORTION (from Lat. aboriri, to fail to be born, or perish)

In three or four days the crusts fall off, and the sores heal spontaneously. No medical treatment is needed, cleanliness being requisite to prevent the pocks becoming sloughs. If the inflammation runs high, a weak solution of carbolic acid may be employed. • Diseases of Cattle. The diseases of the bovine species are not so numerous as those of the horse, and the more acute contagious maladies are dealt with under RINDERPEST and other articles already mentioned. Tuberculosis is a most formidable and widespread disease of cattle, and it is assuming greater proportions every year, in con- sequence of the absence of legislative measures for its Tuber, suppression. It is a specific disease, contracted through ctosis. cohabitation, and caused by the Bacillus tuberculosis, dis- covered by Koch in 1882. Infection takes place by inhalation of the bacilli or their spores, derived from the dried expectorate or other discharges of tuberculous animals; by ingestion of the bacilli carried in food, milk or water, or by inoculation of a wound of the skin or of a mucous or serous membrane. Occasionally the disease is transmitted by an infected female to the foetus in utero. Its infective properties and communicability to other species render it a serious danger to mankind through the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

The symptoms somewhat resemble those of contagious pleuropneumonia (q.v.) in its chronic form, though tubercles, sometimes in large numbers, are often found after death in the bodies of cattle which exhibited no sign of illness during life and which when killed were in excellent condition. When the lungs are extensively involved there are signs of constitutional disturbance, irregular appetite, fever, difficult breathing, dry cough, diarrhoea, wasting and debility, with enlarged throat glands, and, in milch cows, variation in the quantity of milk. Auscultation of the chest discovers dullness or absence of respiratory sounds over the affected parts of the lungs. If the animal is not killed it becomes more and more emaciated from See also:

• ANAEMIA (from Gr. ay-, privative, and aiµa, blood)

Black-quarter, or black-leg, is a specific, inoculable disease which occurs in young stock from a few months to two years old, in Black- various parts of the country, and generally in low-lying quarter. damp situations. It was classed with anthrax until 1879. when its nature was investigated by Arloing, See also:

• COE

In a See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

Diseased cows should be isolated, their milk destroyed or boiled and fed to pigs, and after each milking the teats should be injected with a warm solution of boracic acid or See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

The immediate results of this line of treatment were astonishing. Rapid recovery became the rule, and in most cases the comatose condition disappeared in less than six hours, and the average mortality (40 to 6o%) was reduced to 6%. Afterwards chinosol and other See also:

• ANTISEPTICS (Gr. avrl, against, and 6177rrnKor, putrefactive)

Soon the whole becomes ulcerated and purulent discharges take place, in which are found the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

It is extremely contagious and fatal, and in these and some other characteristics resembles human smallpox.' From three to twelve days after being exposed to infection the sheep appears dull and listless, and eats little, if anything; the temperature rises; there are frequent tremblings; tears flow from the eyes; and there is a nasal discharge. Red patches appear inside the limbs and under the abdomen; and on them, as well as on other parts where the skin is thin, dark red spots show themselves, which soon become papules, with a deep hard base. These are generally conical, and the See also:

• APEX

All diseased animals should be destroyed, as well as those which have been in contact with them, and thorough disinfection resorted to. Foot-rot is a disease of the claws of sheep. It occurs most frequently in badly drained, low-lying, marshy See also:

• LAND

The pig may become affected with anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease and tuberculosis, and it also has its own particular variola. But the contagious diseases which cause enormous destruction of pigs are swine fever and swine See also:

• ERYSIPELAS

The contagious diseases of the dog are likewise very few, but the one which attracts most attention is common and generally serious. This is what is popularly known as distemper. Ws- See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

Debility rapidly ensues, and emaciation is soon apparent; diarrhoea in the majority of cases sets in; the body emits an unpleasant. odour; ulceration of the mouth is noticed; the nostrils become obstructed by the discharge from them; con-vulsions generally come on; signs of See also:

• BRONCHITIS

The formidable affliction known as See also:

• HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (Lat. for" madness ")

They then penetrate the mucous membrane and enter the blood vessels, where they are sexually differentiated and give rise to aneurism. After a time they resume their wanderings and reach the large intestine, where they form small submucous cysts and rapidly acquire sexual maturity. They are most dangerous when migrating from one organ to another. They are found in the anterior mesenteric artery, but they also, produce aneurism of the coeliac See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

The anterior part of the body is curved and the tail sharply pointed. The male is seldom seen. The female measures to 11 rn. in length. It is found in the caecum, colon and rectum, and it causes See also:

• PRURITUS

In twenty-four hours the ova are hatched and the embryo, crawling on the skin, causes itching, which induces the horse to nibble or lick the part, and in this way the embryo is carried by the tongue to the mouth and swallowed. In the stomach the embryo attaches itself to the mucous membrane, moults three times, in-creases in size and changes from a blood-red to a yellowish-brown colour. The bot remains in the stomach till the following See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

They are white in colour and of the thickness of ordinary sewing cotton. The S. rufescens is thinner and shorter than S. filaria and its colour is brownish red. The development of these strongyles is not accurately known. When expelled and deposited in water or moist See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

The strongyles of the fourth stomach are S. contortus, or See also:

• TWISTED

The ox may be the bearer of three and the sheep of twelve species of taeniae, and of these the commonest is Moniezia (See also:

• TAENIA (Gr. Tatyla, ribbon, fillet)

This bladder-worm is the cystic form of Taenia coenurus of the dog. It is found in the See also:

• CRANIAL

When scraps of trichinous flesh or infested rats have been ingested by the pig, the cysts en-closing the larval trichinae are dissolved by the gastric juice in about eighteen hours, and the worms are found free in the intestine. In twenty-four to forty-eight hours later these larvae, having under-gone certain transformations, become sexually mature; then they copulate, and after an interval the embryos leave the body of the female worm and immediately begin to penetrate the intestinal See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

It occurs in the intestine or /n the stomach of young dogs. The symptoms are emaciation, dog. drooping belly, irritable skin, irregular appetite, vomiting the worms in mucus, colic and diarrhoea. The treatment comprises the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

It seldom exceeds 3 ft. in length. Dogs contract this parasite by eating the heads of sheep infested with the bladder-worm (Coenurus cerebralis). Dipylidiunt caninum, T. cucumerina, or See also:

• MELON (Late Lat. melo, shortened form of Gr. p XoaEawv, a kind of gourd; µijXov, apple, and a- brow, ripe)

Its cystic form is found in rodents. Bothriocephalus latus, or broad tapeworm, about 25 ft. long and 1 in. broad, is found in the intestine of the dog and sometimes in man. Its occurrence appears to be confined to certain parts of the European continent. Its larval form is met with in See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

A few species have been proved responsible for the transmission of diseases caused by blood parasites, and this knowledge has greatly increased the importance of ticks in veterinary practice. The best known ticks are Ixodes ricinus, or castor-See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

For the dog, sulphur, olive oil and potassium carbonate, or oil of tar and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

The affected parts should be carefully scraped and the crusts destroyed by burning; then the patches should be dressed with iodine tincture, solution of copper sulphate or carbolic acid, or with oil of tar. McFadyean, Anatomy of the Horse: a See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)