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NEW HAMPSHIRE

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 498 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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NEW See also:

HAMPSHIRE , a See also:North See also:Atlantic See also:state of the See also:United States, one of the New See also:England See also:group, and one of the See also:Original Thirteen, lying between latitudes 42° 40' and 45° 18' 23" N., and between longitudes 7o° 37' and 72° 37' W. It is bounded N. by the See also:Canadian See also:province of See also:Quebec; E. by See also:Maine, by the See also:Salmon Falls See also:river, which separates it in See also:part from Maine, and by the Atlantic Ocean; S.E. and S. by See also:Massachusetts; W. and N.W. by See also:Vermont (from which it is separated by the See also:Connecticut river—See also:low See also:water See also:mark on the W. See also:bank of the Connecticut is New Hampshire's W. boundary), and by Halls Stream which separates it from Quebec. The state has an See also:area of 9341 sq. m., of which 310 sq. m. are water See also:surface. See also:Physical Features.—The delightful scenery of mountains, lakes, streams and woodlands gives to the greater part of New Hampshire, which is in the New England physiographic province, the See also:appearance of a vast and beautiful See also:park; and the state is a favourite summer resort. In the N. central portion, the See also:White Mountains, a continuation of the Appalachian See also:system, rise very abruptly in several See also:short ranges and in outlying See also:mountain masses from a See also:base level of 700-1500 ft. to generally rounded summits, the heights of several of which are nowhere exceeded in the eastern part of the United States except in the See also:Black and the Unaka mountains of North Carolina: seventy-four rise more than 3000 ft. above the See also:sea, twelve more than 5000 ft., and the highest, See also:Mount See also:Washington, attains an See also:elevation of 6293 ft. The See also:principal ranges, the Presidential, the See also:Franconia and the See also:Carter-See also:Moriah, have a north-eastern and See also:south-western trend. The Presidential, in the north-eastern part of the region, is separated from the Franconia on the south-See also:west by the See also:Crawford, or White Mountain Notch, about 2000 ft. in See also:depth, in which the Ammonoosuc and See also:Saco See also:rivers find a passage, and from the Carter-Moriah, parallel to it on the See also:east, by the Glen-See also:Ellis and See also:Peabody rivers, the former noted for its beautiful falls. On the Presidential range, which is about 20 M. in length, are Mount Washington and nine other peaks exceeding 5000 ft. in height: Mount See also:Adams, 5805 ft.; Mount See also:Jefferson, 5725 ft.; Mount Sam Adams, 5585 ft.; Mount See also:Clay, 5554 ft.; See also:Boot See also:Spur, 5520 ft.; Mount See also:Monroe, 5390 ft.; J Q. Adams See also:Peak, 5384 ft.; Mount See also:Madison, 5380 ft.; and Mount See also:Franklin, 5028 ft. On the Franconia, a much shorter range, are Mount See also:Lafayette, 5269 ft.; Mount See also:Lincoln, 5098 ft.; and four others exceeding 4000 ft. The highest peak on the Carter-Moriah range is Carter See also:Dome, 486o ft., but seven others exceed 4000 ft. Loftiest of the isolated mountains is Moosilanke noted for its magnificent view-point 4810 ft. above the sea.

Separatipg Franconia and Pentigewasset ranges is the romantic Franconia Notch, overlooking which from the upper cliffs of See also:

Profile Mountain is a remarkable human profile, The See also:Great See also:Stone See also:Face, immortalized by Nathaniel See also:Hawthorne; here, too, is the Franconia See also:Flume, a narrow upright fissure, 6o ft. in height, with beautiful waterfalls. The whole White Mountain region abounds in deep narrow valleys, romantic glens, ravines, flumes, waterfalls, See also:brooks and lakes. The part of the state which lies N. of the White Mountains is occupied by ridges and wide See also:rolling valleys, the ridges rising occasionally to heights of 2000 ft. or more. South of the mountains a See also:plateau-like surface—a part of the New England Uplands—broken by residual mountains, or " monadnocks " (a See also:term derived from Mount See also:Monadnock, 3186 ft. high, near the S.W. corner of the state) and lenticular hills, or drumlins, but having a See also:general S.E. slope toward the sea, extends from the intervales of the Connecticut river to the E. border of the See also:Merrimac Valley. Between the Merrimac Valley and the sea is the only low surface in the state; a considerable portion of this region is less than 500 ft. above the sea, but even here are numerous ridges loon ft. in height or more, and small drumlins. The seashore, about 18 m. in length, is for the most part a low sandy See also:beach; here and there, however, especially to the northward, it is somewhat rocky, and to the southward are two bluffs. The only See also:harbour is at See also:Portsmouth near the mouth of the Piscataqua. About 9 M. from the See also:shore are the See also:bleak and nearly barren Isles of Shoals, nine in number, a part of which belong to New Hampshire and a part to Maine. Extending from Mount Monadnock in See also:Cheshire, the S.W. corner See also:county, to the headwaters of the Connecticut river in the N.E. corner is a water-parting, W. of which the state is drained southward into See also:Long See also:Island See also:Sound by the Connecticut and its tributaries and E. of which it is drained south-eastward into the Atlantic Ocean principally by the Merrimac in the S., the Saco and the headwaters of the Merrimac in the White Mountain region, and the Androscoggin in the N. The Piscataqua is a tidal See also:estuary fed chiefly by the Salmon Falls, See also:Lamprey and See also:Exeter rivers. The headwaters of the rivers are for the most part mountain streams or elevated lakes; farther on their See also:swift and winding currents—flowing sometimes between wide intervales, sometimes between rocky See also:banks—are marked by numerous falls and fed by lakes. The lakes and ponds, numbering several See also:hundred, were formed by glacial See also:action and the scenery of many of them is scarcely less attractive than that of the mountains.

The largest and most widely known is See also:

Lake Winnepesaukee on the S. border of the White Mountain region; this is about 20 M. long and from 1 to 8 m. wide, is dotted by 274 islands, mostly verdant, and has clear water and a rather level shore, back of which hills or mountains rise on all sides. Among the more prominent of many others that are admired for their beauty are Squam, New Found, Sunapee and Ossipee, all within a See also:radius of a few See also:miles from Winnepesaukee; Massabesic farther S.; and See also:Diamond Ponds, Umbagog and Connecticut lakes, N. of the White Mountains. The rivers with their numerous falls and the lakes with their high altitudes furnish a vast amount of water See also:power for manufacturing, the Merrimac, in particular, into which many of the larger lakes, including Winnepesaukee, find an outlet, is one of the greatest power-yielding streams of the See also:world. See also:Flora.—Except on the summits of the higher mountains New Hampshire was originally an unbroken See also:forest cf which the principal trees were the white See also:pine, See also:hemlock, See also:sugar See also:maple, yellow See also:birch, See also:beech, red See also:oak, and white oak in the S., red spruce, See also:balsam, and white birch on the upper mountain slopes, and red spruce, white pine, sugar maple, white spruce and white See also:cedar in the other parts of the N. The primeval forests have nearly disappeared, but much of the N. third of the state and many abandoned farms in the S. have become reforested with much the same trees, except that on the See also:lower levels in the N. yellow birch, sugar maple and beech have to a considerable extent supplanted spruce, white pine and hemlock, and that wherever forest fires have occurred there is much See also:bird See also:cherry, yellow birch and See also:aspen. The butternut, See also:hickory and See also:chestnut are See also:common See also:nut-bearing trees in the S. Among indigenous See also:fruit-bearing trees, shrubs and vines the state has the bird cherry, black cherry, blueberry, See also:cranberry, See also:raspberry, See also:blackberry, See also:goose-See also:berry, See also:strawberry, See also:grape and black See also:currant; and conspicuous among a very great variety of shrubs and flowering See also:plants are the See also:rose, See also:dogwood, See also:laurel, sumac, See also:holly, winterberry, trilliums, anemones, arbutuses, violets, azaleas, See also:eglantine, See also:clematis, See also:blue gentians, See also:orange lilies, See also:orchids, asters and See also:golden See also:rod. The summits of some of the mountains are too high for trees and above belts of See also:dwarf spruce, balsam and birch they are clothed chiefly with sandworts, diapensia, cassiope, rushes, sedges and See also:lichens. See also:Fauna.—The N. See also:section of the state was originally a favourite See also:hunting-ground of the See also:Indians, for here in abundance were the See also:moose, caribou, See also:deer, See also:wolf, See also:bear, See also:lynx, See also:otter, See also:beaver, See also:fox, See also:sable, See also:mink, See also:musk-See also:rat, See also:porcupine, See also:wood-chuck, ruffed See also:grouse and See also:pigeon. These were rapidly reduced in number by the white See also:man, the See also:wild pigeons are See also:extinct, and the moose, caribou, bear, wolf, lynx and beaver have become rare, but, under the See also:protection of See also:laws enacted during the latter part of the 19th See also:century, deer and ruffed grouse are again quite plentiful. Rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, See also:woodcock and See also:quail are also common See also:game. Many of the lakes and rivers have been stocked with See also:trout and salmon or See also:bass; some, with See also:smelt; the fresh See also:waters of the state also contain pickerel, See also:perch,pouts, eels, suckers, See also:dace, See also:sunfish and shiners.

In the S. See also:

half of New Hampshire are many See also:song birds belonging to the Allegfiany faunal area; in the N. part many others belonging to the Canadian faunal area. The See also:hermit See also:thrush, veery, song See also:sparrow, red-eyed vireo, See also:bunting, See also:warbler and See also:wren are among the song birds of the forests. See also:Climate.—The winters are usually long and severe, and the summers cool and salubrious, but the diversity of surface together with unequal distances from the sea cause marked See also:variations for the different regions. The mean See also:annual temperature ranges from about 42 F. at only moderate elevations in the White Mountain region and farther N. to 47° F. at low altitudes in the S.E. The greatest extremes of temperature occur in the deep mountain valleys where it sometimes rises to 102° F. or above, in summer, and falls to-38°F. or below in See also:winter; higher up on the mountains it is never so warm and along the sea••See also:coast both extremes are considerably less. The highest recorded winter mean is 25° F., at See also:Nashua in the lower valley of the Merrimac, and at See also:Durham near the sea-coast; the lowest recorded winter mean is 18° F., at See also:Bethlehem 1470 ft. above the sea in the White Mountain region; the highest recorded summer mean is 69° F. at Nashua, and the lowest recorded summer mean is 64° F. at Bethlehem. The mean annual precipitation for the entire state is about 40 in.; it is 43 in. at Nashua, 45.3 in. at Durham, and perhaps still more on the E. slopes of the mountain ranges, but it is only 37.7 in. at Bethlehem in the N.W. part of the mountain region and only 35.5 in. at See also:Stratford in the upper valley of the Connecticut. The See also:distribution is quite even throughout the See also:year, but summer and autumn are slightly more wet than winter and See also:spring. Among the mountains and in the N. part of the state the annual fall of See also:snow is from 7 to 8 ft., but in the S.E. corner it is little more than one-half that amount. The prevailing winds are generally N.W., but in the vicinity of the sea they are S.E. during summer. See also:Agriculture.—Fertile See also:soil in New Hampshire is confined largely to the bottom-lands of the Merrimac and Connecticut rivers, where on deposits of glacial See also:drift, which are generally quite deep in the See also:southern half of the state, there is considerable See also:alluvium. In the south-eastern section is also a moderately productive soil derived largely from the disintegration of See also:slate.

Elsewhere south of the mountains the surface soil is mostly hard See also:

pan or till, this being deepest on the drumlins. In the mountain region the soil is mostly a sandy See also:loam composed of disintegrated granitic See also:gneiss and organic See also:matter; on the lower and more See also:gentle slopes as well as in the valleys this is generally deep enough for a luxuriant See also:vegetable growth but on the upper and more precipitous slopes it is thin, or the rocks are entirely See also:bare. Farms in the more sterile parts of New Hampshire were abandoned when the depleted soil and the old methods of agriculture made it impossible for owners or tenants to compete with western farmers. This See also:abandonment led in 1889 to the See also:adoption by the state See also:Board of Agriculture of See also:measures which promoted the development of the state, especially the central and See also:northern parts, as a summer resort. Abandoned farms were advertised as suitable for See also:country homes, and within fifteen years about two thousand were bought; and the See also:carriage roads were improved, game preserved and the interests of visitors studied. Agriculture on the farms still operated was now greatly modified, and the See also:production of vegetables, fruits, See also:dairy products, poultry and eggs was largely substituted for the production of cereals. The See also:total acreage of all See also:land included in farms increased from 3,459,018 acres in 1890 to 3,609,784 acres in 1900, or from 6o% to 62.6% of the total land area of the state, but the improved portion of this decreased during the See also:decade from 1,727,387 acres to 1,076,879 acres, or from 49.9% to 29.8%; in no other state east of the See also:Mississippi river was so small a proportion of the See also:farm land improved at the See also:close of the decade, although in See also:Florida it was only a trifle larger. The total number of farms increased from 29,151. in 1890 to 29,324 in 1900, and the See also:average See also:size increased from 119 acres to 123.1 acres, but as a result of the more intensive See also:form of agriculture, farms containing less than 5o acres increased from 8188 in 1890 to 8764 in 1900, and those containing 5o acres or more decreased during this decade from 20,963 to 20,560. Of the total number of farms in 1900, 26,344, or 89.8%, were operated by owners or part owners, 1639 by See also:cash tenants and 546 by See also:share tenants. See also:Hay is the principal See also:crop; in 1909 the acreage was 640,000 acres and the yield was 621,000 tons. The total acreage of cereals decreased from 88,559 acres in 1879 to 61,498 acres in 1889, and to 42,335 acres in 1899; during the latter decade that of See also:Indian See also:corn increased from 23,746 acres to 25,694 acres (30,000 acres in 1909), and Madison. In 1908 there were 8 quarries at See also:Concord, all on but that of oats decreased from 26,618 acres to 12,589 acres (14,000 acres in 1909), that of See also:wheat decreased from 2027 acres to 271 acres (none reported in 1909), that of See also:barley decreased from 4934 acres to 1596 acres (2000acres in 1909), that of See also:buckwheat decreased from 3117 acres to 1835 acres (2000 acres in 1909), and that of See also:rye decreased from 1056 acres to 350 acres (none reported in 1909).

With the exception of dairy cows and horses there was likewise a corresponding decrease in the number of livestock during these years: the number of hogs decreased from 58,585 in 1890 to 56,970 in 1900 (51,000 in 1910) ; of See also:

sheep, from 211,825 in 188o to 105,702 in 1900 (74,000 in 1910) ; and of neat See also:cattle other than dairy cows, from 141,841 in 188o to 116,835 in 1900 (93,000 in 1910); but the number of horses increased from 52,458 in 1890 to 77,233 in 1900 (59,000 in 1910), and the number of dairy cows from 90,564 in 1890 to 115,036 in 1900 (122,000 in 1910). The value of the poultry and See also:egg product of 1899 was $1,824,399, which was more than twice that of the cereals and nearly one-third of that of the hay and See also:forage. The See also:potato crop of the same year was grown on 19,422 acres and amounted to 2,420,668 bushels valued at $1,090,495; in 1909 the acreage was 21,000, and the crop was 2,730,000 bushels, valued at $1,747,000. The acreage of other vegetables in 1899 was 26,78o and the value of the See also:market See also:garden produce, including small fruits, which was sold, increased from $187,049 in 1889 to $394,283 in 1899 or 110.8 %. Although the crop of See also:orchard fruits was no greater in 1899 than in 1889 the number of See also:apple trees increased during the decade from 1,744,779 to 2,034,398, the number of See also:peach trees from 19,057 to 48,819 and the number of See also:plum trees from 10,151 t0 18,137; in the number of See also:pear trees and of cherry trees there was a slight decrease. The fruit crop of 1899 included 1,978,797 bushels of apples, 19,341 bushels of See also:pears, 6054 bushels of peaches, 4942 bushels of plums, 1183 bushels of cherries, 487,500 lb of grapes, 568,64o qts. of strawberries, 124,760 qts. of raspberries and 105,290 qts. of blackberries and dewberries. The valley of the Merrimac is the leading section for the production of hay, small fruits and dairy products. In the bottom lands of the Merrimac and of the Connecticut, south of the White Mountains, a large part of the Indian corn and vegetables is grown. Potatoes, however, are grown in large quantities north and west of the White Mountains; and this See also:district leads in the number of cattle and sheep, and in the production of all the cereals except Indian corn. Apples, pears and grapes are successfully grown throughout the central and southern sections, but peaches and cherries chiefly south of Lake Winnepesaukee. Hillsboro and See also:Rockingham counties, in the south-east, See also:lead in the production of poultry and eggs. Forests.—The White Mountain region and Coos county to the north of it, embracing in all nearly one-third of the total area of the state, is essentially a forest country.

In 1903, however, only about 12% of this was still occupied by a virgin merchantable forest and 69.8% was cut-over or culled land. in the southern part of the state there is in the aggregate nearly as large an area of See also:

young forests on lands, most of which were until about 185o used for agricultural purposes. The principal merchantable See also:timber of the state is red spruce, and this is found chiefly in the virgin forests which remain in the north, especially in those on the steep mountain slopes between elevations of 1800 ft. and 3500 ft. All except a few scattered trees of the white pine, which was once abundant in all parts of the state below 1500 ft. in elevation, has been cut; but some of the second growth in the south is already merchantable. The most common hardwood trees are sugar maple, yellow birch, white birch and beech; these are widely distributed throughout the state, but are for the most part too young to be cut for See also:lumber. White cedar is almost wholly confined to the swamps of the north, and white oak is found chiefly on the more fertile lands of the south. Most of the virgin forests of the northern section were cut in the latter half of the 19th century, while abandoned farms in the south were becoming reforested, and the value of the state's lumber and timber products increased from $1,099,492 in 185o to $4,286,142 in 1870, and to ',..,218,310 in 1900 and then decreased to $7,519,431 in 1905; since 1890 large quantities of wood, chiefly spruce, have also been used in the manufacture of See also:paper and wood pulp. In 1909.a forestry See also:commission was established. See also:Fisheries.—Although the trout and salmon of the fresh waters in the interior are a great attraction to sportsmen, the commercial fisheries, which are confined to Rockingham county, on the coast, are of small and declining importance. The take of 1898 consisted chiefly of See also:cod, See also:haddock, lobsters, See also:mackerel, alewives, See also:pollock and See also:hake, but was valued at only $48,987, which was a decrease of 67 % from that of 1889; in 1905 the total take was valued at $51,944, of which $32,575 was the value of lobsters and $8166 was the value of fresh cod—the only other items valued at more than $See also:i000 were soft clams ($2770), Irish See also:moss ($2400), alewives, fresh and salted ($1220), and haddock ($1048). Minerals.—The most important of the See also:mineral products of New Hampshire, which has long been known as " the See also:Granite State," is granite, which is quarried in the southern part of the state in the area of " Lake Winnepesaukee gneiss,'' near Concord, Merrimack county, near See also:Milford, Hillsboro county, and E. of See also:Manchester in Rockingham county; in See also:Sullivan county, near Sunapee; and in the east central part of the state in See also:Carroll county, near See also:Conway ' Gems are not sought for systematically in New Hampshire. See also:Topaz occurs on Baldface Mountain, near North See also:Chatham. See also:Rattlesnake See also:Hill, and all within 2 M. of the state See also:house in Concord.

The Concord granite is•a.See also:

medium bluish-See also:grey coloured muscovitebiotite granite, with See also:mica plates so abundant as to effect the durability of the See also:polish of the stone; it is used for See also:building—the See also:outer walls of the Library of See also:Congress at Washington, D.C., are made of this stone—to a less degree for monuments, for which the output of one See also:quarry is used exclusively, and for paving blocks. The out-put of the Milford quarries, which numbered in 1908 fifteen—twelve south and south-west and three north-west of Milford—consists of See also:fine and mostly even-grained, See also:quartz monzonites (i.e. granites with an unusually large proportion of soda-See also:lime feldspar), of various grey shades, sometimes tinged with blue, See also:pink or See also:buff, and always marked with black mica; the finer varieties take a high polish and are used for monuments, and the coarser grades are used for construction, especially of railway See also:bridges, and for paving and curbing, The output of the See also:Auburn quarry, 7 M. E. of Manchester, is a deep pink quartz See also:monzonite, marked with fine black dots, which has a fine texture, takes a See also:good polish and is used for monuments. The Conway quarries, four in number in 1908, are on either See also:side of the Saco river, south-east and south-west of North Conway; their output is coarse constructional stones, all See also:biotite or biotite-See also:hornblende, but varying in See also:colour, pinkish (" red ") and dark-yellow greenish-grey (" See also:green ") varieties being found remarkably near each other at Redstone, on the east side of the Saco valley. About 24 M. E. of Sunapee are quarried two kinds of monumental stone: the " See also:light Sunapee," a light bluish-grey biotite-See also:muscovite, finer than the Concord granite, and capable of a good polish and of fine See also:carving; and the " black See also:pearl " or " dark Sunapee," a dark bluish-grey quartz-See also:diorite, which seems black mottled with white when polished, and which is coarser than the " light Sunapee." New Hampshire granites were used for building as See also:early as 1623. The value of granite quarried in the state increased from $195,000 in 1887 to $1,147,097 in 1902, when building stone was valued at $619,916, monumental stone at $346,735 and paving stone at $10I,548. In that year New Hampshire ranked See also:fourth among the states in output of granite, with 6.3% of the total value of granite quarried in the entire country; in 1908 the value of granite ($867,028) was exceeded by that of each of seven other states but was more than one-half ofthe total value of all mineral products of the state. Of this total the only other large items were clay and clay products (valued at $371,640), and mineral waters ($259,520; of which $150,512 was the value of table waters) from nine springs, four in Rockingham, three in Hillsboro county and one each in Coos and Carrol counties—and other mineral waters were used in the manufacture of soft drinks. Mica, first See also:mined at See also:Grafton, Grafton county, in 1803, found also in the northern part of Merrimack county and in the north-western corner of Cheshire county in such quantities that for sixty years New Hampshire was the largest producer of mica in the United States, is no longer an important product: in 1907 its value ($7227) was less than that of the mica produced in South Dakota, See also:Alabama, North Carolina or See also:Colorado. A quartz schist, suitable for making whetstones and oilstones, was discovered in 1823 by See also:Isaac See also:Pike at Pike Station, Grafton county, and the Pike Manufacturing See also:Company now owns and operates quarries outside this state also; in 1907 New Hampshire was the principal producer of See also:scythe-stones in the United States, and the total value of whetstones made in 1907 (including the value of See also:precious stones') was $59,870. Manufactures.—The heavy precipitation on the elevated central and northern parts, and the hundreds of lakes and ponds which serve as reservoirs, give to the lower southern part of the state on the Merrimac and other rivers such an abundant and See also:constant water-power that southern New Hampshire has become an important manufacturing district, and manufacturing has become the leading See also:industry of the state.

During the last two decades of the 19th century the number of inhabitants engaged in agricultural pursuits decreased from 45,122 to 38,782; and the number engaged in manufacturing and See also:

mechanical pursuits increased from 57,283 to 75,945. Many farmers abandoned their sterile farms and made new homes in the West, where soil yielded larger returns for labour, and a See also:foreign-See also:born See also:population, consisting largely of See also:French Canadians, came to the cities in response to the demand for labour in the See also:mills and factories. From 1850 to 186o the value of the manufactured products increased 62.3%; in the decade of the See also:Civil See also:War they further increased in value 89%; from 1890 to 1900 the increase was from $85,770,549 to $118,709,308, or 38.4%; and from 1900 to 1905 the value of the factory products increased from $107,590,803 to $123,610,904, or 14.9 %. Textiles, and boots and shoes represented in 1905 more than one-half the total value. See also:Cotton goods, the manufacture of which was introduced in 1804, increased in value only slightly during the last decade of the 19th century, from $21,958,002 to $22,998,249, but from 1900 to 1905 their value increased 28.4 %, or to $29,540,770; except in 1900 the manufacture of cotton goods had long ranked first, measured by the value of the product, among the state's manufacturing See also:industries. Factory-made boots and shoes increased in value from $11,986,003 in 1890 to $23,405,558 in 1900, or 95.3%, the industry ranking first in 1900; but in 1905 there was a decrease to $22,425,700, the industry then ranking second ; in 1 0o the value of boots and shoes was 21.8 % and in 1905 it was 18.1% of the total value of all factory products, and in no other state was the degree of specialization in this industry so great as in New Hampshire. Woollen goods, third in See also:rank, decreased in value from $10,963,250 in 1890 to $10,381,056 in 1900, but the factory product increased in value from $7,624,062 in 1900 to $11,013,982, in 1905, or 44.5%. Paper and wood pulp, for the manufacture of which the spruce forests of the state are so largely used, increased in value from $1,282,022 in 1890 to $7,244,733 in 1900, or 465.1 %, and to $8,930,291 in 1905; and this industry rose from ninth in rank in 1890 to fifth in 1900 and to fourth in 1905. The manufacture of lumber and timber products. one of the See also:oldest industries of the state, ranked fifth in 1905; these products had increased in value from $5,641,445 in 1890 to $9,218,310 in 1900, or 63.4 %, but decreased to $7,519,431 in 1905, the decrease being in large measure due to the great demand for spruce at the paper and pulp mills. Foundry and See also:machine See also:shop products, See also:hosiery and knit goods, wooden boxes, See also:flour and grist See also:mill products, and See also:malt liquors are other important manufactures; the value of wooden boxes increased from $979,758 in 1900 to $2,565,612 in 1905, or 161.9%, and the value of hosiery and knit goods increased during the same See also:period from $2,592,829 to $3,974,290, or 53.3%. As compared with other states of the See also:Union, New Hampshire in 1905 ranked fifth in the manufacture of factory-made boots and shoes, and in woollen goods, See also:sixth in cotton goods, and seventh in paper and wood pulp, in hosiery and knit goods, and in the See also:dyeing and See also:finishing ofdtextiles. In 1905 the value of the products in the eight cities of Manchester, Nashua, Concord, See also:Dover, See also:Rochester, See also:Laconia, See also:Keene, and Portsmouth, all of which are south of Lake Winnepesaukee, was 59.5 % of that for the entire state.

Nearly one-half the cotton goods were manufactured in Manchester. Boots and shoes were manufactured chiefly in cities near the southern border. Dover led in the manufacture of woollens; Laconia in the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods; and See also:

Berlin, the See also:chief manufacturing centre north of the White Mountains, in the manufacture of paper and wood pulp. Transportation.—With the exception of a See also:Grand See also:Trunk See also:line in the northern part of the state the several See also:steam See also:railways are owned or leased by the See also:Boston & Maine. Up the steep slope of Mount Washington runs a See also:cog railway. The first steps in railway building were taken in 1835, when the Boston & Maine, the Concord, and the Nashua & See also:Lowell railways were incorporated. The Boston & Maine was opened from Boston, See also:Mass., to Dover, N.H., in 1842. In 185o there were in operation 467 m.; this mileage had increased to 1015 in 188o and to 1167.14 on the 1st of See also:January 1909. Portsmouth, the only See also:port of entry, has a very small foreign See also:trade, but there is a considerable See also:traffic in See also:coal and building materials here and on the Cocheco, which is navigable to Dover. Population.—The population of the state was 141,885 in 1790; 183,858 in 1800; 214,460 in 1810; 244,161 in 1820; 269,328 in 1830; 284,574 in 1840; 317,976 in 1850; 326,073 in 1860; 318,300 in 1870; 346,991 in 1880; 376,530 in 1890; 411,588 in 19oo; and 430,572 in 1910; the per cent of increase was 9.3 from 1890 to 190o and 4.6 from 190o to 1910. Of the total in 1900, 88,107 were foreign-born; 58,967, or 66.9%, were natives of See also:Canada (44,420 French and 14,547 See also:English), 13,547 of See also:Ireland, 51o0 of England, 2019 of See also:Scotland, 2006 of See also:Germany, and 2032 of See also:Sweden. Of the 323,481 native-born, 80,435, or 24.8%, were natives of other states than New Hampshire; 56,210 of these were natives of other New England states, however, and 7502 were natives of New See also:York.

At the same See also:

time there were 124,561 natives of New Hampshire numbered among the inhabitants of other states, principally Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, New York, See also:Illinois, See also:California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, See also:Minnesota, See also:Iowa, See also:Wisconsin, See also:Michigan, See also:Pennsylvania, See also:Ohio, New See also:Jersey, See also:Kansas and See also:Nebraska, and to induce these to return for a See also:holiday See also:season to their native state the "Old See also:Home See also:Week" festival, now held throughout New England, was planned in 1899 by See also:Frank West Rollins (b. 1860), who was then See also:governor of New Hampshire. The See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:Church in 1906 had more members than any other religious See also:denomination (119,863 out of 190,298 communicants of all denominations); in the same year there were 19,070 Congregationalists, 15,974 See also:Baptists, 12,529 Methodist Episcopalians (North) and 4892 See also:Protestant Episcopalians. Of the total population in ago the rural constituted 67.4% and the See also:urban 37.6%, but in 1900 the rural constituted only 53.3% of the total and the urban 46.7 %. The eleven cities having a population in 1900 of 5000 or more were: Manchester (56,987); Nashua (23,898); Concord (19,632) ; Dover (13,207) ; Portsmouth (10,637) ; Keene (9165); Berlin (8886); Rochester (8466); Laconia (8042); See also:Somersworth (7023), and Franklin (5846). See also:Administration.—New Hampshire was the first of the original thirteen states to establish a See also:government wholly See also:independent ' of Great See also:Britain. This was designed to be only temporary,' but was in operation from the 5th of January 1776 to the 2nd of See also:June 1784. The constitution which then went into effect provided for a General See also:Court consisting of a See also:Senate and a House of Representatives and made the See also:Council a See also:body advisory to the state See also:president; the 1784 See also:instrument was much amended in 1792, when the See also:title of president was changed to governor, but with the amendments adopted in that year it is in large measure the constitution of to-See also:day. For sixty years there was no See also:change whatever, and only three amendments, those of 1852 (removing the See also:property qualifications of representatives, senators and the governor), were adopted until 1877, when twelve amendments were adopted,—the most important being those providing for biennial (instead of annual) state elections in See also:November (instead of See also:March), and those doing away with the previous requirement that representatives, senators and the governor " be of the Protestant See also:religion." Five amendments were ratified in '889 and four in 1902. New Hampshire is the only state' in the Union in which amendments to the constitution may be proposed only by a constitutional See also:convention, and once in seven years at the general See also:election a popular See also:vote is taken on the See also:necessity of a revision of the constitution. A See also:radical revision of the constitution is rendered especially difficult by a See also:provision that no See also:amendment proposed by a convention shall be adopted without the approval of two-thirds of the See also:electors who vote on the subject when it is referred to them. See also:Prior to 1902 every male inhabitant of a See also:town who was twenty-one years of See also:age or over, a See also:citizen of the United States, and not a pauper or excused from paying taxes at his own See also:request, had a right to vote, but an amendment adopted in this year made ability to read English and to write additional qualifications, except in the See also:case of those physically unable to read or to write, of those then having the See also:franchise, and of persons 6o years of age or more on the 1st of January 1904.

Various other amendments have been proposed from time to time, but have been defeated at the polls. By an See also:

act approved on the 9th of See also:April 1909 provision was made for See also:direct nominations of candidates at primaries conducted by See also:regular election See also:officers. There is a governor's council of five members, one from each councillor district, which has advisory duties and shares with the governor most of his See also:powers. There, is no See also:lieutenant-governor. The governor and the councillors are elected for a term of two years, and a See also:majority of the votes See also:cast is necessary to a choice. Where no See also:candidate receives such a majority the Senate and the House of Representatives by See also:joint See also:ballot choose one of the two having the greatest number. No See also:person is eligible for either See also:office who shall not at the time of his election be at least See also:thirty years of age and have been an inhabitant of the state for the seven years next pre-ceding; a councillor must be an inhabitant of the district from which he is chosen. The governor and council appoint all judicial ' The constitution of 1776 provided that the Congress which framed it " assume the name, power and authority of a House of Representatives "; that said house choose twelve persons to be " a distinct and See also:separate See also:branch of the legislature by the name of a Council "; that the Council appoint a president; that civil officers for the See also:colony and for each county (except clerks of court, county treasurers and recorders) should be appointed by the two houses; and that " if the See also:present unhappy dispute with Great Britain should continue longer than this present year, and the See also:Continental Congress give no instruction or direction to the contrary, the Council be chosen by the See also:people of each respective county in such manner as the Council and House of Representatives shall See also:order." A constitution framed by a Convention which met in Concord on the loth of June 1778 was rejected by the people is 1779. 494 officers, the See also:attorney-general, auditor, important administrative I boards, coroners and certain See also:naval and military officers; they have power to See also:pardon offences; and they may exercise some See also:control over See also:expenditure through the constitutional requirement of the governor's See also:warrant for See also:drawing See also:money from the See also:treasury. The governor may See also:veto within five days, besides See also:Sunday, after it has been presented to him, any See also:bill or See also:resolution of which he disapproves, and a two-thirds vote of the members of both houses is required to pass over his veto. A Senate and a House of Representatives, which together constitute the General Court, meet at Concord on the first Wednesday in January of every See also:odd-numbered year, and at such other times as the governor may appoint for a See also:special session, principally for the making of laws and for the election of the secretary of state, the state treasurer, and the See also:commissary-general. The Senate is composed of 24 members, one from each senatorial district, and these districts are formed so as to be approximately equal with respect to the amount of direct taxes paid in each; See also:representation in this body is therefore apportioned on the basis of property.

In the House of Representatives, which has the large membership of 390, representation is on the basis of population, but is so arranged as to favour the rural districts; thus every town or See also:

ward of a See also:city having 60o inhabitants is allowed one representative, but, although for every additional representative 1200 additional inhabitants are required, any town having less than 60o inhabitants is allowed a representative for such proportionate part of the time the legislature is in session as the number of its inhabitants bears to boo. Senators and representatives are elected for a term of two years. A representative must have been an inhabitant of the state for at least two years next preceding his election, and must be an inhabitant of the town, See also:parish or ward he is chosen to represent; a senator must be at least thirty years of age, must have been an inhabitant of the state for at least seven years next preceding his election, and must be an inhabitant of the district by which he is chosen. The constitution of New Hampshire places scarcely any restrictions on the powers of the legislature. By an amendment of 1877, however, it is forbidden to authorize any town to lend money or give See also:credit for the benefit of any See also:corporation whose See also:object is profit. Although money bills may originate only in the House of Representatives the Senate may propose amendments. In 1909 the office of state auditor was created. For the administration of See also:justice the state has a supreme court and a See also:superior court, each county has a See also:probate court, and some tdwns as well as the cities have a See also:police court. The supreme court and the superior court consist each of one justice and four See also:associate justices. The supreme court holds one general term each year at Concord and on the first Tuesday of every See also:month except See also:July and See also:August sits to hear arguments, make orders and render decisions; the superior court holds one or two sessions a year in every county. Both of these courts have extensive See also:jurisdiction. Each probate court, consisting of a single See also:judge, has jurisdiction within its county of the probate of See also:wills, of the granting of administration, in insolvency proceedings, and in relation to the adoption of See also:children; it may appoint and remove guardians of minors, insane persons and s ndthrifts, and, upon application, may change a person's name.

The court of a justice of the See also:

peace has jurisdiction in criminal cases only where the See also:punishment is by fine not exceeding twenty dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding six months, or by both, and in civil cases only where the title to real See also:estate is not involved and the damage demanded does not exceed thirteen dollars and thirty-three cents. A police court has the same jurisdiction as that of a justice of the peace, and, in addition, concurrent jurisdiction with the superior court in certain cases where the title to real estate is not involved and the damage demanded does not exceed one hundred dollars. See also:Judges and justices are appointed by the governor and council, and with the exception of justices of the peace they hold office during good behaviour or until they have attained the age of seventy years; justices of the peace are appointed for a term of five years only, but they may be reappointed. See also:Local affairs are administered by counties, towns (townships), See also:village districts and cities. In each county a convention, composed of representatives from the towns, meets every two years to See also:levy taxes and to authorize expenditures for grounds and buildings whenever more than one thousand dollars are required. For the See also:discharge of other county functions the qualified electors of each county elect every two years three commissioners, a See also:sheriff, a See also:solicitor, a treasurer, a See also:register of deeds and a register of probate; two auditors also are appointed annually by the supreme court. The county commissioners have the care of county buildings, consisting chiefly of a court house, See also:gaol and house of correction, but are not allowed to expend more than one thousand dollars for See also:repairs, new buildings or grounds, without authority from the county convention; the commissioners have the care also of all other county property, as well as of county paupers; and once every four years they are required to visit each town of their county, inspect the taxable property therein, determine whether it is incorrectly assessed and See also:report to the state board of equalization. In each town a regular annual See also:meeting of the qualified electors is called on the second Tuesday in March for the transaction of See also:miscellaneous business and the election of town officers. These officers always include three selectmen, a clerk, a treasurer and one or more auditors, and they may include any or all of the following:assessors, who together with the selectmen constitute a board for the See also:assessment of taxes, one or more collectors of taxes, overseers of the poor, constables, surveyors of highways, fence-viewers, sealers of weights and measures, measurers of wood and bark, surveyors of lumber, cullers of staves, a chief fireward or engineer and one or more assistants, a clerk of the market and a See also:pound keeper. The See also:moderator of the town meeting is elected at the general election in November for a term of two years, and a board of See also:health, consisting of three members, is appointed by the selectmen, one member each year, The general business of the town, other than that which comes before the town meeting, is managed by the selectmen, and they are specially intrusted with the regulation of the highways, side-walks and See also:commons. A village district is a portion of a town, including a village, which is set apart and organized for protection from See also:fire, for See also:lighting or sprinkling the streets, for providing a water-See also:supply, for the construction and See also:maintenance of sewers, and for police protection; to serve these interests three commissioners, a moderator, a clerk, a treasurer and such other officers as the voters of the district may deem necessary are chosen, each for a term of one year. The government of cities is in part determined by general laws and in part by individual charters.

In accordance with the general laws each city elects a See also:

mayor, a board of aldermen, and a common council in whom is vested the administration of its " fiscal, prudential and municipal affairs "; the mayor presides at the meetings of the board of aldermen, and has a veto on any measure of this body, and no measure can be passed over his veto except by an affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the See also:alder-men; each ward elects three selectmen, a moderator and a clerk in whom is vested the See also:charge of elections; the city See also:marshal and assistant marshals are appointed by the mayor and aldermen, but the city clerk and city treasurer are elected by the aldermen and common council in joint session. Under the laws of New Hampshire the property rights of See also:husband and wife are nearly equal. The wife may hold, acquire and See also:manage property the same as if she were single; she is also subject to the same liabilities in relation to her property as a single woman except that no See also:contract or See also:conveyance by her as See also:surety or guarantor for her husband is binding. Rights of See also:dower and See also:courtesy both obtain. Where there is no will or its provisions are waived, the right of a widow, in addition to her dower and See also:homestead rights, in the See also:personal estate of a deceased husband is the same as that of a widower, in addition to his estate by courtesy and homestead right, in the personal estate of a deceased wife, i.e. one-half if there is no surviving issue and one-third if there is such issue. By releasing his or her right of dower or courtesy together with the homestead right, if any, the surviving widower or widow is also entitled, in See also:fee, to one-half the real estate, if said deceased leaves no issue surviving; if the husband leaves issue by the widow surviving, she is entitled in fee to one-third of his real estate; if the wife leaves issue by him surviving, the husband also is entitled in fee to one-third of her estate; but if the wife leaves issue not by him, he is entitled only to a See also:life See also:interest in one-third of her real estate. Among the grounds for a See also:divorce are See also:adultery, impotency, extreme See also:cruelty, conviction of a See also:crime punishable in the state with imprisonment for more than a year and actual imprisonment under such conviction, treatment seriously injuring the health or endangering the See also:reason, wilful See also:desertion for three years, or joining a religious See also:sect or society which professes to believe the relation of husband and wife unlawful, and conduct in accordance therewith for six months. The homestead See also:law of New Hampshire exempts from seizure for See also:debt five hundred dollars' See also:worth of any person's homestead except for the enforcement of a See also:mortgage upon it, for the collection of debts incurred in making repairs or improvements, or for the collection of taxes. The law also provides that except where a mortgage is given to secure See also:payment of the See also:purchase money, the homestead right of a married person shall not be encumbered without the consent of both husband and wife. The surviving wife or husband and the See also:minor children, if any, may occupy the homestead right during the minority of the children, and the surviving wife or husband is entitled to the right during the See also:remainder of her or his lifetime. From 1855 to 1903 the liquor law was essentially prohibitory, but in the latter year an act licensing the traffic was passed. However, some See also:option still remains with each town and city.

Once every four years in cities and once in two years in towns the question of See also:

licence or no-licence must be submitted to a vote . of the electorate, and in a no-licence town or city no See also:bar-See also:room or See also:saloon is to be permitted; in such a town or city, however, malt liquor, See also:cider and light wines may be sold at a railway restaurant and an See also:inn-keeper may serve liquors to his See also:bona-fide registered guests. See also:Capital punishment for See also:murder in the first degree is inflicted only upon the request of a See also:jury. The general supervision of railways is vested in a board of three commissioners appointed by the governor and council for a term of three years, one each year. The board is specially directed to prescribe the manner in which the railway corporations shall keep their accounts, to examine these accounts from time to time, to examine the railways at least once a year, to investigate the cause of all accidents and upon the See also:petition of an interested party to See also:fix rates for the transportation of persons and See also:freight. In 1909 an See also:anti-pass law was enacted. See also:Education.—New Hampshire formed a part of Massachusetts when, in 1647, the General Court of that province passed the famous act requiring every town in which there were fifty householders to maintain a school for teaching See also:reading and See also:writing, and every town in which there were one hundred house-holders to maintain a See also:grammar school with an instructor capable of preparing young men for See also:college. Although not much en-forced, this, with some slight changes, continued to be the school law until the close of the colonial era. The beginning of the new era was marked by the See also:founding of See also:Phillips Exeter See also:Academy (1781), and later several other similar See also:schools were opened. Their excellence aroused a much greater interest in the common school system, and throughout the 19th century various experiments for improving it were tried; among them were the See also:division of towns into districts, the See also:appointment of county school commissioners, and the See also:establishment of a state board of education. These, however, have been abandoned, and the system is now administered chiefly by towns and a few special districts under the general supervision of a state See also:superintendent. Each town is constituted a school district, and some special districts are organized under special acts of the legislature. Some of the business See also:relating to the schools is transacted at the annual district school meeting in which See also:women as well as men have a vote, but the schools of each district are managed very largely by a school board elected at this meeting, one-third each year; in districts without a high school the board has only three members, but in districts having a high school the board may have three, six or nine members.

The superintendent of public instruction is appointed by the governor and council for a term of two years, and it is his See also:

duty to prescribe the form of register to be kept in the schools, to investigate the See also:condition of the schools, to make suggestions and recommendations for improving them, to lecture upon educational subjects in the towns and cities, to hold at least one teachers' See also:institute each year in each of the counties, and to designate the times and places for holding See also:examinations of those who wish to See also:teach. The See also:free school system now provides free high schools for all children within the state; for an act of 1903 requires any town not maintaining a high school, or school of corresponding grade, or not uniting with adjoining towns in maintaining one, to pay the tuition of any of its children who attend a high school or academy within the state. Evening schools for the instruction of persons over fourteen years of age must be established in any city or town of more than 5000 inhabitants if 5 % of its legal voters petition for them. Any town upon application, and by contracting to appropriate annually a certain fixed sum for its maintenance, may receive state aid for establishing a library, and in 1904 See also:libraries had been established by this means in 146 towns. Every district is required to keep its schools open at least twenty See also:weeks each year. All children between the ages of eight and fourteen and those between the ages of fourteen and sixteen who cannot read and write English are required to attend either a public or an approved private school for the full term unless excused by the school board on See also:account of physical or See also:mental infirmity. The schools are maintained chiefly out of the proceeds of a district school tax, which must not be less in any district than seven hundred and fifty dollars for every See also:dollar of public taxes apportioned to the town or district, a See also:pro-portion which has gradually increased from five to one in 1789 and from ninety to one in 1817. To this is added a " See also:Literary Fund " (designed originally for founding a college) which is derived from the proceeds of a state tax on the deposits, stock, &c. of savings banks, See also:trust companies, See also:loan and trust companies, building and loan associations and other similar corporations not residing in the state, and a portion of the proceeds of a See also:dog tax, both of which are distributed among the several districts in proportion to the number of pupils not less than five years of age who have attended school at least two weeks. The state also makes appropriations for the payment of a portion of the tuition in high schools and See also:academies distributing it among the districts in proportion to the See also:rate of school tax in each, appropriations for paying a portion of the See also:salary of school superintendents where two or more districts unite to form a supervising district, and appropriations for general school purposes to be distributed among the districts according to the number of teachers trained in normal schools and to average school attendance. The See also:plan of 1821 to use the Literary Fund for founding and maintaining a state college for instruction in the higher branches of See also:science and literature was abandoned in 1828 and the only state institutions of learning are the See also:Plymouth Normal School (187o) at Plymouth, the Keene Normal School (1909) at Keene, and the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, organized as a See also:department of See also:Dartmouth College in 1866, but removed to Durham, See also:Strafford county, as a separate institution in 1891. The normal schools are managed by a board of trustees consisting of the governor, the superintendent of public instruction and five other members appointed by the governor and council for a term of five years, one each year, and they are maintained out of annual state appropriations. The College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is managed by a board of trustees consisting of the governor, the president of the college, one member chosen by the alumni, and ten members appointed by the governor with the See also:advice and consent of the council for r a term of four years, and it is maintained out of the proceeds of grants by the United States government, annual state appropriations and a private endowment.

The principal institutions of higher learning in the state are Dartmouth College (non-sectarian, opened in 176, at See also:

Hanover, and See also:Saint See also:Anselm's College (Roman Catholic, opened in 1893), at Manchester. Dartmouth College receives some aid from the state. The state charitable and correctional institutions consist of the New Hampshire School for Feeble-minded Children, at Laconia; the New Hampshire Soldiers' Home, at Tilton; the New Hampshire See also:Industrial School, at Manchester; the New Hampshire See also:Hospital for the Insane, and the State See also:Prison, at Concord; and the New Hampshire See also:Sanatorium for consumptives (1909) near See also:Warren See also:Summit, about 75 m. north of Concord. The state also makes annual appropriations for the care and education of See also:blind and See also:deaf and dumb persons in institutions outside of the state. Each county has an See also:almshouse and house of correction. Here, too,. many of the insane of the state were formerly confined; but by an act of 1903 the counties were entirely relieved of this care, and the insane were removed to the state hospital. Within the state are also sixteen See also:orphan asylums, and though these are private institutions, in all but one of them children are boarded at county or city expense. Each of the state institutions is under the management of an officer or board of trustees appointed by the governor and council. In 1895 the legislature established a State Board of Charities and Correction. This consists of five members appointed by the governor and council for a term of five years, one each year, and its duties are chiefly advisory and supervisory. It is required to inspect both state and county charitable and correctional institutions, except the state prison and the state hospital, to recommend such changes to the state government as may seem desirable, and to have a special care for dependent children whether in institutions or placed in permanent homes. See also:Finance.—The income of the state, counties and towns is derived mainly from taxes levied on real estate, on male polls between the ages of twenty-one and seventy, on stock in public funds, on stock in corporations that pay a See also:dividend and are not subject to some special form of tax, on surplus capital in banks, on stock in trade, on live-stock, on railways, on See also:telegraph and See also:telephone lines, on savings banks and on the stock of fire See also:insurance companies.

Except in the case of railways, telegraph and telephone lines, savings banks, building and loan associations and fire insurance companies, the taxes are assessed and collected by town officers, but every fourth year the county commissioners are required to inspect the taxable property in the towns and report any misappraisal to the state board of equalization whose duty it is to equalize the valuation of property in the several towns. This board, which is composed of five members appointed by the supreme court for a term of two years, also assesses the taxes on the railways, and on telegraph and telephone lines; for railways the average rate of See also:

taxation is assessed on the estimated actual value of the road beds, rolling stock and equipment, and for the telegraph and telephone lines this rate is assessed on the estimated actual value of the poles, wires, See also:instruments, apparatus, office See also:furniture and See also:fixtures. Savings banks pay to the state treasurer a tax of three-fourths of 1% upon the amount of deposits on which they pay interest; building and loan associations pay to him a tax of three-fourths of 1% upon the whole amount of their capital stock paid in or shares in force, less the value of their real estate and loans secured by mortgages on real estate situated within the state and bearing interest not exceeding 5 %; and fire insurance companies pay to the same officer a tax of 1 % upon the amount of their paid-up capital. The railwayp tax is distributed as follows: one fourth is paid to the towns througih which the railways pass; such a portion of the remainder is paid to any town as is equal to the portion of stock owned in that town; and what is See also:left is reserved as a part of the state tax. Such a portion of 75 % of the tax on fire insurance companies is distributed among the several towns, in proportion to the amount of stock owned in each, as the amount of stock owned within the state bears to the whole amount of stock, and the remainder is reserved as a part of the state tax. All taxes on savings banks are distributed to the towns in which the depositors reside, the tax on non-See also:resident depositors constituting a Literary Fund which is distributed to the towns on the basis of the number of pupils in each. The whole tax received by the state treasurer from each building and loan association is paid by him to the treasurer of the town in which it is located. The state also derives an income from fees charged for chartering banks, railways, insurance companies and other corporations. The See also:financial condition at the close of the War of See also:Independence was alarming, and in See also:September 1785 a See also:mob at Exeter demanded See also:relief through the issue of more paper currency. This was refused them however, and by the beginning of the Civil War the state was almost free of debt. During that war the state incurred an indebtedness of about $4,236,000; this it reduced to $2,205,695 in 1872, and then assumed the war debt of the towns and cities, making its total indebtedness again $4,138,124. On the 1st of September 1908 the funded debt of the state was $706,700.

See also:

History.—See also:Martin Pring was at the mouth of the Piscataqua in 1603 and, returning to England in the same year, gave an account of the New England coast from Casco See also:Bay to Cape Cod Bay. See also:Samuel de See also:Champlain discovered the Isles of Shoals and sailed along the New Hampshire coast in 1605, and much more See also:information concerning this part of the New World was gathered in 1614 by See also:Captain See also:John See also:Smith, who in his Description of New England refers to the convenient harbour at the mouth of the Piscataqua and praises the country back from the rocky shore. Under the leadership of See also:Sir Ferdinando See also:Gorges there was formed in 162o the Council for New England, which procured from See also:King See also:James I. a See also:grant of all the country from sea to sea between 40° and 48a N. See also:latitude, and which made the following grants bearing upon the history of New Hampshire by their inducement to See also:settlement, by determining the boundaries or by causing strife through their conflicts with one another: to John See also:Mason, who has been called " the founder of New Hampshire," on the 9th of March 1622, a grant of the region between the See also:Salem and Merrimac rivers, under the name of See also:Mariana; to John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges jointly, on the loth of August 1622, a grant of the region between the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers for 6o m. inland, under the name of the Province of Maine; to See also:David See also:Thomson and associates, in 1622, a grant of six thousand acres near the mouth of the Piscataqua; to Sir See also:Henry Roswell and associates, on the 19th of March 1628, a grant of the region from 3 M. south of the See also:Charles river, " or to the southward of any and every part thereof " to 3 M. N. of the Merrimac river, " or to the northward of any and every part thereof," and extending west.to the South Sea or Pacific Ocean, under the name of Massachusetts; to John Mason alone, on the 7th of November 1629, a grant of that portion of the " Province of Maine " which See also:lay between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua, under the name of New Hampshire; to the Laconia Company, consisting of Gorges, Mason and associates, on the 17th of November 1629, a grant of an extensive territory (which was called Laconia) around the Lake of the See also:Iroquois (Lake Champlain) together with one thousand acres at some See also:place to be selected along the sea coast; to See also:Edward See also:Hilton, on the 12th of March 1630, the grant of a See also:tract on and about the lower part of Dover See also:Neck; to the Laconia Company, in November 1631, a grant of a tract on both sides of the Piscataqua river near its mouth, known as the Pescataway grant; and finally to John Mason, on the 22nd of April 1635, a short time before the Council surrendered its See also:charter, a grant of the region between the Salem river on the south and the Piscataqua and Salmon Falls rivers on the north-east and extending 6o m. inland, under the name of New Hampshire. Mason died in See also:December of this year, and New Hampshire, unlike the other colonies from which the United States originated, New Jersey and See also:Delaware excepted, never received a royal charter. The first settlement of which there is indisputable See also:evidence was established in 1623 by David Thomson at Little Harbor, now in the town of Rye. Thomson was the See also:head of a company which was organized for fishing and trading and whose entire stock was to be held jointly for five years. He built a house on Odiome's Point overlooking Little Harbor, and, although he removed to an island in Boston Harbor in 1626, he may have continued to superintend the business of the company until the expiration of the five-year term. At least there was a settlement here which was assessed in 1628, and it may not have been completely abandoned when colonists sent over by the Laconia Company arrived in 1630. The Laconia Company received its first grant under the erroneous impression that the Piscataqua river had its source in or near Lake Champlain, and its principal object was to establish an extensive See also:fur trade with the Iroquois Indians. Although Lake Champlain could not be reached by See also:boat up the Piscataqua, and although the enterprise was ultimately a failure, the company sent over colonists who occupied the house left See also:standing by Thomson, and, not far away, built " Mason See also:Hall " or the " Great House " in what is now Ports-mouth, a name (for the entire settlement) that replaced " See also:Straw-berry Banke " in 1653. Edward Hilton with a few associates appears to have established a settlement on Dover Point about the time of Thomson's arrival at Little Harbor, and in the Hilton grant of 163o it is stated that he had already built houses and planted there; as early as 1639 this settlement was named Dover.

In 1638 the Rev. John Wheelwright, an Antinomian See also:

leader who had been banished from Massachusetts, founded Exeter on land claimed to have been bought by him from the Indians. In the same year Massachusetts encouraged friendly Puritans to See also:settle See also:Hampton on the same purchase, and about a year later this colony organized Hampton as a town with the right to send a See also:deputy to the General Court. Serious dissensions had already arisen between Puritan and See also:Anglican factions in Dover, and Captain John Underhill, another Antinomian, became for a time a leader of the Puritan See also:faction. Puritan Massachusetts was naturally hostile to the See also:Antinomians at Exeter as well as to the Anglicans at Strawberry Banke. Although Exeter, in 1639, Dover, in 1640, and Strawberry Banke, not later than 1640, adopted a See also:plantation See also:covenant, these settlements were especially weak from lack of a superior tribunal, and appeals had been made to Massachusetts as early as 1633. Moreover, the grants of Massachusetts and Mariana were clearly in conflict. Under these conditions Massachusetts discovered a new claim for its northern boundary. The charter of that colony was drafted under the impression that the Merrimac flowed east for its entire course, but now an investigation was in progress which was to show that its source in Lake Winnepesaukee was several miles north of any of the four settlements in New Hampshire. Accordingly, Massachusetts resolved to make the most of the clause in the charter which described the northern boundary as three English miles north of the Merrimac river, " or to the northward of any and every part thereof," to ignore the conflicting grants to Mason and to extend its jurisdiction over the offending settlements. Dover submitted in 1641, Strawberry Banke (Portsmouth) soon after-wards and Exeter in 1643. The heirs of Mason protested, but little was done about the matter during the period of Puritan ascendancy in the See also:mother country.

Immediately after the resignation of See also:

Richard See also:Cromwell, however, See also:Robert Tufton Mason (a See also:grandson of the original proprietor), who had become See also:sole See also:heir in 1655, began petitioning first See also:parliament and later the king, for relief. The attorney-general, to whom the petition to the king was referred, reported that the petitioner had a " good and legal right and title to the lands." The commission appointed by the king in 1664 to hear and determine complaints in New England decided that Mason's lands were not within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and made an See also:attempt to set up a government under which his claims could be tried, but this was a failure. In 1674 Mason offered to surrender his rights to the See also:Crown in return for one-third of the customs, rents, fines, and other profits derived therefrom, but although the offer was at first favourably considered it was finally declined. Mason then petitioned again, and this time Massachusetts was requested to send agents to England to See also:answer his complaints. They arrived in December 1676, and the case was tried before the Lords Chief Justices of the King's See also:Bench and Common Pleas in April 1677. Mason presented no claim to the right of government, and as to the title to the lands claimed by him the court decided that this was a question between him and the several tenants to be determined by the local court having jurisdiction in such matters. Thereupon Mason, in January 1679, petitioned the king to appoint a governor who should have jurisdiction over all the lands which he claimed, and on the 18th of September of this year New Hampshire was constituted a separate province with a government vested in a president and council appointed by the king and an See also:assembly chosen by the people. This was the principal outcome of Mason's persistent efforts to establish his rights to the land; for although he succeeded in procuring the appointment of officers who supported his claims, and although decrees were issued in his favour, the tenants, who contended that they had profited nothing from what his grandfather had done or that they were on lands which Wheelwright had bought from the Indians, resisted the enforcement of those decrees. The contest, however, especially for the See also:waste lands, was continued by Mason, his heirs and assigns until near the close of the 18th century. From 1686 to 1689 New Hampshire formed a part of the Dominion of New England, which, after the first few months, was under Sir See also:Edmund See also:Andros as governor-general. There being no provincial authority in New Hampshire at the close of this period, a convention of the leading citizens of its four towns attempted to establish one. Upon the failure of this attempt, a temporary nominal union with Massachusetts was formed, but in 1692 Samuel See also:Allen, the assign of Mason, caused a royal government to be established with his son-in-law, John See also:Usher, as lieutenant-governor, and during the remainder of the colonial era New Hampshire was separate from Massachusetts except that from 1699 to 1741 the two had the same governor.

The boundary between the two provinces was yet to be deter-mined. Massachusetts proposed to confine New Hampshire to less than one-fourth its present area; that is, on the west to a line See also:

drawn 3 M. east of the south course of the Merrimac and on the north-east to a line drawn north-west from the source of the Salmon Falls river. New Hampshire claimed for its southern boundary a line drawn west from a point 3 M. north of the mouth of the Merrimac and for its upper eastern boundary a line See also:running north by slightly west from the source of the Salmon Falls river. Both provinces granted townships within the disputed territory; Massachusetts arrested men there who refused to pay taxes to its officers, and sought to defer the settlement of the dispute. New Hampshire, being on the more friendly terms with the home government, finally petitioned the king to decide the matter, and in 1737 a royal order referred it to a commission to be composed of councillors from New York, Nova See also:Scotia and Rhode Island. This body agreed upon the present eastern boundary but evaded deciding the southern one. Both parties then appealed to the king, and in 1741 the king in council confirmed the decision of the commission in regard to the eastern boundary and decided that the southern boundary should be a line corresponding to the course of the Merrimac from 3 M. north of its mouth to 3 M. north of See also:Pawtucket Falls, at its most southerly See also:bend, and thence due west to the next English province. This gave New Hampshire much more territory on the south than it had claimed. But the western boundary was not yet defined, and as early as 1749 a controversy over that arose with New York. New Hampshire asked for the territory west to within 20 M. of the See also:Hudson river, or as far as the western boundaries of Massachusetts and Connecticut, while New York claimed east to the Connecticut river. Within a few years the governor of New Hampshire granted in the disputed territory 138 townships which were rapidly settled by those whom it was the duty of the province to protect. But there was a reluctance to incur the expense of a contest with so powerful a See also:neighbour as New York, and in 1764 that province procured from the king in council a royal order declaring the western boundary of New Hampshire to be the western bank of the Connecticut river.

The controversy, however, continued for some years thereafter (see VERMONT). From 1676 to 1759 New Hampshire suffered greatly from the Indians, and the fear of them, together with the boundary disputes and Mason's claims, retarded settlement. But where these troubles were removed the population increased rapidly, and at the outbreak of the War of Independence the province had about 8o,000 inhabitants, the great majority of whom were with the patriot or Whig party during that struggle. By June 1775 the once popular governor, Sir John See also:

Wentworth, was a refugee; on the 5th of January 1776 the fifth Provincial Congress established a provisional government; on the x 5th of the following June the first Assembly elected under thatgovernment declared for independence; and on the 16th of August 1777 the important victory at See also:Bennington was won by New Hampshire and Vermont troops under the command of General John See also:Stark, who had a commission from New Hampshire. Six states had ratified the Federal constitution when the New Hampshire convention met at Exeter on the 13th of See also:February 1788, to accept or reject that instrument, and so great 'was the opposition to it among the delegates from the central part of the state that after a discussion of ten days the leaders in favour of ratification dared not See also:risk a decisive vote, but procured an See also:adjournment in order that certain delegates who had been instructed to vote against it might consult their constituents. Eight states had ratified when the convention reassembled at Concord on the 17th of June, and four days later, when a See also:motion to ratify was carried by a vote of 57 to 47, adoption by the necessary nine states was assured. The War of Independence left the state heavily burdened with debt and many of its citizens threatened with a debtor's prison. As a means of relief a number of citizens demanded of the legislature the issue of paper money equal in amount to the state's debt, and as this was refused, an armed mob numbering about 200 surrounded the meeting-house in Exeter in which the legislature was in session, towards evening on the loth of September 1786. But General John Sullivan (1740-1795) was at that time president of the state, and on the next day he, with 2000 or more See also:militia and See also:volunteers, captured 39 of the leaders and suppressed the revolt without bloodshed. See also:National elections in New Hampshire were carried by the Federalists until 1816, except in 1804 when President See also:Thomas Jefferson won by a small majority; but within this period of Federalist supremacy in national politics the Democrat-Republicans elected the governor from 1805 to 1812 inclusive except in 1809. In 1816 the Democrats won both state and national elections; and out of the transition from Federalist to Democratic control, which was effected under the leadership of See also:William Plumer (1759-1850), a prominent politician in New Hampshire for half a century, a United States senator from 1802 to 1807 and governor of the state in 1812-1813 and 1816-1819, arose the famous Dartmouth College Case. As the trustees of this institution were Federalists with the right to fill vacancies in their number, the Democrats attempted to gain control by converting it into a state university and increasing the number of trustees, but when the case reached the Supreme Court of the United States that body pronounced (1819) the charter a contract which the Federal constitution forbade the state to violate.

Heretofore the Federalist regime had taxed the people to support the Congregational Church, but now the Baptists, Methodists and Universalists joined the Democrats, and in 1819 this state support was abolished by the " See also:

Toleration Act." Because of See also:Daniel See also:Webster's arguments in the Dartmouth College Case, and because his party had favoured the support of the Congregational Church by public taxation, he became very unpopular in this his native state. Accordingly, his denunciation of President See also:Andrew See also:Jackson's bank policy added strength to the Jacksonian See also:Democracy, and, later, his Whig connexions were the greatest source of the Whig party's weakness in New Hampshire. John See also:Quincy Adams was an intimate friend of William Plumer, the Democratic leader, and carried the state both in 1824 and 1828, but a Jackson man was elected governor in 1827, 1829, 1830 and 1831. The Whigs never won a national or state election, and often their vote was only about one-half that of the Democrats. But the Democrats See also:broke into two factions in 1846 over the question of See also:slavery (see See also:HALE, JOHN See also:PARKER); the See also:American or " Know-Nothing " party elected a governor in 1855 and 1856; and then control of the state passed to the Republican party which has held it to the present. After 1890 the railway corporations were charged with a corrupt domination of the legislature and the courts, and in 1906 a " Lincoln Republican " See also:movement was organized under the leadership of the well-known novelist Winston See also:Churchill. (b. 1871), with the 'object of freeing the state from this See also:influence. The See also:governors or presidents of the province and state have been: Province. John Cutt, president . 1679-1681 ichard Waldron, president 1681-1682 Edward Cranfield, lieutenant-governor . 1682-1685 See also:Walter Barefoot, deputy-governor .

, 1685-1686 See also:

Joseph See also:Dudley, president of Council for New England ,Edmund Andros, governor-general of New England 1687-1689 Without a government . 1689-1690 Nominally upited with Massachusetts . 1690-1692 Samuel Allen, governor . 1692-1698 Richard See also:Conte, See also:earl of Bellamont, governor 1699-1701 Joseph Dudley, governor . . 1702-1715 Samuel Shute, governor . . 1716-1723 John Wentworth, lieutenant-governor . 1723-1728 William See also:Burnett, governor , 1729-1730 See also:Jonathan See also:Belcher, governor . 1730-1741 enning Wentworth, governor 1741-1767 John Wentworth, governor . 1767-1775 Transition from Province to State. See also:Matthew See also:Thornton, president of the Pro- vincial Convention . . State Presidents. Mesheck Weare .

. 1776-1785 ohn See also:

Langdon • 1785-1786 ohn Sullivan • 1786-1787 ohn Langdon ^ '788-1789 ohn Sullivan • 1789-1790 osiah See also:Bartlett ^ 1790-1792 State Governors. See also:Josiah Bartlett . John See also:Taylor See also:Gilman John Langdon . See also:Jeremiah Smith John Langdon . William Plumer . John Taylor Gilman William Plumer Samuel See also:Bell See also:Levi See also:Woodbury . David See also:Lawrence Morril See also:Benjamin See also:Pierce John Bell . Benjamin Pierce Matthew See also:Harvey Joseph See also:Morrill Harper (acting amuel Dinsmoor William See also:Badger Isaac Hill . John See also:Page Henry Hubbard , John See also:Hardy See also:Steele See also:Anthony See also:Colby Jared See also:Warner See also:Williams Samuel Dinsmoor See also:Noah Martin Nathaniel See also:Bradley See also:Baker See also:Ralph See also:Metcalf William Haile . Ichabod See also:Goodwin Nathaniel See also:Springer Berry Joseph Albree See also:Gilmore See also:Frederick See also:Smyth Walter See also:Harriman See also:Onslow Stearns . James Adams See also:Weston See also:Ezekiel See also:Albert Straw . lames Adams Weston erson Colby Cheney Benjamin Franklin See also:Prescott Natt Head .

Charles Henry Bell Samuel See also:

Whitney Hale See also:Moody Currier . Charles Henry See also:Sawyer David Harvey Goodell Hiram See also:Americus Tuttle John See also:Butler Smith . Charles Albert Busiel See also:George Allen Ramsdell Frank West Rollins . See also:Chester Bradley See also:Jordan See also:Nahum Josiah Bachelder John See also:McLane Charles M. See also:Floyd Henry B. Quinby Robert P.

End of Article: NEW HAMPSHIRE

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